The environmental considerations and barriers involved with developing wind energy in the Urban Environment.

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(Hons) B.Sc. Environmental Management
“The environmental considerations and barriers involved with developing wind energy
in the Urban Environment.”
MacDarragh Fitzpatrick
C124624787
Dublin Institute of Technology
DT 106: B.Sc. Environmental Management: Class of 2016

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Abstract
The natural rural environment and the built urban environment differ in many ways. The
development of wind energy systems throughout the rural environment has been evidently
feasible however there has been an inadequate amount of research and development to test
the feasibility for urban wind energy systems. With the development of wind energy, there
comes a great deal of uncertainty in the general public perception. In this research paper the
objectives to highlight the main environmental considerations and barriers involved with
urban wind energy is done so by recognising the thoughts and perceptions of the three key
group stakeholders; the developers, the planners and the social community. To understand the
acceptance attitudes and concerns at hand, there must be an extended mutual engagement of
the main parties involved.
This paper focusses on the environmental considerations and the barriers that are involved
with integrating wind energy into the built environment with recognising what possible future
outcomes are likely. As wind energy in Ireland has developed it is now recognised as an
established renewable energy system. The exploration and possible use in urban areas for
wind energy development come under increasing scrutiny. The need to consider the
suitability of wind technology as an energy resource in the urban environment is a potential
option for developers and planners.

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Declaration
I, the author of this dissertation, certify that this study which I now submit for examination
for the award of BSc Environmental Management is entirely my own work and has not been
taken from the work of others. The work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of
my work.
This thesis was prepared according to the regulations for undergraduate study by research of
the Dublin Institute of Technology and has not been submitted in whole or in part for an
award in any other Institute or University.
The work reported on in this thesis conforms to the principles and requirements of the
Institute's guidelines for ethics in research.
The Institute has permission to keep, to lend or to copy this thesis in whole or in part, on
condition that any such use of the material of the thesis is duly acknowledged.
Signature: ___________________________ Date: __________________

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Acknowledgements
The author would like to firstly thank ‘Dr. Conor Norton’ who supervised this dissertation,
thank you for your expert guidance, understanding and encouragement throughout my study
and research.
In addition I would like to thank Dr. Ken Boyle, Mr. Conor Skehan, Mr. Paddy Lambe and
Dr. Marion Coll who helped me with my coursework and academic research in my graduate
year.
A thank you also goes to my fellow classmates in the Environmental Management and
Spatial Planning degree at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street.
Finally, a special thank you goes to my loving parents and siblings who have supported and
encouraged me throughout my years of academic study. Thank you all kindly.

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List of Abbreviations
EU – European Union
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
SEAI – Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
IWEA – Irish Wind Energy Association
HAWT – Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
VAWT – Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
SEI – Sustainable Energy Ireland
NIMBY – Not In My Back Yard
kW – kilowatts

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Glossary of Terms
Environment - The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or
operates.
Environmental - Relating to or arising from a person’s surroundings.
Urban – Characteristic of a town or city.
Wind Energy - Electrical energy obtained from harnessing the wind with windmills or wind
turbines.
Considerations - A fact or a motive taken into account in deciding something.
Barriers - A circumstance or obstacle that keeps people or things apart or prevents
communication or progress.
(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english)

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List of Figures
Figure 2.1 – Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
Figure 2.2 – Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) side profile and tower index
Figure 2.3 – Darrieus wind turbine
Figure 2.4 – Savonius wind turbine
Figure 2.4 – Venturi model turbine
Figure 2.5 - Reason For and Against
Figure 2.6 - The three dimensions of social acceptance (from Wustenhagen et al 2007)
Figure 4.1 - Pie chart representing stakeholder number of interviews
Figure 4.2 – Triangulation of Stakeholders
Figure 4.3 – Main Environmental Considerations identified by the Stakeholders
Figure 4.4 – The average of stakeholder’s scale on level of importance

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List of Tables
Table 2.1 - Advantages & Disadvantages of HAWTs and VAWTs
Table 3.1 - Quantitative vs. Qualitative research
Table 3.2 – Advantages and Disadvantages of ‘open questions’
Table 3.3 – Advantages and Disadvantages of ‘closed questions’
Table 3.4 – Interview: questions structure
Table 4.1 – Findings (Question 1)
Table 4.4 – Small and micro-scale generation averages scale of importance
Table 4.5 – Small and Micro-scale other considerations
Table 4.6 – Medium and Large scale generation averages scale of importance
Table 4.6 – Medium and Large scale other considerations

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Table of Contents
Cover Page……………………………………………………………………………….......................1
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………....2
Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………………...3
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………...4
List of Abbreviation…………………………………………………………………………………….5
Glossary of Terms………………………………………………………………………………………6
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………..7
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………...8
Table of Content………………………………………………………………………………………..9
Chapter 1 – Introduction………………………………………………………………................... 12
1.1 Background and Context………………………………………………………….........................12
1.2 Research Aim…....................................................................................................……………….14
1.3 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Chapter 2 – Literature Review…………………………………………………………............15 - 26
2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………................15
2.2 Wind Energy Technology…………………………………………………………………………15
2.2.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)………………………………………………………..17
2.2.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)…………………………………………………………..18
2.2.3 HAWT versus VAWT……………………………………………………………....................19
2.3 Wind Energy Acceptance and Attitudes…………………………………………………………..20
2.4 Not In My Back Yard ‘NIMBY’…………………………………………………………………..23
2.5 Economics and environmental benefit of application wind energy system in urban
environment……………………………………………………………………………….................24
2.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….....................25
Chapter 3 – Methodology……………………………………………………………………….28 - 37
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..28
3.2 Research Aim……………………………………………………………………………………...28
3.3 Research Strategy ….....................................................................................................................28
3.3.1 Quantitative Research…………………………………………………………………………...28
3.3.2 Qualitative Research………………………………………………………………………….....29

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3.4 Research strategy selection………………………………………………………………………..30
3.5 Primary Data Collection ……………………………………………………………………........30
3.5.1 Semi-structured Interviews ……………………………………………………………………..30
3.5.2 Interview question format ………………………………………………………………………32
3.6 Interview Structure …………………………………………………………………………….….32
3.6.1 Objectives of interview………………………………………………………………………….32
3.6.2 Interview question format ………………………………………………………………………32
3.6.3 Context…………………………………………………………………………………….........33
3.6.4 Environmental Considerations…………………………………………………………………..34
3.6.5 Barriers…………………………………………………………………………………………..36
3.6.6 Future……………………………………………………………………………………...........36
3.7 Secondary Data Collection ………………………………………………………………………..37
3.7.1 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………..37
3.7.2 Website Research………………………………………………………………………………..37
3.8 Ethical Research…………………………………………………………………………………...38
3.9 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………........38
Chapter 4 – Findings and Discussion …………………………………………………………39 – 61
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….….39
4.2 Respondents…………………………………………………………………………………….…39
4.2.1 Planners……………………………………………………………………………………….…40
4.2.2 Developers……………………………………………………………………………………....40
4.2.3 Society………………………………………………………………………………………......41
4.3 Interviews: Context Question 1&2 ………………………………...............................................42
4.3.1 Findings Question 1……………………………………………………………………………..43
4.3.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….43
4.3.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….44
4.4 Environmental Consideration Question 3, 4&5…………………………………………………...44
4.4.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….46

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4.4.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….49
4.4.5 Findings Question 5…………………………………………………………………...............50
4.4.6 Discussion….............................................................................................................................51
4.5 Barriers Questions 6 & 7………………………………………………………………………….51
4.5.1 Findings Question 6…...............................................................................................................51
4.5.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….54
4.5.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….54
4.6 Future Question 8 & 9……………………………………………………………………………..57
4.6.1 Findings Question 8 …………………………………………………………………………….57
4.6.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….58
4.6.3 Findings Question 9…………………………………………………………………….……….58
4.6.4 Discussion...........................................................................................................................…...60
4.7 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………….…….60
Chapter 5 – Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….....61 - 65
5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..61
5.2 Aims and Objectives………………………………………………………………………………61
5.2.1 Research Aim……………………………………………………………………………………61
5.2.2 Research Objective……………………………………………………………………………...61
5.3 Summary of Findings……………………………………………………………………………...62
5.4 Implications for practice and theory………………………………………………………………63
5.5 Research Limitations………………………………………………………………………………63
5.6 Conclusion for Dissertation….......................................................................................................63
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………….64
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………...67

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Chapter 1 – Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1.Background and Context
“The fact remains, that if the supply of energy failed, modern civilization would come to an end
as abruptly as does the music of an organ deprived of wind”, a statement written over a century ago
(1911) by the Nobel laureate ‘Frederick Soddy’ in his work ‘Matter and Energy’ (New York: Henry
Holt, 1911). Our modern way of life is entirely dependent on its degree of energy consumption, which
until now has been allied to a large consumption of fossil fuels. Over time, humanity has managed to
exploit the power of fossil fuel resources and consequently our interdependence on fossil fuel sources
has left civilization vulnerable (Dirk Sijmons, ‘Landscape and Energy’, pg. 70, 2014). There are
compelling reasons that can address this vulnerability however the reasons as to how and why it is
essential to base our future on a more sustainable energy foundation, outweigh the reasons as to how
civilization created this global energy crisis.
The time for an energy transition is upon us; with fossil fuels running out, a stable future on fossil fuel
based energy is highly unlikely, nevertheless due to advanced technical ingenuity the depletion of
fossil fuels can be delayed for a lengthily period of time (Dirk Sijmons, 2014). However with
greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO2, driving a severe climate change and fossil fuels that lead to
geopolitical instability (oil reserves are located in few concentrated areas on earth), the strategic
importance of an energy transition can quite possibly create a stable world order (Dirk Sijmons,
2014).
In the last number of years there has been an increase in urbanisation and industrialisation
throughout the world. Consequently this increase has led to an inevitable rise in energy demand. With
the global population on a continuous rise there is an expectation that a higher percentage of people
will move to urban areas over the coming decades, specifically in regard to developing countries (Al-
mulali U, et al, 2013). With these expectations, progressive and modern development in urban areas is
a major concern. ‘David Dodman’ did a study entitled ‘Blaming cities for climate change?’ and in his
research he reports that approximately 75% of generated power is consumed in cities. With the
current energy transition, generation of power within the city or urban landform could be of great
importance to help reduce both the generation load and transmission infrastructure. In addition to
generating urban energy a minimizing of transmission losses due to reduced distances from users can
be expected (T.F. Ishugah, et al, 2013). With the EU's Renewable energy directive setting a binding
target of 20% final energy consumption from renewable sources to be achieved by the year 2020. To
achieve this target, European Union countries have committed to reaching their own national

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renewables targets ranging from 10% in Malta to 49% in Sweden, Ireland with a target of 16%.
(https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy)
In order for Ireland to reach the set quota of 16%, the incorporation of alternative energy as well as
energy efficiency measures need to be incorporated in urban planning and construction design. In
recent years, it has been widely projected that wind energy will be among the best alternative energy
sources needed for urban environment as it is a clean source of energy; it is economically viable
(affordable), it poses no major threats (safe), and it is available in the long-term (T.F. Ishugah, et al
2013).
This paper focusses on the environmental considerations and the barriers that are involved with
integrating wind energy into the built environment with recognising what possible future outcomes
are likely. As wind energy in Ireland has developed it is now recognised as an established renewable
energy system. The exploration and possible use in urban areas for wind energy development come
under increasing scrutiny. The need to consider the suitability of wind technology as an energy
resource in the urban environment is a potential option (T.F. Ishugah, et al 2013) for developers and
planners.
To date, the majority of publications on wind energy have mainly concentrated on the rural locations
of ‘regional wind energy assessment’ (Hoogwijk M, et al, 2004), ‘regional wind energy policies’
(Lew, Dj, 2000) and the ‘economic aspects of wind energy’ (Karki R, Billinton R, 2004). Although
there has been significant studies done on ‘wind turbine design and aero-dynamics’ (Mohamed, MH,
2016) and ‘Environmental issues associated with wind energy’ (Kaoshan Dai, et al, 2015) none or
very little work has been published on wind energy resource and its application in the built
environment (T.F. Ishugah, et al 2013).
This research paper provides the knowledge on what the key concerns, environmental considerations
the barriers and the possible future that is in relation to the integration of wind energy in the built
urban environment. The information and data compiled in this paper was completed through semi-
structured interviews with the key stakeholders in the wind energy sector. Societal organisations such
as the ‘Irish Wind Energy Association’, planning departments such as ‘Dublin City Council:
Department of Planning’ and developer companies such as ‘SEAI: Sustainable Energy Authority of
Ireland’, among others, were the main stakeholder focus groups. In addition, this paper also
acknowledges the key stakeholders opinions on how to address and overcome the barriers that are in
place for wind energy projects in the built environment. It is expected that this study will be useful for
researchers as well as professionals, urban planners, architects and developers, in the field of wind
energy.

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1.2.Research Aim
The aim of this research is to highlight the key stakeholders perceptions and opinions on what they
perceive to be the main environmental considerations and main barriers involved with developing
wind energy in the urban environment and to further highlight what the stakeholder’s opinions are on
the possible future for urban wind energy development. This dissertation aims to establish an un-
biased, supported conclusion on the stated aims.
1.3. Objectives
In order to achieve the research aim, the focus of the study will centre on the following objectives:
 To highlight and recognise the key stakeholders perceptions and opinions on the main
environmental considerations of wind energy in the urban environment.
 To establish the key stakeholders thoughts on what they perceive as the main barriers involved
with wind energy in the urban environment.
 To identify the stakeholders thoughts on the future of wind energy in the urban environment.
 To carry out and complete a comprehensive methodology to achieve the desired coherent results.

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Chapter 2 – Literature Review
2. Literature review
2.1. Introduction
With the ever growing population of Ireland, the country now holds approximately 4,615,693
people (World Bank – Data 2014). Like all things, as the population increases so do the needs for
electricity supply. One of the European Union’s set energy efficiency targets for the year 2020 is for
20% of all energy to come from renewable energy sources (Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland –
SEAI 2015). Ireland's fixed target is 16% of gross final consumption to come from renewables by
2020 (SEAI 2015 – Energy Targets). With those objectives put in place, it is then upon the Irish
Government to reach these targets.
Overtime wind power has progressed to becoming the preferred option of energy for planners and
national governments, who are seeking to expand energy resources, to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, to build new industries, and to provide new employment opportunities. (Kaoshan Daia,
Anthony Bergotc, Chao Liangd, Wei-Ning Xiange, Zhenhua Huangg, 2014).
Wind power in present time is now recognised as one of the more mature renewable energy
technologies. (Kaoshan Daia, et al. 2014). The last decade has observed a substantial increase in the
development of wind farms. However this increase in development has been dominated by the rural
environment. According to the ‘Irish Wind Energy Association’ (IWEA) the first commercial wind
farm in Ireland was in 1992 in Bellacorrick, Co Mayo. Since then the island of Ireland has developed
a total of 235 wind farms (rural) with 201 of those wind farms located in the Republic of Ireland
(Wind Energy Statistics-IWEA, 2016).
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) completed the latest report on energy use on a
national scale (2014), it reveals that wind accounted for 18.3% of electricity generated and established
itself as the second most significant source of electricity in Ireland (after natural gas). It is evident that
wind energy in Ireland has a significant value; however has its full potential been justified?
2.2. Wind Energy Technology
Many researchers are now studying the characteristics of urban wind, with attention focusing on
retrofitting turbines onto buildings (T.F. Ishugah, et al, 2014). Based on the World Wind Energy
Report in 2011, there have been substantial advances in wind turbine aerodynamics, their structural
dynamics and micrometeorology which in turn have contributed to an annual increase of 5% in the
energy production of turbines within the last 2–3 decades. (T.F. Ishugah, et al, 2014).

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There is a significant value from small and medium scale (15kW-100kW) wind turbines to increase
the level of generated wind energy in Ireland. In Ireland and most European countries the upper limit
of 100kW is the maximum power that can be connected directly to the low voltage grid (COST
Action TU1304, 2013). A large amount of effort has been made in the past number of decades in
developing wind energy and improving wind energy application technologies to optimize
performance and increase generation in areas of turbulent urban wind profile (Tripanagnostopoulos Y,
Tselepis S, Souliotis M, Tonui J, Christodoulou A., 2004).
Presently there are two main approaches that are being used for integrating large and small to medium
scale wind energy in urban settings. The first approach is locating wind energy farms in the
periphery/outskirts of urban areas, generally large scale turbines. The second approach is the
integration of wind energy systems into the design of buildings (small – medium scale turbines).
However with adopting small scale turbines into building designs there are challenges still to
overcome; turbulence, noise, size, space and visual impact created in the urban area (town/city)
among others. With large scale turbines there place settlement is more desirable in rural locations yet
wind turbines outside the town/city come with additional cost to provide an electricity network to
transmit power to a distant electrical sub-station. (Zeng. H, 2011)
Again on the other hand, small and medium scale turbines eliminate the need to provide an electricity
network, although there are achievability problems. When retrofitting micro-generation turbines onto
buildings; shadow flicker, visual impact, vibrations and noise issues are complex concerns that can be
difficult to address along with the viability of wind in the built environment (Zeng. H, 2011). In
addition it also requires detailed planning and design to be able to take maximum advantage of the
wind in the urban environment. (Zeng. H, 2011)
The researchers ‘Kaldellis’ and ‘Zafirakis’ did a systematic study presenting the main trends, future
prospects, and the research and development directions of wind turbine technology. ‘Kaldellis’ and
‘Zafirakis’ investigated the main technological developments throughout the entire growth period of
wind energy and defined the most important research efforts associated with the establishment of
wind energy. (T.F. Ishugah, et al, 2014). They also further predicted the most challenging future of
research and development with a reflection on growth trend. ‘Islam et al’ reviewed in 2011 the
progress and recent trends of modern wind energy technologies. Their research forecast estimated that
the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) can dominate the wind-energy technology due to their
relatively less space requirements as well as potential to produce more energy compared to the
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) (T.F. Ishugah, et al, 2014).

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2.2.1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
The rotor of the horizontal axis wind turbine rotates around a horizontal axis, and when operational,
the rotating plane is vertical to the wind direction. The blades of the wind turbine are installed
perpendicularly to the rotating axis, and form a certain angle. The technology of the horizontal axis
wind turbine is more mature, and it is easy to produce high-power wind turbines.
(http://www.windturbinestar.com/horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-2.html).
The number of the blades depends on the function of the wind turbine. The wind turbine with more
blades is often called as the ‘Low-speed Wind Turbine’; the wind turbine with fewer blades is often
named as the ‘High-speed Wind Turbine’. Depending on the different relative position of the rotor
and tower, the horizontal axis wind turbine can be divided into the ‘Upwind Wind Turbine’ and the
‘Downwind Wind Turbine’. (http://www.windturbinestar.com/horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-2.html).
The horizontal axis wind turbine can also be separated into the ‘Lift-type Wind Turbine’ and the
‘Resistance-type Wind Turbine’, and the former has a high rotating speed, while the latter has a low
rotating speed. As to generate power with wind, the Lift-type Wind Turbine is more frequently
implemented. Most of the horizontal axis has the steering device, and can rotate with the wind. To the
small-sized wind turbine, the steering device employs the tail vane, while to the large-sized wind
turbine; it often adopts the gear consisting of wind sensors and servo motor.
(http://www.windturbinestar.com/horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-2.html)
Figure 2.1 – Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
(HAWT)
http://www.plainswindeis.anl.gov
http://www.cleanenergybrands.com
Figure 2.2 – Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
(HAWT) side profile and tower index

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2.2.2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
The rotor of the vertical axis wind turbine rotates around a vertical axis. The main advantage it holds
is that it can obtain wind from any flow direction, so when the wind changes, a VAWT turbine has no
need to initiate the steering device to deviate the rotor to face the wind. Due to no actual need of the
steering device, the structure of the vertical axis wind turbine is simplified.
(http://www.windturbinestar.com/horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-2.html).
The vertical axis wind turbine is mainly consisted of two types. The first type uses aerodynamic
resistance of the wind, and the most typical structure is the ‘S-typed Rotor’, which consists of two
semi-cylindrical blades whose axes are staggered. (http://www.windturbinestar.com/horizontal-axis-
wind-turbine-2.html).
The second type applies the lift of the airfoil to work, and the most typical type is the ‘Darrieus-typed
Wind Turbine’. VAWT models have been designed to fit as well as possible with turbulence
constraints. VAWT can have drag (Savonius) or lift (Darrieus) aerodynamic characteristics.
 The ‘Darrieus’ machine, characterised by its C-shaped rotor blades, are: tapered, cylindrical,
or parabolic. A well know model is the Windwall.
 The ‘Savonius’ machine using the drag force is composed of two half cylindrical pieces in
opposition. The S-shaped rotor blades.
 The ‘Venturi’ model machines use a combination of lift and drag designs. Installed and used
in the Netherlands. (http://www.urbanwind.net/pdf/Brochure_Finale.pdf)
Alb-Donau-Kreis, Baden-
Württemberg, Germany
http://img.archiexpo.com
/images_ae/photo-
g/88530-6466049.jpg
http://www.wedemain.fr/phot
o/art/grande/7425918-
11442774.jpg?v=1423058873
Figure 2.3 – Darrieus wind turbine Figure 2.4 – Savonius wind turbine Figure 2.4 – Venturi model turbine

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2.2.3. HAWT versus VAWT
The ‘WINEUR PROJECT’- Wind Energy Integration in the Urban Environment organisation did a
review on urban wind turbine technology and in their review they highlighted the advantages and
disadvantages of horizontal axis to vertical axis wind turbines. There is some debate over whether
horizontal axis wind turbines or vertical axis wind turbines are most suitable for the built urban
environment and what are more suitable for mounting on buildings.
Table 2.1 - Advantages & Disadvantages of HAWTs and VAWTs
HAWT VAWT (Darrieus) VAWT (Savonius)
Advantages 1. Efficient
2. Proven
product
3. Widely used
4. Most
economic
5. Many
products
available
1. Quite efficient
2. Wind
direction
irrelevant
3. Less sensitive
to turbulence
than HAWT
4. Create fewer
vibrations
1. Proven product
(global scale)
2. Silent
3. Reliable & robust
4. Wind direction
irrelevant
5. Benefits from
turbulent flows
6. Create fewer
vibrations
Disadvantages 1. Does not cope
well with
frequently
changing wind
direction
2. Does not cope
well with
buffeting
1. Not yet
proven
2. More
sensitive to
turbulence
than drag
VAWT
1. Not efficient
2. Comparatively
uneconomic
(Randall 2003, Timmers 2001 and Clear Skies 2003)
Although this paper is not an analysis on wind energy technology it is relevant to understand how
technology development plays an important role for developers and planners. In the built environment
the wind flow is frequently turbulent; the vertical axis machines have the significant advantage of not
needing to be directed into the wind stream. However on the other hand the horizontal axis turbines
are more efficient in terms of conversion of wind energy to electricity.

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For successful integration of wind energy into the built environment it requires that proposed
developments acknowledge the concerns of planners, local authority and the general public with
regard to environmental impacts (N. S. Campbell, S. Stankovic, 2001).
Small scale and medium scale wind turbines must require the capability of producing a relevant
proportion of the annual electricity demand of the neighbouring buildings on which they are housed
on or adjacent to (N. S. Campbell, S. Stankovic, 2001).
2.3.Wind energy - Acceptance and Attitudes
The natural rural environment and the built urban environment differ in many ways. The
development of wind energy systems throughout the rural environment has been evidently feasible
however there has been an inadequate amount of research and development to test the feasibility for
urban wind energy systems. With the development of wind energy, there comes a great deal of
uncertainty in the general public perception. The development of rural wind farms across Ireland has
encountered both positive and negative criticism. The SEI – ‘Sustainable Energy Ireland’ group
created the first independent report on the ‘Attitudes towards the Development of Wind Farms in
Ireland’ (SEI, 2003). The study focusses on the public attitudes and perceptions to the development of
renewable wind energy and the integration of wind farms on Irish landscape.
When considering urban wind energy it is important to understand the constraints that come with
development. Evidently the local public population have a powerful voice in the construction of wind
turbines, with numerous ‘NO’ campaigns and ‘Anti-wind farm’ groups being established in counties
across Ireland. In April 2014 an estimated 7,000 people protested in the city of Dublin against the
development of wind farms (Irish Times - Dan Griffin, 2014).
“The demonstrator’s accused the Government of failing to listen and engage sincerely with the
communities affected by “flawed energy policies” and that there was potential to damage the natural
landscape as well as people’s health” (Irish Times - Dan Griffin, 2014).
Planning permission for the erection of wind farms has been denied on several occasions but what are
the main issues and concerns for their objections. For the purpose of this study it is a key concern to
highlight what tend to be the residing issues amongst wind energy.
One of the main findings in the SEI’s attitude report is the survey answered questions on the ‘Reasons
for Being Favourable/Unfavourable to Having the Wind Farm Built in the Local Area’. The next
figure illustrates the findings;

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Figure 2.5 - Reason For and Against
(SEI - Attitudes towards Wind Farms and Wind Energy in Ireland, pg13, chart 2.7)
From the minority that were against wind farms in local areas the main reason is due to the ‘visual
amenity’. The impact that a turbine will have visually on the landscape is an important factor that
developers have yet to overcome. Other considerations mentioned were ‘noise, wildlife and other
opinionated reasons’. However in comparison to the overwhelming response in favour to wind farms
the main reason ‘for’; was the factor of ‘clean energy production’. The second reason was the
possibility in job opportunities. Answers varied but majority of opinions were in favour.
In this research paper the reasons; ‘for’ and ‘against’ shed light onto why it is important to
recognise and highlight what the key stakeholders opinions and perceptions are on the environmental
considerations and barriers involved. The stakeholder’s positions on the main issues are reflected by
public perception.
As wind energy development in Ireland progresses so does the technology along with it.
Technological advancement in wind energy systems can create economic advantages; developers can
begin to bring forward projects on sites that may be considered more heavily populated, such as urban
landform. Such sites, which may be completely economically viable, may however also increase the
level of opposition or protesting and therefore become more vulnerable to delays and extra costs that
will inevitably increase the level of risk and create a threat upon future prospect developments
(Geraint Ellis, 2012).
The considerations involved with wind energy can be difficult to overcome, particularly in relation to
urban settings. One of the main concerns is the attitude and acceptance of wind energy. Dr Geraint

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Ellis of Queens University Belfast produced a report in 2012 entitled “A review of the context for
enhancing community acceptance of wind energy in Ireland”. Dr Ellis believes a key action in
beginning to consider what is the best way to address such issues is to develop a shared understanding
of community acceptance amongst the key stakeholders involved.
In this research paper the objectives to highlight the main environmental considerations and barriers
involved with urban wind energy is done so by recognising the thoughts and perceptions of the three
key group stakeholders; the developers, the planners and the social community. To understand the
acceptance attitudes and concerns at hand there must be an extended mutual engagement of the main
parties involved (Geraint Ellis, 2012).
Wustenhagen, et al (2007) produced a theory on understanding the broader adoption of the attitudes
and concerns from the negative by representing them in three distinct components. Figure 2.2
represents a triangular effect of; ‘community acceptance’, ‘market acceptance’ and ‘socio-political
acceptance’. (Reference for bullet points below; (Wustenhagen, et al, 2007) (Geraint Ellis, 2012))
 Community Acceptance – to accept the scope/specific siting decisions by local
community/residents.
 Market Acceptance – the support and adoption of the new technology by consumers and
investors.
 Socio-Political Acceptance – the general public opinion of wind energy technology.
Figure 2.6 - The three dimensions of social acceptance (from Wustenhagen et al 2007)

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The previous figure represent the three dimensions of social acceptance provides an important context
for understanding how the communities involved may respond to wind projects. It gives an indication
that if wind energy plays an increasing role in meeting Ireland’s energy demands, it is essential to
achieve a comprehensive acceptance in the three areas highlighted.
Market and Socio-Political acceptance have widely been achieved through a number of reasons;
technological development, public bodies, efforts of the wind energy sector and governmental
recognition that wind energy offers a suitable and applicable response to present energy challenges
(Geraint Ellis, 2012).
In highlighting the issues that should be considered for increasing community and public acceptance
of wind energy projects it is necessary to clarify how this is understood from the key stakeholders.
Wustenhagen et al (2007, p. 2966) defines community acceptance as “the specific acceptance of
siting decisions and renewable energy projects by local stakeholders, particularly residents and local
authorities”. This recognises that a community’s perception of a wind energy project proposal is
differentiated from the views of broader society as a result of the project development being local and
the projects - place specific effects (Geraint Ellis, 2012).
2.4.Not-In-My-Backyard ‘NIMBY’
It must also be noted that it is important to appreciate how a community’s perception may be
influenced by a range of factors that may need to be addressed by the key stakeholders through
specific policy and practice. ‘Maarten Wolsink’ wrote a paper in 1999 on ‘Wind power and the
NIMBY-myth’ his analysis shows how levels of public acceptance are usually considered the primary
indicators of support for wind power within society. The ‘Not-In-My-Backyard’ (NIMBY) syndrome
is a very effective factor in developing wind energy projects with specific relation to the built
environment. Wolsink argues that other barriers to wind power implementation exist beyond attitudes
among the population and that institutional factors have a greater impact on wind energy facility
siting. In other terms there is overwhelming evidence that suggests that categorising local residents
into the ‘NIMBY’ genre fails to appreciate that objections are often based on real concerns about the
impact of a scheme and to depreciate those views often establishes an opposition to deal with rather
than developing a possible solution (Geraint Ellis, 2012).
The relationship between the local government and the community residents during the management
process of NIMBY conflicts is evidently worsening (Linlin Sun, Esther H.K. Yung, Edwin H.W.
Chan, Dajian Zhu, 2015). NIMBY conflicts typically rise due to local residents having different
perceptions of gains and losses resulting from the development of certain projects such as Wind
energy (Linlin Sun, et al, 2015). From experimental research NIMBY conflict management have led
local residents to mistrust local governing bodies. (Linlin Sun, et al, 2015)

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It is therefore vital to understand the issues between the stakeholders in NIMBY conflict management
to reduce the arising issue. However, there is little research on the issues of NIMBY conflict
management from the perspective of the stakeholders' relationships (Linlin Sun, et al, 2015).
Previous research shows that there are three main causes to a NIMBY conflict:
 The first main cause is the source of conflicts; it is caused by the local residents in an
area of relation to the proposed facility.
 The second cause of conflict is the NIMBY facility itself.
 The third cause is related to the impact of economic and societal development and
institutional change at the macro level.
(Linlin Sun, et al, 2015)
One of the main causes of NIMBY conflict is ‘facility siting’. Technology is the gauge for facility
siting, in particular for the energy facilities (Cotton & Devine-Wright, 2010). The type of wind
turbine, whether it is large scale or a small scale retrofitted turbine, it plays a key role in the
perception and response from the local residents. However due to the NIMBY syndrome, planners
and developers gradually began to recognise the social impact of the wind energy project when
planning facility siting’s (Linlin Sun, et al, 2015).
Another major cause of NIMBY is the social system transition at the macro level (Linlin Sun, et al,
2015). This system transition is in referral to the political, social and environmental developments,
(Groth & Vogt, 2014; Inch, 2012). Fung, Lesbirel, and Lam (2011) have perceived that the general
public do not protest against the NIMBY facilities like wind energy projects, but instead will protest
the decision-making authority such as the developers (Linlin Sun, et al, 2015).
Mitigation measures that are implemented in trying to resolve NIMBY issues are; ‘public
participation’, ‘transparency’ and ‘Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)’. These measures are
emphasized by local government and the key stakeholders. Using these strategies is a way to address
citizens' environmental concerns and give them access to decision-making information about NIMBY
facilities (Linlin Sun, et al, 2015).
2.5.Economics and environmental benefit of application wind energy system in urban
environment
For countries that depend dominantly on imported fuel from politically unstable countries, wind
energy and exploitation is a very effective means of reducing the exposure of their economies on fuel
price instability. The use of wind turbines in the built environment can provide economic balance due
to power generation costs that are not dependant or influenced by fluctuating fuel prices. The costs of

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implementing wind energy systems into the urban environment are significantly more viable and
create a far more sustainable future. Like majority of energy systems, the basic costs of wind energy
projects are determined by a number of initial factors such as; upfront investment costs, wind turbine
installation costs, capital cost, operation and maintenance costs, other project development and
planning costs, turbine lifetime and electricity production cost (T.F.Ishugah, Y.Li, R.Z.Wang,
J.K.Kiplagat, 2014).
When discussing the economics of wind ‘Krohn S, Morthorst PE, Awerbuch S’ wrote a paper on “The
economics of wind energy- European Wind Energy Association” in 2009 and they give an
approximation that 75% of the total cost of energy for a wind turbine is related to upfront costs of the
turbine, foundation, electrical equipment, grid- connection and other relating initial construction costs.
Depending on the type of wind energy project, wind turbines service and maintenance can create a
sizeable share of the total annual costs of wind turbines. However when compared to other power
generating costs, they are substantially less.
Micro-generation wind energy technologies, with specific regard to those with noticeable resource,
have the potential to reduce built environment related CO2 emissions joined with reductions in
consumers' electricity costs (T.F.Ishugah, et al, 2014). In a lot of cases payback on capital investment
is within the lifespan of the turbine. The cost per energy produced and payback period of wind energy
systems in urban environment are widely dependent on variable factors from city to city and from
time to time which in turn makes it too difficult to compile specific information for each individual
turbine (Booker J, Mellor P, Wrobel R, Drury D, 2010). The greatest influence on wind system
economic viability in the urban environment is wind speed. Wind speed is one of the most important
factors for siting a wind turbine. Presently there are very few wind energy system installations in the
urban environment and in turn it makes it difficult to conclude on their success of installation
(Campbell D, Stankovic S, Graham M, Parkin P, van Duijvendijk M, de Gruiter T, et al, 2001). As a
generalisation taller buildings and tower blocks tend to offer the most suitable conditions in terms of
capturing a viable wind stream and appreciable wind speed. Wind energy turbine installation in the
built environment is viable with the necessary factors in place (T.F.Ishugah, et al, 2014).
2.6.Conclusion
As it is expected over time more people will move and settle in urban areas, energy sources that are
safe, secure, affordable, sustainable and environmentally friendly need to be exploited and
implemented for sufficiency in the growing population. Wind energy systems are now coming under
increasing scrutiny as part of renewable energy solutions for the built environment. With the
technological development of turbines continuously advancing, architects and designers are now able
to integrate wind energy systems on to buildings and other urban structures. With using wind energy
systems in the urban environment the environmental considerations and barriers involved such as poor

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wind turbine output, shadow flicker, strong visual impact and to some extent vibration and noise
issues are significantly lower to rural systems which in turn make it easier for mitigation measures.
Wind energy systems in the urban environment is a relatively new field of development with
substantial potential, from this literature review the author has highlighted the significant research
studies that are in relation to urban wind energy. From the relevant papers available it has been clear
that the public attitude and perception to wind energy has been researched in depth detail and has
produced varied answers with for and against reasons however there has been little to no research
gathered on the key stakeholder’s perception of urban wind energy and what they see as the
environmental considerations and barriers. This systematic literature review highlights the necessary
areas of focus in developing urban wind energy. It acknowledges the technology, public attitudes, the
NIMBY syndrome and the economic viability of developing and integrating wind energy systems into
the built environment.

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Chapter 3 – Methodology
3. Methodology
3.1. Introduction
This chapter outlines the framework of research methodologies applied and data sources analysed to
fulfil the objective of this dissertation. For the purpose of efficiency both quantitative and qualitative
research methods were used in the form of analysing scientific research papers in the field of wind
energy along with a semi-structured interview with the relevant key stakeholders. These provided the
sources of primary data for analysis. The resultant information was then compiled and analysed by in
a systematic format. The reasoning and decision making behind the methodology is outlined below as
the chosen techniques were recognised as the most appropriate for the analysis process involved with
completing this dissertation.
3.2. Research Aim
3.3. Research Strategy
In accordance with Ruddock (2008) the term ‘research strategy’ can be described as “the ways in
which data will be collected and analysed in order to answer the research questioned posed and so
provide a framework for understanding the research” material. The decision on which research
strategy to use was based on the purpose of achieving the set objectives. The primary research
methods in this study are ‘Qualitative research’ and ‘Quantitative research’.
3.3.1. Quantitative research
Quantitative research is a method used on scientific and factual data. Fellows and Liu (2003)
described quantitative research as “built upon previous work which has developed principles, laws
and theories to help decide the data requirements of a particular research project”. The quantitative
research methodology required in this study is used to investigate a particular theory based on
scientific evidence.
The conditions on which quantitative research should be used are the following (Naoum S, 2007):
 When you want to find facts about a concept, a question or an attribute.

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 When you want to collect factual evidence and study the relationship between these facts in
order to test a particular theory or hypothesis
The study at focus requires a proportion of quantitative research, the resultant data obtained is to be
transferred into a logical numerical analysis. Quantitative research is objective in nature (Naoum S,
2013) however this research method is not feasible in fulfilling the aims and objectives of this study
without the collaboration of a qualitative analysis.
3.3.2. Qualitative research
Qualitative research is the primary research method used in this study. Qualitative research is used
when “an exploration of the subject is undertaken without prior formulations – the object is to gain
understanding and collect information and data such that theories will emerge” (Ruddock, 2008).
Qualitative research allows this study to emphasise on the meaning and descriptions of the aim and
objectives of this research paper.
Qualitative research is usually defined under the following three main categories:
 Exploratory research
 Attitudinal research
Exploratory research is used as a means to obtain information where data might be scarce or where
limited knowledge of the subject criteria exists.
Attitudinal research, according to Naoum (1998,) appraises the opinion of people by subjective means
with the objective of evaluating the attitude of people towards particular questions. Qualitative
research is subjective in nature (Naoum S, 2013) which allows for this way of method to be the
primary research strategy.
Table 3.1 - Quantitative vs. Qualitative research
Category Quantitative Qualitative
Role
Evidenced or record based fact
finding
Measurement of attitude based
on opinions, views, perceptions
Relationship of researcher to
subject
Distant Close
Scope of findings Nomothetic Idiographic
Relationship between
theory/concepts and research
Testing/Confirmation Emergent/Development
Form of data Hard and reliable Rich and deep
Source: (Naoum, 1998)

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3.4. Research strategy selection
Referring to paragraph 3.3 the research strategy selected is a collaboration of both quantitative and
qualitative research methods with qualitative research acting as the primary source of methodology,
quantitative acting as secondary source. It was decided that interviews would be used as they would
provide the most accurate information needed in completing the objectives of this study. A mixed
method approach is the most suitable in terms of a strategic research analysis.
3.5. Primary Data Collection
The primary data collection is the primary research which is the most accurate yet debatable source of
information as it publishes original research (Naoum, S. 2013). The primary research provides the
most up to date information on the subject at focus. The primary research of this study is based upon
semi-structured interviews with chosen key stakeholders in the field of wind energy.
3.5.1. Semi-structured Interviews
Semi-structured interviews are a verbal interchange and for the purpose of this study the author was
the interviewer, eliciting information from the key stakeholders through both open and closed
questions. The choice to use a semi-structured interview gave the participants the chance to explore
issues that they felt were most important as the interview unfolded in a conversational manner due to
its structure (Longhurst, 2010). The general characteristics of a semi-structured interview are
orientated in the following;
1. Respondents are involved in, or have relevant experience/expertise in the topic area.
2. The situations discussed have previously been scrutinised prior to the interview.
3. The questions throughout the interview are focused on the objectives of the research.
4. It focuses on the respondents’ experience.
(Naoum S, 1998)
A semi structured interview was selected for this research study with the above criterion at focus. The
selected interviewee’s had extensive, relevant experience and expertise in the area of wind energy and
urban wind energy. The interview was conducted in a four phase tier system where the questions
asked were created in categorical from which is described in detail in the upcoming paragraphs. The
use of both open and closed questions allowed for detailed explanations on answers. The advantages
and disadvantages for both open and closed questions are explained in the following tables.

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Table 3.2 – Advantages and Disadvantages of ‘open questions’
Advantages of ‘open’
 Open ended questions allow an unlimited amount of potential responses
 Respondents have the opportunity to answer in detail, and to qualify and clarify their response
 Unanticipated findings may surface
 They permit adequate answers to complex issues
 They accommodate creativity, self-explanation and richness of detail
Disadvantages of ‘open’
 Respondents will invariably give diverse amounts of detail in answers
 Responses may turn out irrelevant, or become shrouded in useless details
 Comparison and statistical analyses is difficult due to varying degrees of clarity
 Respondents require greater length of time, and more thought and effort is required to
interpret responses.
 Respondents may be intimidated by questions
Source: (Neuman W.L, 2000)
Table 3.3 – Advantages and Disadvantages of ‘closed questions’
Advantages of ‘closed’
 Methodology allows for prompt responses.
 Facilitates comparisons of different respondents
 The response choices can aid in clarification of the question for the respondent.
 Respondents are more likely to answer sensitive questions.
 Minimises amount of irrelevant questions
 Respondents with lower levels of literacy are not disadvantaged
 Facilitates replication
Disadvantages of ‘closed’
 They can suggest ideas, which would otherwise not have surfaced
 Respondents with no applicable knowledge can answer regardless.
 Respondents may become frustrated if their desired answer is not an available choice.
 Can become confusing if too many choices are on offer
 Misinterpretation of questions can go unnoticed.
 May lead to blurred distinction of respondents answers
 Can force respondents to provide simplistic answers to complex questions
Source: (Neuman W.L, 2000)

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3.5.2. Sample selection of interviewee
In order to create an un-biased research methodology the selection on which the interviewee was
considered was under the following categories:
 To be selective
 To respect anonymity
 Establish the position of interviewee
 Level of respect in industry
 Expertise
These categories outlined are in reference to; Hore, V.A (2007) who uses these considerations as a
base outline on creating an appropriate interview for professionals.
3.6. Interview Structure
3.6.1.Objectives of interview
The principle objectives for the semi-structured interview were the following:
 To assess key stakeholders familiarity with urban wind energy projects in Ireland.
 To establish the key stakeholders opinions on what they perceive as the main environmental
considerations.
 To identify what the key stakeholders believe to be the main barriers involved with
developing wind energy projects in the urban environment.
 To examine what the key stakeholders believe to be a possible future for wind energy in the
urban environment.
3.6.2. Interview question format
The interview structure was based on a semi-structure form. The structures of questions were laid out
in the following four categories;
1. Context
2. Environmental Considerations
3. Barriers
4. Future
In total there were nine questions asked both open and closed questions. Each question was open in
their nature and opinion based. Specific questions were designed to extract relevant information.

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Table 3.4 – Interview: questions structure
Category Question No.
Context 1 & 2
Environmental Considerations 3, 4 & 5
Barriers 6 & 7
Future 8 & 9
3.6.3. Context
The opening two questions of the interview were in relation to the ‘context’ to the field of study. The
questions were arranged in a manner to ideally ‘ease’ the interviewee into giving their response.
Context was used as a means of understanding the topic of discussion and the circumstances that form
the setting. The setting in context is wind energy in the urban environment. Below are the questions in
relation to context.
 Question 1
Are you aware of any recent, current or planned 'Urban Wind Energy' projects in your area?
YES
(Please specify in detail: where & when)
NO
(Is there any particular reason as to why)
Question one is asked for the purpose of gathering information on what the key stakeholders could
relate with on a personal basis with a current project in their area. It allowed the author to gather
information on projects that may be undergoing in certain areas across Ireland that the author may be
unaware of.
 Question 2
Are you familiar with any 'Urban Wind Energy' projects in Ireland?
YES
NO
Question two is used for stakeholders to share information on what they may be familiar with on a
national scale if there are currently no urban wind energy projects undergoing in their area.

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3.6.4. Environmental Considerations
A consideration is defined as “A fact or a motive taken into account in deciding something” (Oxford
Dictionaries, 2016). The environmental considerations associated with wind energy in the urban
environment. The environmental considerations questions were arranged into three separate questions.
 Question 3
In your opinion what do you perceive as the 'main environmental considerations' associated with
wind energy development in the built environment?
Question three is used to express the stakeholder’s thoughts and opinions. The open question allows
for the stakeholder to give their perception and views as to what they believe to be the ‘main
environmental considerations’ involved.
 Question 4
In relation to small and micro-scale generation wind energy technology (for example locating in
normal built up areas i.e. residential) can you please scale each of these environmental considerations
in level of importance by ticking the box?
0 – None: Of no real importance.
1 – Low level: Slight importance relevant to note.
2 – Medium level: Standard level of awareness
3 – High level: Extremely important.
0 1 2 3
Public, Health and
Community
Noise
Vibration
Shadow Flicker
Built Environment
Built Heritage
Visual Amenity/Aesthetics
Habitats and Wildlife
Birds and Bats
General Habitat
Other
Specify: ( )

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Question four is used in the purpose of allowing the stakeholder to scale the level of importance on
each of the main environmental considerations, sourced from literature and case studies, on small
scale on micro-scale generation wind turbines. Each consideration mentioned is highlighted as a
significant factor in developing wind energy in both the rural and urban environments. In this question
there is a box dedicated to any ‘other’ specific consideration that the author may be unaware about
that a stakeholder can emphasise on.
 Question 5
In relation to medium and large scale generation wind energy technology (for example locating in
industrial areas, ports etc.) can you please scale each of these environmental considerations in level of
importance by ticking the box?
0 1 2 3
Public, Health and
Community
Noise
Vibration
Shadow Flicker
Built Environment
Built Heritage
Birds and Bats
General Habitat
Other
Specify: ( )
Question five is used in the purpose of allowing the stakeholder to scale the level of importance on
each of the main environmental considerations, sourced from literature and case studies, on the
medium scale and large scale generation wind turbines. Each consideration mentioned is highlighted
as a significant factor in developing wind energy in both the rural and urban environments. In this
question there is a box dedicated to any ‘other’ specific consideration that the author may be unaware
about that a stakeholder can emphasise on.

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3.6.5. Barriers
For a clear understanding of what is meant by the term ‘barrier’ it can be defined as “A circumstance
or obstacle that keeps people or things apart or prevents communication or progress” (Oxford
Dictionaries, 2016). There are two questions in relation to barriers, in order to get an understanding as
to what the key stakeholders believe them to be, the questions are outlined below.
 Question 6
What do you believe to be the main barriers to developing wind energy in the urban environment?
Question six is an open question for interviewees to express freely what they believe to be the main
significant barriers involved with urban wind energy.
 Question 7
Are these barriers possible to overcome?
YES
(Please specify in which barrier and how it may
be overcome)
NO
Question seven requires a decisively explained answer referring to the possible solutions for the
barriers involved in urban wind energy.
3.6.6. Future
The final two questions relate to the potential future if one for wind energy in the urban environment.
 Question 8
In your opinion is there a future for wind energy development in the built environment in Ireland?
YES
(Please outline the nature of this)
NO
(Please outline why not)
Question eight is used to express the stakeholder’s thoughts and opinions. The question allows for the
stakeholder to give their perception and views as to what they believe to be the ‘future’ of urban wind
energy.

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 Question 9
What actions will be necessary in the future to successfully develop wind energy in urban areas in
Ireland?
Question nine is used to again express stakeholder’s thoughts on solutions for a potential future in
urban wind energy.
3.7. Secondary Data Collection
“Secondary literature sources are those that cite from primary sources such as text-books and
newspaper articles” (Naoum, 2007). The advantages of using secondary research allow clarity in the
research aims. The author of this dissertation used textbooks, e-journals, scientific papers, data
research sites and referral to accredited newspaper articles and published posts. The secondary data
collection can also be referred to in Chapter two: Literature Review. Secondary data collection
predominantly involves analysing primary data in which others have previously compiled, “a source
that was created from primary sources” (Johnson and Christensen 2008). It helps the researcher to
create a deeper understanding to the topic from all aspects in relation to the focus point. However,
currently there is very little information published on wind energy in the urban environment.
3.7.1. Literature Review
The literature review is an essential chapter for identifying the relevant work that has been already
completed in the field of focus. A literature review can be described as a “Reading and critically
appraising what others have published on the chosen subject area” (Naoum, 2013). Secondary
sources as mentioned in paragraph 3.7 have been used to compile a systematic literature review on the
field of wind energy in the urban environment.
3.7.2. Website Research
The use of website research in constructing a scientific dissertation is an essential part of researching
factually correct material. Website research allows for a coherent investigation into the past, present
and future schools of taught in the topic of study. Scientific databases and online library resources are
the main factors involved in website research.

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3.7.3. Ethical Research
Ethical research is a substantial point to note in researching a specific study. This dissertation reflects
an ethically researched paper.
The following ethical considerations are taken into account: (Fellows and Liu, 2008)
 Anonymity will be kept upon request and confidentially will be implemented from start to
finish.
 Informed consent will be obtained from all participants.
 An assessment of the risks and/or benefits of the project will be outlined to the participants.
 Collected data will be disposed of in a correct manner upon completion and graduation of the
degree.
3.8. Summary
The various research methods that are going to be used in this investigation were described in this
chapter. It revises both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The qualitative method of
research was to be conducted through the means of semi-structured interview. Both primary and
secondary methods of research were used. Secondary research was used for the literature review in an
attempt to review the published material and primary research was conducted through the means of
interviews.
Pilot interviews and surveys were taken focusing the scope of the questions before issuing them to the
participants. The research objectives could be met by the research methods discussed in this chapter.

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Chapter 4 – Findings and Discussion
4. Findings and Discussion
4.1. Introduction
Chapter four is focussed on analysing the results and findings from the research methodology. This
chapter will both review and ‘discuss’ the results/findings gathered from the key stakeholder
interviews. The findings compiled in this chapter are from the semi-structured interviews that were
delivered by the author to the key stakeholders in the field of wind energy. The focus of this research
is primarily on the stakeholder’s views and opinions on the environmental considerations and barriers
involved with urban wind energy.
The two different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative data collection will be combined with
data obtained from the interviews. Upon completion of the research a superior emphasis has been
placed on the information retrieved from the interviews, the data is more detailed in nature and due to
the information required for this dissertation, it represents the most applicable and reliable data source
in achieving the set objectives.
4.2. Respondents
The response rate from the stakeholders was deemed to be very successful by the author. The author
set the target of gathering a total of ‘9’ key stakeholder interviews. Following the target of 9 being set;
20 stakeholder personnel and companies were contacted through email. A total of ‘10’ stakeholder
interviews were ultimately attained via email, phone call and face to face meeting. A 50% response
rate was achieved in this dissertations research objective. The interview process was considered
successful due to the relatively high response and participation rate. Reminder emails were sent to
those who did not reply as part of a methodical procedure of investigation. The semi-structured
interview with both open and closed questions proved to be successful as candidates answered with
clear explanation. Their thoughts and perceptions to questions asked were conveyed thoroughly and in
correlation to the set objectives.
The stakeholders chosen were selected from three specific areas in the field of wind energy. The three
areas of focus chosen represented the most influential bodies in implementing a wind energy project
in the built environment. The three areas of focus chosen are the following:
1. Planners
2. Developers
3. Society

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4.2.1. Planners
Planners are professionals who develop plans and programs for the use of land. There are a variety of
certain types of planners; urban, spatial, regional, transport and environmental planning. Planning
takes place on local, regional, national and inter-national levels. Planners are mainly concerned with
how the environment in which we live are managed both physically and aesthetically (Irish Planning
Institute ‘IPI’, 2016).
Planners were chosen as one of the key stakeholders to be interviewed as the process of planning
essentially has two main functions: ‘to manage physical development’ and ‘to plan ahead for future
growth and development’. Within these two main functions a balance between physical development
and social, economic and environmental needs are the goal. The main reason for choosing planners to
interview is due to the many disciplines on which they have to take into account such as the
following:
 Environmental and Aesthetic – ‘how a new development will impact on the local
environment or community and how its visual impact’
 Economic – ‘how development will effect on the local economy and local businesses’
 Legal and Political – ‘the laws and national policies that govern planning and land
use issues’
 Human and Social – ‘how local people and communities will be affected’
Source: (Irish Planning Institute ‘IPI’, 2016).
 A total of 5 planners were interviewed by the author. The planners interviewed were from
both public and private organisations. The planners names and companies will remain
anonymous, see appendix for further details. The answers given by each planner was used for
the purpose of academic research.
4.2.2. Developers
The developer stakeholders that were contacted represented large companies that have significant
control and close relations to the energy sector in Ireland. The reason for choosing developers as one
of the focus areas to contact was due to their roles in the development of projects. The developer
companies interviewed are in the field of renewable wind energy. The main roles that a developer
would have in the implementation of an urban wind energy project would be the following;
 Perform project design and development activities according to required specifications.
 Work with planners and project manager in developing project plan, budget and schedule.
 Prepare project proposals and contractual documents.

~ 40 ~
 Track project progress regularly and develop status reports to authorities involved.
 Ensure that project is completed within allotted budget and timelines.
 Follow company policies and safety regulations for operational efficiency.
 Research and recommend new technologies to carry out project development tasks.
 Develop cost reduction initiatives while maintaining quality and productivity
Source: (http://www.greatsampleresume.com/Job-Responsibilities/Project-Developer-Responsibilities.html)
 A total of 3 developers were interviewed by the author. The developers interviewed were
from both large and small private companies. The developers names and companies will
remain anonymous, see appendix for further details. The answers given by each developer
was used for the purpose of academic research.
4.2.3. Society
The third area of stakeholders was focussed at societal organisations. It was decided that through
urban wind energy research that society have a significant voice when it comes to projects in their
local area. Urban areas are heavily populated destinations and it was considered that the organisations
that represent society are an important element to the integration of wind energy into the built
environment. Their thoughts and perceptions on urban wind energy are a necessary component to
include in this research topic.
 As the research topic was confined to specific stakeholders in the field of wind energy, the
interviewees that represent the society aspect were categorised into either ‘industry’ or
‘societal’. The author attained a total of 2 interviews from the ‘industrial related society’. The
interviewees are educated in the field of wind energy and their opinions and thoughts
reflected societal behaviour. The industrial related societal names and companies will remain
anonymous, see appendix for further details. The answers given by each interviewee was used
for the purpose of academic research.
Stakeholder Interviews breakdown
Planners (5)
Developers (3)
Society (2)
Total - 10 Interviews
Figure 4.1 - Pie
chart representing
stakeholder
number of
interviews

~ 41 ~
Figure 4.2 – Triangulation of Stakeholders
4.3. Interviews – Context: Question 1 & 2
There were a total of nine questions in the semi-structured interview. All interviews given were
completed in the same format with the same questions. The purposes of the interviews were to
highlight and recognise the key stakeholders perceptions and opinions on the main environmental
considerations, barriers and potential future of wind energy in the urban environment. For expediency
there will be a discussion with each of the findings for evaluation.
Urban Wind Energy
Stakeholders
Planners
‘to manage physical development’ and ‘to plan
ahead for future growth and development’
Developers
‘developing project plan,
budget and schedule’
Society
‘developing project plan,
budget and schedule’

~ 42 ~
4.3.1. Findings (Question1)
Question 1
Are you aware of any recent, current or planned 'Urban Wind Energy' projects in your area?
YES
NO
Stakeholders Answer
Planner 1 NO
Planner 2 YES - Single EWT DW 54 wind turbine on the
edge of Derry. (Commercial)
Planner 3 YES - Father Collins Park, Clongriffin, Dublin
13. (Large scale turbines in public park)
Planner 4 YES - Maighne Windfarm. This is a windfarm
proposal in Co. Kildare and Co.Meath.
Planner 5 NO
Developer 1 NO
Developer 2 NO
Developer 3 YES - In the Queen Elizabeth Olympic park
Stratford London, a series of 18-metre tall
turbines with 8kW of capacity and providing up
to 7,500 kWh of power a year if average wind
speeds reach seven metres per second.
Society 1 NO
Society 2 NO
4.3.2. Discussion
(4/10) - Only 40% of those asked were aware of any current or planned urban wind energy projects
in their area. This result was expected, on review of literature there is an unsubstantial amount of
work or research completed in Ireland on urban wind energy projects and so in turn the answers given
show how development is scarce.

~ 43 ~
4.3.3. Findings (Question 2)
Question 2
Are you familiar with any 'Urban Wind Energy' projects in Ireland?
YES
NO
Stakeholders Answer
Planner 1 YES - Dundalk I.T campus (only by visual)
Planner 2 YES - Single EWT DW 54 wind turbine on the
edge of Derry. (Commercial)
Planner 3 NO
Planner 4 YES - Father Collins Park, Clongriffin, Dublin
13. (Large scale turbines in public park)
Planner 5 YES - Dundalk I.T campus
Developer 1 NO
Developer 2 YES – Dundalk I.T campus and J&J in
Ringaskiddy.
Developer 3 YES - A number of commercial properties in
Leinster have installed Sub 1Mw turbines
(medium wind) to provide energy independence
for their commercial operations.
Society 1 YES - 1. the Green Building in Temple Bar
(“turbine disused I believe”)
2. Dundalk Institute of Technology (last 10 years)
3. Cork Harbour / Ringaskiddy (recent)
4. Father Collins Park in north Dublin City
Society 2 NO

~ 44 ~
4.3.4. Discussion
(7/10) – 70% of respondents are familiar with some sort of urban wind energy project in Ireland. 4 out
of the 7 stakeholders were familiar with the single standing Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine on the
Dundalk Institute of Technology campus. The DkIT wind turbine was built in 2006 with a total cost
of €1,127,000 (w/13.5% VAT). Vestas V52-850kW initially limited to 700kW peak output, average
power output of 23.3% of maximum power – 163 kilowatts (Larry Staudt, 2006). Another urban wind
energy project the stakeholders were familiar with is the Father Collins Park, Clongriffin, Dublin 13
(Large scale turbines in Public Park). The Father Collins Project has 5 medium heights (25m)
HAWTs. Each turbine generating a power rating of 50kW with a total generation capacity of 250kW
which is worth €400,000 worth of electricity a year (Turbines cost €1.2 million to construct). The
stakeholder ‘Society 2’ answered ‘NO’ however he noted that he knew that:
“I am unaware of any significant project. There are some research projects (ITT and DCU) – but
nothing significant. The main reason is the complexity involved and the lack of confidence in relation
to a significant capital outlay (ca 30k for 2.5kW)” – ‘Society 2’.
Although the stakeholder is familiar with current undergoing research projects, the complexities
involved to such projects have created difficulty in development. Noting that money spent to acquire,
repair or upgrade turbine projects is a key concern.
4.4. Environmental Considerations (Questions 3, 4 & 5)
Question 3
In your opinion what do you perceive as the 'main environmental considerations' associated with
wind energy development in the built environment?
The table below will illustrate the findings of which environmental considerations that the
stakeholders believe to be the most important. Each bullet point is in referral to the answers given by
the stakeholder. The findings will then be followed by a discussion.
Stakeholders Main Env Considerations
Planner 1 • Shadow Flicker
• Visual Impact
Planner 2 • Visual Impact
• Noise

~ 45 ~
• Built Heritage
• Shadow flicker
Planner 3 • Visual Impact
• Noise
• Shadow flicker
• Logistics (access)
• Maintenance
Planner 4 • Spatial Planning
• Noise
• Distance from sensitive receptors
Planner 5 • Bird/Bats
• Cultural Heritage
• Shadow Flicker
Developer 1 • Residential Amenity – Noise, Visual,
Shadow flicker
• Human Health (EMF)
• Material Assets – Property and Land use
• Landscape economic activity – tourism
Developer 2 • Noise
• Shadow flicker
• Setback
Developer 3 • Visual amenity
• Shadow flicker
• Access for maintenance (RNA,
component replacement, crane access
etc.)
Society 1 • Scale and Size
• Public attitude
• Visual Impact
• Wind resource in urban area
• Structural implications (retrofitting)
Society 2 • Flicker: Visible and Audible
• Noise
4.4.2.Discussion
The three main environmental considerations that were highlighted frequently by the stakeholders are;
Shadow flicker, Visual impact and Noise. There was wide concern for noise with a total of 6
stakeholders identifying it as one of the main considerations. The stakeholder ‘Society 2’ expresses
how “At one stage the Fr. Collins park turbines were being decommissioned due to complaints by
residents. They complained that at night the noise was more pronounced (due primarily to the
attenuated background noise with there being no traffic!)”. In comparison to this the stakeholder
‘Developer 3’ expresses their opinions on noise about wind energy in the built environment, “Due to
high levels of background noise in urban environments the swooshing noise from the turbine bladed

~ 46 ~
cutting through the air is not as noticeable as would be in a low background noise environment as
seen in the countryside. Therefore it is surprising less of an issue in urban areas than in rural”.
When relating back to literature, the consideration of ‘noise’ is very apparent in wind turbines. During
quiet nights, people reacted strongly to the wind turbine noise in the range of 500m surrounding the
wind turbine and experienced annoyance in the range of 1900 m surrounding the wind farm. An
interesting point to note is that people are more annoyed by wind turbine noise than by transportation
noise (Van den Berg, 2004).
Other points to note from stakeholder opinions come from ‘developer 1’ who believes that the use of
medium and large scale turbines in a lower volume bring about greater impacts to the environment
while small and micro generation turbines in a higher volume have less of an impact on the
environment; “The key considerations seem to be the use of a smaller number of larger generators, or
a larger number of smaller generators – the former incurs a greater impact but in a more
concentrated area; the reverse is generally true for the latter”.
The graph below illustrates all the environmental considerations of wind energy in the built
environment, highlighted by the key stakeholders.
Figure 4.3 – Main Environmental Considerations identified by the Stakeholders
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Numberofstakholders
Considerations
Stakeholders thoughts: Main Environmental Considerations
Stakeholders: Main
Environmental
Considerations

~ 47 ~
Question 4
In relation to small and micro-scale generation wind energy technology (for example locating in
normal built up areas i.e. residential) can you please scale each of these environmental considerations
in level of importance by ticking the box?
Public, Health and
Community
Noise
Vibration
Shadow Flicker
Built Environment
Built Heritage
Birds and Bats
General Habitat
Other
Specify: ( )
Table 4.4 – Small and micro-scale generation averages scale of importance
Environmental Consideration Average of scaled importance
Noise
2
Vibration
1
Shadow Flicker
2
Built Heritage
2
2
Birds and Bats
1
General Habitat
1

~ 48 ~
Figure 4.4 – The average of stakeholder’s scale on level of importance
4.4.4. Discussion
In the scaling of importance with the environmental considerations listed by the author, which were
researched from previous literature, the scaling results varied on each stakeholder. It was considered
best by the author that an average of each consideration would best suit for an analysis on results.
The highest scaled important environmental consideration was ‘noise’. The lowest scale of important
environmental considerations was ‘vibration’. It is also important to note that each stakeholder’s
expertise vary from different areas of the field, for example ‘planner 1’ scaled the consideration of
‘noise’ a ‘3’ meaning it is a high level and of extreme importance and in comparison to ‘developer 3’
scaling ‘noise’ as ‘of no real importance’ by marking it as zero. There is a significant difference in
perceptions due to the area of the field the stakeholder is familiar with. Environmental considerations
that were specified by the stakeholders in the ‘other’ selection tag are: (Table 4.5)
Other Considerations Scale of importance by Stakeholder
Access & logistics 3
Decommissioning 2
Abducting into grid 2
Flood risk management 1
Maintenance 3
Community Acceptance 3
Impact on Use of Land (especially zoned land) 3
Impact on Property Value 2
Impact on “competing” activities e.g. amenity/tourism 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Noise Vibration Shadow
Flicker
Built Heritage Visual
amenity
Birds&Bats General
habitat
scale
Consideration
Average scale of importance Average scale of
importance

~ 49 ~
Question 5
In relation to medium and large scale generation wind energy technology (for example locating in
industrial areas, ports etc.) can you please scale each of these environmental considerations in level of
importance by ticking the box?
Public, Health and
Community
Noise
Vibration
Shadow Flicker
Built Environment
Built Heritage
Birds and Bats
General Habitat
Other
Specify: ( )
Table 4.6 – Medium and Large scale generation averages scale of importance
Environmental Consideration Average of scaled importance
Noise
2
Vibration
1
Shadow Flicker
2
Built Heritage
2
2
Birds and Bats
2
General Habitat
1

~ 50 ~
4.4.6. Discussion
As discussed prior in question 4, the responses varied with each stakeholder due to the professional
background experience in the area. The findings in relation to medium and large scale generation
wind turbines are significantly relatable with rural wind energy projects. Large scale wind turbines are
significantly more viable in the rural environment; there is an abundance of literature on rural wind
energy development. From the findings it is understood that the size and scale in turbines have a huge
part to play in the considerations of environmental impacts. The larger the scale of turbines the more
important the environmental considerations get. Environmental considerations that were specified by
the stakeholders in the ‘other’ selection tag are: (Table 4.6)
Other Considerations Scale of importance by Stakeholder
Access & logistics 3
Decommissioning 3
Abducting into grid 3
Flood risk management 3
Maintenance 3
Construction Stage impacts 2
Community Acceptance 3
Impact on Use of Land (especially zoned land) 3
Impact on Property Value 2
Impact on “competing” activities e.g. amenity/tourism 2
Set back 2
4.5. Barriers (Question 6 & 7)
Question 6
What do you believe to be the main barriers to developing wind energy in the urban environment?
Stakeholders Main Barriers
Planner 1 • No wind energy masterplan
• Lack of guidance
• Availability of wind in urban area
• Policy gap
• Health fears lack of communication
• NIMBY effects

~ 51 ~
Planner 2  Community rejection
Planner 3  No obvious locations
 Visual impact
 Noise impacts
 Time - lengthy planning process and
appeals mechanisms.
 Lack of education/ information/
understanding the potential benefits
 Public lack of familiarity with wind
energy installations (i.e. practical terms)
Planner 4 • Obtaining planning permission
• Developing a consensus among key
stakeholders of the value of fostering
community acceptance
Planner 5 • Community acceptance
• Lack in policy structure for community
involvement, engagement, or gain/benefit
• Lack of available financial incentives
• Capital intensive investment
Developer 1 • Perception of impact – to human health
• Residential amenity
• Competing land uses
• Property values
• Opposition
Developer 2 • Technology – Noise and Visual
Developer 3 • Cost – investment return longer
• Planning – timing and objections
Society 1 • Scale of the turbines in a dense urban
environment
• Public opposition
• Structural implications if mounted on a
building
• Technical difficulties in achieving good
wind resource in a built up area
• Lack of good support scheme

~ 52 ~
Society 2 • Resource Complexity – (turbulent/
chaotic wind)
• Cost
• Meaningful tariff option(s)
• Grid access
• Political
4.5.2. Discussion
Each of the barriers that have been highlighted by the stakeholders reflects a very significant pattern
in opinions on what are the main factors to overcome. 6 out of the 10 stakeholders believe that
community acceptance is a substantial barrier to implementing wind energy projects into the urban
environment. Developer 1 explains how “There is no real tradition of urban wind energy
development, particularly in Ireland, and therefore these would be new intrusions into an urban
landscape or urban environment which, it must be assumed, will be received with scepticism or
outright opposition, and would be resisted”.
Local opposition to wind energy projects has been well researched, ‘Maarten Wolsink’ wrote a paper
in 1999 on ‘Wind power and the NIMBY-myth’ his analysis shows how levels of public acceptance
are usually considered the primary indicators of support for wind power within society. The ‘Not-In-
My-Backyard’ (NIMBY) syndrome is a very effective factor in developing wind energy projects.
Planner 1 backs this point by saying “Narrow minded and NIMBY effects are a critical barrier, lack
of awareness and uneducated opposition to these types of turbines are critical”. Another opposing
barrier described by ‘Society 2’ can be ‘Political’ –“There is not really an appetite for small wind –
and it is competition with big-power (which has the advantage of economies of scale)”.
Four out of the ten stakeholders also highlighted the fact that ‘cost’ can be a major barrier to small-
scale turbine development. The initial investment payback from small scale wind power is 5-10 years
longer than larger scale turbines. “Urban environments are generally built in sheltered or low lying
locations meaning they are less exposed and have a lower annual average wind speed (Low wind)
than exposed locations. Therefore the return on investment could be 5-10 years longer than in
medium to high wind sites” – Developer 3. With cost being acknowledged as a barrier there are
implications to for having a meaningful tariff option as “At the minute, €0.09 is all that is offered for
micro (0.6kW)!”- Society 2. Economic viability has been highlighted as a major barrier in developing
wind energy in the urban environment.

~ 53 ~
Question 7
Are these barriers possible to overcome?
YES
(Please specify in which barrier and how it may
be overcome)
NO
Stakeholders Answer
Planner 1 YES –
• Community gain
• Community education and awareness
• Developing pilot projects to see the
viability
• National guidance (Plan lead approach
with a policy basis for renewable energy)
• A pro-active policy around infrastructure
• More research
Planner 2 YES –
• At times – but can be difficult due to
attitude set-in.
Planner 3 YES -
• Information technology/availability will
assist.
• Technological advances
• Public familiarity
• Integration of small-scale wind turbines
into buildings
Planner 4 YES –
• comply with the planning permitting
procedures carry out the appropriate
• Environmental Impact Assessment
studies.

~ 54 ~
Planner 5 YES –
• strong and dedicated engagement with
the surrounding community
• monetary benefits through equity
schemes and payments,
• A general education on the benefits of
wind energy can also greatly contribute
to social acceptance.
• open and transparent discussions and
early engagement
• Governmental support, at the local,
regional, and national level
Developer 1 YES –
• educating the population of a receiving
environment, and their elected
representatives
• To provide and/or visit examples from
elsewhere.
• To identify community gain provisions.
• To involve the public and people with
influence in the siting process.
Developer 2 YES –
• Rooftop and nearby ground mounting
(eradicates most concerns)
Developer 3 NO –
• Not in the majority of locations, if there
is stakeholder majority that the project is
unbeneficial to the local area.
• If projects are over 50mw then this
generally classed as a national
infrastructure concern
Society 1 YES –
• develop smaller but efficient turbines
• alarming evidence of global warming
• Structural implications if mounted on a
building – can be addressed, at a cost

~ 55 ~
• Lack of good support scheme –
Government decision
Society 2 NO –
• No appetite is there. But for the medium
term, wind energy – particularly in urban
environments – is not visible on the
horizon of opportunity!
• The scale of the challenge (and its multi-
dimensions) makes for a difficult to
policy makers (including politicians).
4.5.4. Discussion
Eight out of the ten stakeholders believe that the barriers mentioned are possible to overcome.
Mitigation measures can be implemented for public opposition through community education and
local community gain. “A general education on the benefits of wind energy can also greatly
contribute to social acceptance. The biggest way to overcome these barriers is through open and
transparent discussion and engagement early in the development stage, along with continuous
support and involvement in the community throughout the project’s lifetime.”- Planner 5.
The most favoured mitigation measures highlighted by the stakeholders are community education and
having a significant plan led approach by the government. Creating an overall master energy plan that
is supported through policy and pro-active policy infrastructure. A more in depth research programme
possibly lead on a national scale is also needed to overcome barriers as urban wind energy has not
enough available information to support development.
Two out of the ten stakeholders believe that certain barriers are not able to overcome. Society 2
believes that “The scale of the challenge (and its multi-dimensions) makes for a difficult to policy
makers (including politicians)”. With small scale generation turbines the complexities relating to
potential retrofitting on building and construction designs can lead to over-complicated policy making
for little return on wind resource and financial investment.
Relating to the literature in the field, the feasibility of small-scale and urban environment turbines is
yet to be verified on a significant scale. The research in a technological relationship with the built
environment is small and projects across the globe are relatively incomparable. More pilot projects
need to be erected for a more mature understanding of mitigating the barriers involved. “Benefitting
local communities can change negative impacts from public. Developing pilot projects to see the
viability”- Planner 1.

~ 56 ~
4.6. Future (Questions 8 & 9)
Question 8
In your opinion is there a future for wind energy development in the built environment in Ireland?
YES
(Please outline the nature of this)
NO
(Please outline why not)
Stakeholders Answer
Planner 1 YES –
• With the new energy masterplan being
led by SEA, more possible.
Planner 2 YES –
• In non-residential areas
• If community supported perhaps in some
such areas
Planner 3 YES-
• updated statutory guidelines from the
Department of Environment, Community
and Local Government
• Promotion of micro-renewables
• Spatial Energy Demand Analysis
techniques can help identify areas where
greater energy efficiencies can be
achieved.
Planner 4 YES –
• Projects such as Father Collins Park can
be developed successfully in the urban
environment
Planner 5 YES -
• acceptance is only going to occur through
education, engagement, open discussion
• political/financial support

~ 57 ~
Developer 1 YES –
• Historic power stations in the urban
environment – Poolbeg, Pigeon House
immediate connection to the
• Siting – essential
Developer 2 NO - Not in the foreseeable future
Developer 3 YES –
• Not in cities but on dwelling with some
surrounding land or medium sized
gardens it makes sense.
• Introducing a renewable heat incentive
similar to that in the UK.
Society 1 NO –
• At this time, I don’t see it as best
solution, for reasons set out above.
• Solar PV seems more appropriate
Society 2 YES –
• Only on green field sites
• Residential is not foreseeable
4.6.2. Discussion
Again eight out of ten stakeholders believe that there is a future for wind energy development in the
built environment in Ireland. Although stakeholders believe it is possible for the future they have
shared their thoughts on how “there will be no single solution possible – so the potential for wind
energy contributing to an overall solution becomes more possible, I don’t envisage a solution that
advocates individual turbines connected to houses – but green field site opportunities may become
more attractive” – Society 2. An interesting point to note that developer 3 made on adopting a scheme
from the U.K “The government can increase the deployment of wind energy in the built environment
by introducing a renewable heat incentive similar to that in the UK which pays the owner a tariff for
generation and a separate tariff for exporting to the Grid”. A future in urban wind energy is
potentially viable with the correct siting and available wind resource to create a sustainable economic
value and guidance on national policies can then carve a very realistic future in the long term.
Two of the stakeholders that responded ‘no’ respectfully could not see a solution as to creating
beneficial urban wind energy projects due to the barriers that they had listed as the main cause.

~ 58 ~
Question 9
What actions will be necessary in the future to successfully develop wind energy in urban areas in
Ireland?
Stakeholders Actions for Future
Planner 1 • Plan led - National, regional and local
planning guidelines
• More research needs to happen
• Policy guidance is essential
Planner 2 • Land use zoning for such areas in
development plans
Planner 3 • Consideration of the balance of benefit
• Micro-renewables are more applicable to
urban areas and their benefits need to be
better understood.
• New statutory guidance for wind farms is
needed to update best practice and
troubleshoot issues.
• Possible use of government incentives
(financial or otherwise)
• Better guidance for potential applicants
for planning permission
• Increased awareness of works/proposals
which are exempt from the requirement
for planning permission (micro
renewables)
• Information and promotion of the
concepts and suggested approaches and
benefits.
Planner 4 • Proper Environmental Impact
Assessment studies will be required
• Gain more community/social acceptance
Planner 5 • Political structure for wind energy
development needs to improve as a

~ 59 ~
model and guide for developers in
Ireland
• Greater educational programs
• develop a trusting relationship with a
community
Developer 1 • Ensuring an appropriate grid connection
• Identification of appropriate site
• Significant resources put into
communications and providing an
understanding of what is involved,
including community gain and benefits
• Political buy-in
• Government Policy, SEAI promotion,
National Planning Framework, Regional
Spatial and Economic Strategies
• County/City Development Plans.
• Community buy-in
Developer 2 • Technology is the most important
indicator.
Developer 3 • Council tax should be linked to emissions
the same as cars
• A price on carbon may alternatively
encourage people to use wind energy
Society 1 • don’t see it as a particularly good
solution – large wind generators in rural
areas seem more appropriate
Society 2 • Accurately describe the nature of the
resource (inclusive of turbulent affects)
within urban environments
• From a smart cities perspective,
predictability – so that effective dispatch
at a much more granular level – needs to
become a reality (hour+1 predictability
towards enhanced future predictions)

~ 60 ~
4.6.4. Discussion
The actions highlighted by the stakeholders for successfully developing wind energy in urban areas
have again had a repetitive pattern of relating to a governmental national policy strategy. Developer 3
highlights how a “Political buy-in, including incorporation into Government Policy, SEAI promotion,
National Planning Framework, Regional Spatial and Economic Strategies and ultimately County/City
Development Plans” will create a more structured approach on a potential future for urban
development. Statutory guidance for urban wind energy is the overall key in securing a possible
future.
Other actions that were highlighted by the majority of stakeholders are in relation to community buy-
in and community education. “Greater educational programs should also be implemented at all levels
of education, as well as by way of public forums or exhibitions. The key is to develop a trusting
relationship with a community in order to decrease, and hopefully eliminate social opposition”-
Planner 5. With community awareness as a resounding barrier to a potential future in development it
is also important to note that technological advancement will play a key part in environmental
considerations as newly developing VAWTs have eliminated ‘shadow flicker’ and ‘noise’ by a
significant amount. Wind Resource in the urban environment will need to be exposed as potential
viability in certain locations as to justify reasons on why development of wind energy in the built
environment is feasible. Developer 3 highlights an interesting point of bringing in a ‘council tax’ and
linking it with emissions of carbon sources to promote and encourage people to use renewable wind
energy. However creating more tax could potentially spiral a greater negative view on wind energy
due to a ‘force-fed’ option in energy use.
4.7. Summary
In summary of this chapter findings and discussion, a systematic structure in analysing results from
the semi-structured interviews has been created. The categories of Context, Environmental
Considerations, Barriers and Future have been outlined in detail with the respect of the stakeholder’s
opinions and views on each category relating to urban wind energy.
Scientific discussions relating to the stakeholder responses and the relevant theory (literature) has
been outlined and emphasised in accordance to the set objectives of this dissertation. The findings and
discussions have clearly outlined the stakeholders perceptions on each question asked.

~ 61 ~
Chapter 5 – Conclusions
5. Conclusions
5.1. Introduction
This chapter is dedicated to the conclusions that have been accumulated for this research paper. After
reviewed current literature, gathered primary data, this chapter will aim to provide an overview of the
main findings and conclude on the significance of such findings. The original aim and objectives will
also be reviewed and it will be outlined how these were achieved during the course of the project.
5.2. Aims and Objectives
5.2.1. Research Aims
5.2.2. Research Objectives
 To highlight and recognise the key stakeholders perceptions and opinions on the main
environmental considerations of wind energy in the urban environment.
 This first objective has been successfully completed as the author has portrayed the
stakeholder’s perceptions on the main environmental considerations through the use of semi-
structured interviews
 To establish the key stakeholders thoughts on what they perceive as the main barriers involved
with wind energy in the urban environment.
 This second objective has been successfully completed as the author has gathered the
stakeholders perceptions on the main barriers involved through the use of semi-structured
interviews.
 To identify the stakeholders thoughts on the future of wind energy in the urban environment.
 This third objective has been successfully completed as the author has identified the thoughts
of the stakeholders in the potential future of urban wind energy through the use of semi-
structured interviews.
 To carry out and complete a comprehensive methodology to achieve the desired coherent results.

~ 62 ~
 The fourth objective has been successfully completed as from the findings and results
gathered it is clear that a comprehensive methodology was carried out.
5.3. Summary of Findings
The findings gathered in this dissertation reflect the objectives that were initially set. The primary
research was to carry out a number of semi-structured interviews to the key stakeholders in the field
of renewable wind energy, with an emphasis on the urban environment. There were a total of ten
interviews carried out and each interview represented the opinions and views of each individual
stakeholder.
The overall findings gathered were mainly in highlighting what the stakeholder’s perceptions are on
the environmental considerations that impact the development of urban wind energy. It can be
concluded that the three main environmental considerations that were highlighted frequently by the
stakeholders are; Shadow flicker, Visual impact and Noise.
Noise induced by wind turbine operation has been studied for quite some time now, and a number of
papers have been published. One practical approach to reduce the noise disturbance of wind turbines
is to follow suitable noise limits and distance criteria developed from those scientific studies. (K. Dai
et al., 2013) However, compared to other studies on other noise sources, for example transportation
noise, there is not enough solid data and quantitative scientific studies about wind turbine noises.
More research is required to gather the knowledge of wind turbine noises through quantitative
research.
It was concluded that ‘visual impact’ has a major effect of community acceptance and has led to
public opposition on wind energy projects which is now a significant barrier to overcome in Ireland.
Social studies and technology improvements could be used to help create a solution. Therefore,
mitigation technologies and measures at different scales should be considered during the wind energy
planning stage.
The main barriers in the views of the stakeholders account for community acceptance and the fact that
‘cost’ is a major barrier to small-scale turbine development. The initial investment payback from
small scale wind power is approximately 5-10 years longer than larger scale turbines. Another notable
conclusion is that through the findings gathered there is a severe lack of available research in urban
wind energy and it’s potential. The literature that is available is small and its depth in knowledge is
limited due to the lack of successful urban based projects.

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5.4.Implications for practice and theory
The practicality of performing as an interviewer gives an insightful understanding of how the
stakeholders can handle the different components related in developing urban wind energy. The
studies reported in this dissertation are important because the results are consistent across each type of
stakeholder (Planner, Developer and Society) with different schools of thought. The findings
concluded are also important because unlike much of the research in this field, all of the stakeholders
interviewed were significantly more informed on urban wind energy as a result of completing the
semi-structured interview on the key measures related in development. This study will add to the
knowledge base in Urban Wind Energy and on how to do research in this area. This dissertation will
help further researchers to understand the environmental considerations and barriers that the key
stakeholders highlight.
5.5.Research Limitations
With further research that can be led on a national scale, the development in all aspects of wind
energy, such as wind resource allocation, technology development, economic research and the barriers
involved with integration into the built environment community, theoretically will improve the
knowledge and add to the solution in renewable energy strategies. The author’s primary research was
heavily dependent on the interviews completed. The literature available has no relevant comparison to
the focus study of this dissertation as it is the first of its kind in relation to urban environmental wind
energy. Due to the significant barriers and lack of policy in relation to the study, the feasibility of
urban wind energy remains in the research phase. To establish a wider and more accurate opinion on
urban wind energy further interviews with more key stakeholders can be completed.
5.6.Conclusion of Dissertation
This dissertation is a researched paper on the environmental considerations and barriers involved with
developing wind energy in the built environment. Each chapter explains in detail the workings and
results gathered for this research topic. In conclusion the development of wind energy in Ireland has
been significant over the last number of decades with the main focus on rural environment projects.
This dissertation acknowledges the restrictions that are in place to developing urban based wind
energy projects. The potential of urban wind energy is undoubtedly possible however the feasibility
and economic advantage to development is still under question as further research is needed. The idea
to increase more pilot projects is evident as data is required to further enhance any research
development. There is a significant benefit to developing urban based projects as it eradicates
transmission networks however the location of turbines in the built environment is still under
investigation as pilot projects need to be increased sooner rather than later.

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e

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STUDENT NAME: MacDarragh Fitzpatrick
STUDENT NUMBER: C12462478
COLLEGE: Dublin Institute of Technology
DIT Bolton Street,
Dublin 1.
DEPARTMENT: School of Spatial Planning and
Environmental Management
PROGRAMME: DT 106/4 (Hons)
B.Sc. Environmental Management
CONTACT: Phone: +353 86 1209682
Email: macdarragh1@gmail.com
Abstract
Renewable wind energy is dominated by the rural environment sector. The
development of wind energy in the urban environment is a new and innovative
motive for advancing the way of smart cities and modern living. The main reasons for
this study is (1) to analyse and review the environmental considerations and barriers
in developing renewable wind energy technology in Dublin’s urban areas in both the
private and commercial sectors and (2) to recognise the thoughts, attitudes and
perceptions of developing urbanised wind energy projects with the stakeholders.
Disclaimer
The purpose of this interview/questionnaire is for academic research use only.

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All participant names and information will remain confidential. All answers and
statements given will be used for academic purposes.
Definitions
Environment - The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant
lives or operates.
Environmental - Relating to or arising from a person’s surroundings.
Urban – Characteristic of a town or city.
Wind Energy - Electrical energy obtained from harnessing the wind with windmills or
wind turbines.
Considerations - A fact or a motive taken into account in deciding something.
Barriers - A circumstance or obstacle that keeps people or things apart or prevents
communication or progress.
(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english)

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Urban Wind Energy technology 15kW-100kW– example images
Small / Micro-size turbines – Residential zones
Medium size turbines – Industrial and Commerical zones
Medium Size Turbines:
Siting stand-alone wind turbines in
urban locations. Industrial and
commercial urban zones are best
suited.
Small/Micro Size Turbines:
Retrofitting wind turbines onto
existing buildings. Residential
housing and some commercial
buildings include placement.

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