Thinking
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This document discusses thinking and related cognitive processes. It defines thinking as a complex mental process that involves manipulating symbols, images, and concepts to solve problems. There are different types of thinking, including autistic thinking which involves personal ideas, and realistic thinking which can be convergent to find a single solution, divergent to generate multiple ideas, or evaluative to assess situations. Problem solving is described as overcoming obstacles to achieve a goal, and involves defining the problem, understanding perspectives, and using creative strategies. Critical thinking is reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe, and involves skills like valid reasoning, recognizing bias, and questioning assumptions. The document outlines how to foster these skills in students through concept mastery, clear instruction,
Thinking
- 1. THINKING Dr Shiva Shukla Assistant Professor Central University of Punjab, Bathinda
- 2. Cognitive Process ◦Cognitive functions are mental processes or actions that are related to thinking, acquiring knowledge, understanding through sense experience(five senses sight, vision, smell, voice and touch & taste) and understanding through experiences. ◦It involves intellectual functions such as attention, intelligence, memory, judgement, evaluation, reasoning, computing, comprehension, problem solving, decision making etc.
- 3. What is Thinking This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
- 4. ◦ Implicit and complex mental process where images, symbols, concepts, rules and other mediational units gets mentally manipulated – Kagan & Haveman ◦ Found in every organism ◦ It is a mediating mental process between stimulus and solution ◦ Symbols, images, language and propositions are processed while thinking ◦ It’s a covert behaviour and cannot be seen externally ◦ The process involves trial and error which is actually the overt behaviour of the thinking process ◦ As it is also considered to be a process between stimulus and solution it is often called as ‘PROBLEM SOLVING BEHAVIOUR’
- 5. Factors of Thinking Propositions Language Concepts Images
- 6. Types of Thinking: Zimbardo & Ruch (1977) Autistic Thinking ◦ When ego’s own ideas, dreams, fantasies, hopes and desires are expressed is Autistic Thinking Realistic Thinking 1) Convergent Thinking: Deductive process where single solution is sought based on variety of information 2) Creative(Divergent) Thinking: Inductive process where many ideas are created based on present facts and addition person’s own 3) Evaluative Thinking: Before accepting facts merits of a situation or problem is discussed
- 7. Problem Solving Problem Solving is the process of overcoming obstacles to achieve the goal - Robertson This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
- 8. Problem Solving Process ◦ Defining the Problem: have three parts- an initial statement, solution path and goal ◦ Categorizing problem solving: 1) knowledge lean problems 2) knowledge rich problem, 3) well-defined problem, 4) ill-defined problem, 5) semantically lean problem, 6) semantically rich problem, and 7) insightful problem ◦ Understanding the problem: question the assumptions, concept mapping, taking varied views in consideration, specific knowledge ◦ Seeking different perspectives: different disciplines, culture, gender ◦ Creative Strategies: brain storming, creative problem solving, negative brain storming
- 9. Enabling Problem Solving in a Classroom ◦ Concept Mastery ◦ Cognizance of all aspects of the problem that needs solution ◦ Confidence to find solutions in the students and faith that students will solve the problem by the teacher ◦ Demonstration and application within the classroom ◦ Instructions to the students should be clear ◦ Make students perform all the activities, rules and procedures to arrive at the solutions and not allow shortcuts ◦ Make students informed of the cognitive strategies they can perform to find solutions ◦ Foster Insightful behaviour among students
- 10. Critical Thinking Critical thinking is reasonable reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do - Annis This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
- 11. Critical Thinking Process (1)Knowledge of the nature of valid inferences, abstractions, and generalizations in which the weight or accuracy of different kinds of evidence are logically determined (2) Attitudes of inquiry that involve A) an ability to recognize the existence of problems and B) an acceptance of the general need for evidence in support of what is asserted to be true (3) Skills in employing and applying the above attitudes and knowledge.
- 12. Fostering Critical Thinking ◦ Habits for developing critical thinking: Metacognition (awareness of thoughts, formulating questions, recognizing biasness, justifying opinions, reflective on process), inquisitiveness, systematic in inquiry, truth seeking, self confidence, being analytical, being open minded, maturity ◦ Argumentation: acceptability of the idea by determining the audience weather Personal, Public or Technical ◦ Questioning: way of approaching a problem, enquiring existing knowledge and new information, probe have to be systematic specific and disciplined ◦ Reasoning: deductive(from general statement to specific conclusion) , inductive and abductive (from specific observation to general conclusion) ◦ Identifying biases and assumptions: bias towards or against, assumptions are ideas without support of evidence
- 13. THANK YOU!