This is about the Introduction to Macroeconomics.

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Prepared by: Fernando Quijano
Prepared by: Fernando Quijano
and Yvonn Quijano
and Yvonn Quijano
© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing
© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/e
Principles of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray Fair
Karl Case, Ray Fair
Introduction to
Macroeconomics

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Introduction to Macroeconomics
• Microeconomists generally conclude
that markets work well.
Macroeconomists, however, observe
that some important prices often
seem “sticky.”
• Sticky prices are prices that do not
always adjust rapidly to maintain the
equality between quantity supplied
and quantity demanded.

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Macroeconomic Concerns
• Three of the major concerns of
macroeconomics are:
• Inflation
• Output growth
• Unemployment

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Real GDP, 1900-2002

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Real GDP, 1970 I-2003 II

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The Roots of Macroeconomics
• In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published
The General Theory of Employment,
Interest, and Money.
• Keynes believed governments could
intervene in the economy and affect the
level of output and employment.
• During periods of low private demand, the
government can stimulate aggregate
demand to lift the economy out of
recession.

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Government in the Macroeconomy
• There are three kinds of policy
that the government has used to
influence the macroeconomy:
1. Fiscal policy
2. Monetary policy
3. Growth or supply-side policies

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Government in the Macroeconomy
• Fiscal policy refers to government policies
concerning taxes and spending.
• Monetary policy consists of tools used by
the Federal Reserve to control the quantity
of money in the economy.
• Growth policies are government policies
that focus on stimulating aggregate supply
instead of aggregate demand.

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Unemployment
• The unemployment rate is the
percentage of the labor force that is
unemployed.
• The unemployment rate is a key
indicator of the economy’s health.
• The existence of unemployment
seems to imply that the aggregate
labor market is not in equilibrium.
Why do labor markets not clear
when other markets do?

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Unemployment Rate, 1970 I-2003 II

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Inflation and Deflation
• Inflation is an increase in the overall price
level.
• Hyperinflation is a period of very rapid
increases in the overall price level.
Hyperinflations are rare, but have been
used to study the costs and consequences
of even moderate inflation.
• Deflation is a decrease in the overall price
level. Prolonged periods of deflation can be
just as damaging for the economy as
sustained inflation.

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Percentage Change in the GDP Deflator
(Four-Quarter Average), 1970 I-2003 II

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