Three processes of memory
- 1. Three Processes of MemoryEncoding, Storage, Retrieval
- 2. How does a Computer store and access files (memories) ? - Convert file to necessary format - Encoding- Save file in appropriate folder or file - StorageAccess specific file and bring to screen
- 3. RetrievalEncodingThe translation of information into a form it can be stored(i.e. .doc, .pdf, etc.)We receive info in a physical form, when we encode we convert that physical stimulus into psychological formats that can be mentally represented
- 4. Write the letter’s “OTTFFSSENT” on a sheet of paper
- 5. Take thirty seconds to memorize, then reciteThree types of EncodingVisual CodesForm a mental picture of information“photograph”- Acoustic Codes -records information in memory as a sequence of sounds-Semantic Codes - represents info in terms of its meaning
- 6. Semantic Codes“Semantic” – relating to meaningGive meaning to the information you are trying to memorizeWhat are some different methods to use semantic codes?
- 7. StorageThe maintenance of encoded information over a period of timeClosely related to encoding strategies. Once we encode info we need to “do” something with it to remember itMaintenance rehearsal- Repeating info over and over to keep from forgettingExample?The more time spent rehearsing, the longer the memory will be stored
- 8. StorageElaborative rehearsal – Make it meaningful by relating info to what one already knowsWidely used in education. How do your teachers use elaborative rehearsal?
- 9. Organizational SystemsThink of your mind as a vast filing cabinet with organized with varied folders for specific infoThink of your “My Documents” folder on your computer
- 10. Files/Info is stored according to common themes and features
- 11. How does elaborative rehearsal try to “activate” certain folders?
- 12. Filing errors occur when we inaccurately classify info into the wrong categoryRetrievalLocating stored info and returning it to conscious thought; much like accessing computer filesWrite the List of letters from beforeHow did you “retrieve” the info?
- 13. Context and State Dependent MemoriesContext-dependent memories – memories that are retrieved due to a specific context - Context –the situation one was in when they first had the experience being rememberedExamples?Swim-Team Study
- 14. Test-Room Study
- 15. Witnesses for PoliceState Dependent MemoryMemories that are retrieved because the mood in which the were originally encoded is re-createdGordon Bower (1991) used hypnosis to prove thisNot only feelings play a role, but states of consciousness do too. (Atkinson et al., 1996)
- 16. Tip of the Tongue PhenomenonMemories are difficult to retrieve when they are incomplete or disorganizedAlso called “ the feeling of knowing experience”