Identifying SmartGrid Opportunities to Aid a Low-Carbon Future in the UK
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The document discusses the transition to a low-carbon energy system in the UK, highlighting the integration of renewable energy sources, particularly wind, into the electricity grid alongside the challenges of traditional generation methods. It emphasizes the necessity for a 'smart grid' which would improve asset utilization and manage demand-side initiatives to avoid unnecessary transmission costs. Finally, it outlines the critical role of public acceptance and the development of operational tools for effectively managing a decentralized energy system in light of fluctuating energy demands.
Identifying SmartGrid Opportunities to Aid a Low-Carbon Future in the UK
- 1. Identifying SmartGrid Opportunities to Aid a Low-Carbon Future in the UK Professor Tim Green
- 2. UK Energy Future2020: 35% of energy demand to be supplied by renewable generation2030: Decarbonisation of electricity system .... .... while incorporating heat and transport sectors into electricity systemA major change to generation mix and demand growth. Cessation of (non-abated) coal and gas and existing nuclear30% Wind; 30% New Nuclear; 30% New Carbon Capture Coal/GasDemand growth and wind integration is technically feasible with a traditional network. The problem would be the cost of a “dumb” approach.So, what do we need to be “smart” about?
- 3. Providing for the New Generation PatternsEnergy v. CapacityWind farms provide low carbon energy and displace fuel-burn from conventional coal and gasMost coal and gas stations are not closed because their capacity is needed occasionally to cover peak demand which coincides with times of no windUtilisation of generation assets fallsTransmission ConstraintsWind is in the north, demand in the southConstraining-off wind (in north) and constraining-on coal (in south) is very expensiveBut, how is new transmission capacity best provided
- 4. Can we afford “predict and provide”? AssetUtilisationSmart Grid= paradigm shift in providing flexibility: from redundancy in assets to more intelligent operation through incorporation of demand side and advanced network technologies in support of real time grid management 55%Smart35%BaU25%203020202010
- 7. Offshore Wind Farm Expansion in the UK1.25 GW capacity installed3.2 GW being added in 2010/11New offshore wind farm zones recently announce total about 32 GWSome new wind farms are 200 km from shoreEHV AC cable connection has a difficult/expensive reactive power problemConnection will have to be DCVoltage source DC required to run wind turbines
- 8. Smarter Transmission InfrastructureBuild more lines to N-1 security standard
- 9. Improve damping and raise stability limit closer to thermal limit
- 10. Build offshore HVDCUse of Transmission CapacityWind Farm 1 GWWind Farm 1 GWScotlandExport 4 GWTransmission Capacity?Full thermal capacity is 6.8 GW
- 11. Capacity at N-1 is 5.1 GW
- 12. Capacity at N-2 is 3.4 GW
- 13. Stability Limit is 2.2 GWFour 1.7 GWlines EnglandSmart releases capacity and avoids reinforcement Import 4 GWManaged Load 1GWLoad40 GWReserve Gen 1 GW
- 14. European Super Grid‘Roadmap 2050’, published 2010, ECFExpanded network across Europe would have a variety of advantages:Increased diversity of wind energy resource leading to regional balancing of energy generation
- 15. Increased load diversity (lower peak to average ratio)
- 16. Greater energy trading opportunities
- 17. Increased security of supply
- 18. Reduced dependency on fuel imports
- 19. But this is a DC network on an unprecedented scale and complexityNordic5GW3GWBenelux & GermanyPoland & Baltic10GWUK & Ireland4GW2GW4GW19GW21GWFranceCentral Europe10GW4GWSouth East Europe41GW3GW10GWItaly & MaltaIberia
- 20. Increased Electric Demand in a Low-Carbon Future Traditional electrical demand may well (perhaps must) reduce but ..Two further demand sectors need to be met: heating and vehiclesHow does this demand affectPeak demand : average demand ratioGeneration asset utilisationLoading on final LV distribution
- 21. Electric Vehicles in Commercial DistrictBaUSMARTSignificant correlation in arrivals to work i.e. significant peak load imposed by EV chargingSignificant opportunity to optimise charging as EVs will remain stationary for several hours (e.g. 8h)
- 22. Generation asset utilisation with Smart demand managementValue of demand response: almost 40GW less installed generation capacity required
- 23. But is a flat demand profile the best answer?Annual Wind Power VariationDemand will need to respond to generation patterns through price or other signalsDemand will also have to respond to local network constraintsThis may need to be resolved regionally
- 24. Responding to frequency excursions Frequency (Hz)?+=10s10 mins50. 0Frequency control49.2
- 25. Anything to worry about?...but the beer is getting warm!fridges are supporting the system
- 26. Thoughts on Demand-Action ResearchUtilising demand-side action is key to cost-effective integration of variable low-carbon generation and vehicle & heating demands
- 27. Smart-Metering must be seen in this context
- 28. Operational tools need to be developed
- 29. Decentralised control structures and supporting communications needs to be developed
- 30. Distribution management takes on new tasks
- 31. Public need to believe this is necessary and in their interest; public acceptance is likely to be the key issue.Active Network ManagementDistributed generation actively managed
- 32. Tap-changers optimised for local conditions
- 33. Post-fault restoration reacts in real-time
- 34. Energy storage used to mange congestion
- 35. Control is devolved to substation regions
- 36. Regional controllers report to control centre
- 37. Some “peer-to-peer” functions might be neededFrom Active to Smart Distribution“Active” distribution system discussion has been over integrating distributed generation
- 38. “Smart” distribution system discussion is around integrating active consumers.
- 39. “Smart” distribution may introduce a more complex hierarchy in system control
- 40. System balancing (of demand and supply) becomes local so that very large number of consumers can be reached and so that local congestion can be managedTransmission System Issues
- 42. ConclusionWe seem to be at the beginning of a fascinating phase of power system evolution
Editor's Notes
- #8: There are 10 offshore wind farms in operation in the UK - Total of 972MW installed capacity. Further 3.5GW being implemented in 2010/11. The majority of these wind farms are under 10 km to the nearest coast and in water depths of up to 20m.Successful bids for nine new offshore wind farm zone licences within UK waters have been announced early this year. Turbines in the nine zones could generate up to 32 gigawatts of power. The Dogger Bank zone is located off the east coast of Yorkshire between 125 and 195 kilometres offshore. It extends over approximately 8,660 km2. The water depth ranges from 18-63 metres.The Moray Firth Zone - Won by EDP Renovaveis and SeaEnergy Renewables. Potential yield: 1.3 gigawatts The Firth of Forth Zone - Won by SSE Renewables and Fluor. Potential yield: 3.5 gigawatts The Dogger Bank Zone - Won by SSE Renewables, RWE Npower Renewables, Statoil and Statkraft. Potential yield: 9 gigawatts The Hornsea Zone - Won by Mainstream Renewable Power and Siemens Project Ventures, and involving Hochtief Construction. Potential yield: 4 gigawatts The Norfolk Bank Zone - Won by Scottish Power Renewables and Vattenfall Vindkraft. Potential yield: 7.2 gigawatts The Hastings Zone - Won by E.On Climate and Renewables UK. Potential yield: 0.6 gigawatts The Isle of Wight Zone - Won by Eneco New Energy. Potential yield: 0.9 gigawatts The Bristol Channel Zone - Won by RWE Npower Renewables. Potential yield: 1.5 gigawatts The Irish Sea Zone - Won by Centrica Renewable Energy and involving RES Group. Potential yield: 4.2 gigawatts To date rule of thumb of €500m capex on offshore transmission for every 1000MW of offshore wind capacity (15-20% total capex)
- #11: The EWEA published ‘Oceans of Opportunity’ in September 2009. This sets out the EWEA’s target of 40GW of offshore wind in the EU by 2020 and 150GW by 2030.The key objectives of this report are to develop an offshore grid, which builds on the 11 offshore grids currently operating and 21 others being considered in the North and Baltic Seas. Some of the main issues to overcome include policy, supply chain and the development of HVDC VSC for multi-terminal operation.Link to document:http://ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/reports/Offshore_Report_2009.pdf
- #13: 5000 cars/km2Another important point here is that local peaks may occur in the morning, so that a standard, location non-specific, ToU tariff that attempts to minimise evening peak will not be sufficient