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TISSUES
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Shobhit Nirwan
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C L A S S 9 t h

We know that all living organisms are composed of cells.
Types of Cells
Unicellular
In unicellular organisms, a
single cell performs all the
functions.
Eg- Amoeba
Multicellular
In multicellular organisms,
there are millions of cells
specialised to carry on a
specific task.
Eg- Human Being
Cells specialised to perform a specific functions are grouped together
to form a ‘cluster’.
This cluster of cells is called tissue.
#Kitaabi Definition: A group of cell that are similar in structure and as work
together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue
L.P. 1- What is tissue?
Ans- A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work
together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.
L.P. 2- What is the utility of tissue in multi-cellular organisms.
Ans- 1. They provide defined structure.
2. They provide mechanical strength.
3. They facilitate division of labor.
[ NCERT Intext Pg61 ]
Plant Tissues
Cells specialised to perform a specific functions in plants are plant
tissues.
Characteristics of plant tissues:
1. Growth in plants occurs only in certain specific regions, this is due
to dividing tissues located at the points.
2. These dividing tissues are also called meristematic tissues.
3. When the meristematic tissues takes up a specific role and lose the
ability to divide - they form a specific type of permanent tissues.
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Plant Tissue
Meristematic Tissues Permanent Tissues
Meristematic Tissues
Meristematic tissues are those tissues in which the cells divide
continuously and help in increasing the length and growth of plant.
Characteristics:
1. Meristematic tissues may be spherical, oval, polygon or rectangle
in shape.
2. They are very active.
3. They have thin cellulose walls.
4. They have very few or no vacuoles
5. They have dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
Occurrence:
They are growth tissues and found in the growing region.
According to the basis of occurrence, they are divided into:
Apical
Present at
growing tip of
stems and roots.
Brings about
elongation of
roots and stems.
This increases
height of plant,
called primary
growth.
Lateral
Found beneath
the bark and in
vascular dicot
roots and stem.
Causes organ to
increase in
diameter and
girth, called
secondary
growth.
Intercalary
Located at the
base of leave and
internodes.
Produces an
increase in the
length of organ
such as leaves.
Situated at
Functions
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Permanent Tissues
The tissues that are completely grown and have lost the ability to
divide are known as permanent tissues.
This permanent shape, size and function is attained by the process
called differentiation.
Permanent Tissues
Simple Permanent Tissue Complex Permanent Tissue
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Phloem Xylem
Simple Permanent Tissue
The tissues that are made of one type of cells and are structurally
and functionally similar.
A) PARENCHYMA
Nature:
1. Most common simple permanent tissue
2. The cells are rounded or isodiametric
3. They are living cells.
4. They are generally loosely arranged,
thus have large space between them.
5. The cell wall is thin.
Occurrence:
1. Widely distributed in plant bodies such as stems, roots, leaves.
2. Found in soft part of plants, i.e. cortex of roots, ground tissues.
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Function:
1. These tissues generally stores food.
2. Serves as a packing tissue- to fill the spaces between other
tissue.
3. Transport of materials occurs through cells or cells wall of
parenchyma cells.
4. It stores waste product of plants.
5. It maintains the shape and firmness of plants due to its turgid
cells.
B) COLLENCHYMA
Nature:
1. Collenchyma tissue also consists of living cells.
2. Intercellular spaces are generally absent.
3. The cells are elongated in shape.
4. They often contain four chloroplasts.
Occurrence:
1. Cells are located below the epidermis of dicotyledon stem and
petiole.
2. The cells also occur in the midribs of dicot leaves.
Function:
1. It provides mechanical support and elasticity.
2. It allows easy bending in various parts of a plant without
actually breakng it.
3. When cells of collenchyma contain same chloroplast, they
manufacture sugar and starch.
(C) SCLERENCHYMA
Nature:
1. They are dead cells and are devoid of protoplasm.
2. The cell walls of sclerenchyma are greatly thickened of lignin.
3. The cell of sclerenchyma are closely packed without intercellular
spaces.

Occurrence:
1. Occurs in abundance either in patches or definite layers.
2. They are found in stems, roots, veins of leaves, hard covering of
seeds and nuts.
*Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchyma tissue (present in
mesocarp of coconut
Function:
1. It gives strength, rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to plant body.
The transverse section and longitudinal section of sclerenchyma are
as shown:
Protective Tissues: The tissues which provide protection to the plants
from loss of water.
There are two types of protective tissues:
(A) Epidermis:
1. The entire surface of plants has an outer covering called
epidermis covered with cuticle.
2. It is the outermost layer of cells and is usually made of single
layer of cells.
Function:
1. The main function is to protect the plant from desiccation and
infection.
2. It prevents loss of water.
*Epidermal cells of leaf bear small pores known as stomata- they
are then enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells.
Stomata are are necessary for exchange of gases with atmosphere.
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(B) Cork (or phellem):
1. It is a protective tissue found in the outer bark of woody
plants, particularly in trees with secondary growth.
2. It is a dead, water-resistant, and durable tissue.
3. It contains a waxy substance called Suberin that makes d the
tissue impervious to water and gases, providing excellent
protection to plant.
Complex Permanent Tissue
Complex permanent tissues are those that consist of more than one
type cells having a common origin.
These cells coordinate to perform a common function i.e. to transfer
water, mineral salts and food material to various parts of plant body.
Xylem Phloem
(Transport water) (Transport food)
- Both are conducting tissues.
- They are also called vascular tissues.
- Together both constitutes vascular bundle.
XYLEM:
1. It consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem
parenchyma and xylem fibres.
2. Tracheids and vessels have tubular structure
which allows them to transport water
vertically.
3. Xylem parenchyma stores food.
4. Xylem fibres are mainly supportive in nature.
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PHLOEM:
1. Phloem is made up of five type of cells: sieve
cells, sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem
fibres and the phloem parenchyma.
2. Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated
walls.
3. Except phloem fibres, other phloem cells are
living cells.
4. Phloem transports food from leaves to other
parts of the plant.
L.P. 1: Name types of simple tissues?
Ans- Parenchyma, Collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
L.P. 2: Where is apical meristem found?
Ans- They are found at growing tips and roots.
L.P. 3: What tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
Ans- Husk of coconut is made up of sclerenchyma tissues.
L.P. 4: What are the constituents of phloem?
Ans- Sieve cells, sieve tube, companion cells, phloem fibres and
phloem parenchyma.
[ NCERT Intext Pg65 ]
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Animal Tissue
Epithelial Tissues
Muscular Tissues
Connective Tissues
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Ciliated Stratified Squamous
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Aerolar
Adipose
Skeletal
Fluid
Loose
Dense
Tendon
Ligament
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Lymph
Nervous Tissues
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1. Covering or protective tissues in the animals are epithelial tissues.
2. It covers most organs and also forms a barrier to keep different
body system separate.
3. These are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
4. Almost no intercellular space.
5. It has single layer of cells and as a result anything entering or
leaving the body must cross atleast one layer of epithelium.
6. The permeability of cells of various epithelia plays an important
role in regulating the exchange of materials between the body and
external environment and also different parts of body.
7. All epithelium is separated from the underlying tissue by an extra
cellular fibrous basement membrane.
Basement Membrane: It is a thin, pliable sheet that provides support
to tissue as well as supply nutrients and blood to epithelial cells.
All epithelial cells are on basement membrane.
Epithelial Tissue
Simple
Squamous
Epithelium
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Cuboidal
epithelium
Columnar
(Ciliated)
epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
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Simple Squamous Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium
- Cells are arranged in single layer.
- Oesophagus and the lining of
mouth.
- Forms delicate lining
- Cells are arranged in multiple layers.
- skin
- Prevents wear and tear.
Cuboidal Epithelium:
Cells are cube-shaped and are placed on a
basement membrane.
Location: Lining of kidney tubules as well as in the
ducts of the salivary glands.
Function: It helps in absorption of useful material
from urine before is passed out.
Ciliated Columnar Epithelium:
In this, cell has hair like projection on the outer
surface of epithelial tissue which helps in
movement of particle.
Location: In respiratory tract, in fallopian tube.
Function: It helps in movement of particle. Eg: In
respiratory tract, the movement of cilia pushes the
mucous forward to clear it.
Columnar Epithelium:
These cells are tall and cylindrical like pillars.
Location: Inner lining of the stomach and intestines.
Function: It absorbs nutrients from digested food.
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1. It consists of elongated cells also called muscle fibres.
2. It is responsible for movement in body.
(A) Skeletal Muscles/ Striated muscles:
They are long, cylindrical, unbranched and
multinucleate.
Location: They are found mostly attached to bones
Function: It helps in voluntary muscle movement and locomotion.
(B) Smooth Muscle
The cells are long with pointed ends and
Uninucleate
Location: Found in iris of eye, uterus, digestive
Tract and other internal organs.
Function: Carry out involuntary movement
Eg: Movement of food in elementary canal
(C) Cardiac muscle
Muscle cells are cylindrical, branched and
Uninucleate
Location: Found only in the walls of heart
Function: Rhythmic contraction and relaxation
of cardiac muscle help to pump and distributed
the blood to various parts of body.
Connective Tissue
Areolar Adipose Skeletal Fluid
Loose Dense
Tendon Ligament
Bones Cartilage Blood Lymph
- The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in
intercellular matrix.
- Matrix can be jelly like fluid, dense or rigid
Muscular Tissue
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Areolar Connective Tissue
It is a type of connective tissue that support and helps to protect
organs, muscles and many other tissues.
Loose Connective Tissue
In this, cells are embedded in loose gel like matrix.
Location:
- Between skin and muscles.
- Around blood vessels and nerves.
Function:
- It fills space inside the organ.
- Support internal organs.
- Helps in repair of tissues.
Dense Connective Tissue
In this, cells are embedded in type-1 Collagen-hard matrix.
Tendons
- It connects muscle to bones.
- Fibrous tissue.
- Limited flexibility
- Great strength
Ligament
- It connects bones to bones.
- Little matrix is present
- Considerable strength
Adipose Connective Tissue
It is formed from aggregation of fat cells.
Location:
- Below skin
- Between internal organs
Function:
- Cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules - Fat Reservation.
- It act as an insulation - storage of fats also lets it act as an
insulator.

Skeletal Connective Tissue
It forms the endoskeleton of the vertebrate body.
1. Cartilage
It has extensive matrix of protein and sugar.
Location:
Nose tip, Ear pinnae
Function:
Support and flexibility to body parts.
2. Bones
Characteristic
- It is a strong and non-flexible tissue.
- It is embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and
phosphorus compounds.
Function
- It forms the framework that supports the body.
- It also anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of body.
Fluid Connective Tissue
It makes connectivity in the body (i.e. present in whole body)
Blood
Characteristics
- Composed of blood cells.
- Blood cells move in liquid matrix Blood Plasma.
- Blood cells are of three types: RBC, WBC and Platelete
Function
Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and
waste material to different parts of body.
Lymph
It is a colourless fluid in which one WBC is present.

Nervous tissue receives stimulus and
transmits it from one part of tissue to
other.
The cells of this tissue are called Nerve
cells or Neurons, these are highly
specialised for receiving stimulus and then
transmitting it very rapidly from one
place to another within body itself.
Location: Brain, spinal cord and neurons.
1. Neurons are the body’s longest cells.
2. A single neuron consist of (a) Cell body; (b) Axon and (c) Dendrites
(a) Cell body: It has nucleus and cytoplasm
(b) Axon: It transmits impulse away from the cell body
(c) Dendrites: It carry information from their tips towards axon.
L.P. 1- Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Ans- Muscular tissue and nervous tissue are responsible for
movement in our body.
L.P. 2- What does a neuron look like?
Ans- - A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and
cytoplasm, from which long thin hair like parts arises.
- Each neuron has a single long part called the axon, and many
small, short branched parts called dendrites.
[ NCERT Intext Pg 3 ]
Nervous Tissues
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L.P. 3: Give three features of cardiac muscles.
Ans- 1. Heart muscles are cylindrical, branched and uninucleated.
2. They are involuntary muscles, cannot be controlled by us.
3. They are striated muscle fibre.
L.P. 4: What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Ans- 1. It fills space inside the organs.
2. Supports internal organs.
3. Helps in repair of tissues.
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