3. Clauses
• Clause = unit kalimat yang memiliki
subject dan verb.
Ada 2 tipe:
• Independent Clause → bisa berdiri sendiri
• Dependent Clause → butuh klausa lain
agar lengkap
4. Types of Clauses
• ✅ 1. Noun Clause
• Digunakan sebagai noun (subjek, objek, pelengkap).
• Kata penghubung:
what, that, why, how, whether, if, who, whom, whose
• Contoh:
• What he said is true. ✅ (subjek)
• I don’t know why she left. ✅ (objek)
• 🧠 TOEFL Trap: Cek apakah klausa noun digunakan dengan benar
sebagai subjek/objek.
5. • ✅ 2. Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)
• Menjelaskan noun, dimulai dengan relative pronoun:
who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when
• Contoh:
• The man who is wearing a hat is my teacher. ✅
• The book that you borrowed is on the desk. ✅
• 🧠 Cek apakah noun yang dijelaskan ada dan apakah
relative pronoun digunakan benar.
6. • ✅ 3. Adverb Clause
• Menjelaskan verb, adjective, atau adverb. Menjawab: when,
where, why, how, condition, concession
• Subordinating Conjunctions:
because, although, if, when, while, since, as, even though
• Contoh:
• I stayed at home because it was raining. ✅
• Although she was tired, she kept working. ✅
• 🧠 TOEFL sering menguji penggabungan adverb clause dengan
main clause dan tanda baca.
8. Key Reduction Methods
• 🔹 A. Pengertian
• Clause Reduction = menyederhanakan clause menjadi
frasa. Umumnya dilakukan pada:
• Adjective Clause → menjadi Participle Phrase
• Adverbial Clause → menjadi Reduced Adverbial Phrase
9. • 🔸 B. Reduksi Adjective Clause → Participle
Phrase
• Jika relative pronoun dan to be muncul,
bisa dihapus
• The man who is talking to her is my friend.
→ The man talking to her is my friend. ✅
• Jika verb aktif:
• The students who wrote the essay got an A.
→ The students writing the essay got an A. ✅
• Jika verb pasif:
• The cake that was made by Anna is delicious.
→ The cake made by Anna is delicious. ✅
10. • 🔸 C. Reduksi Adverb Clause → Adverbial Phrase
• Syarat:
• Subjek di klausa utama dan anak kalimat sama
• Subordinating conjunction tetap ditulis
• Contoh:
• While she was studying, she listened to music.
→ While studying, she listened to music. ✅
• After he finished his homework, he went out.
→ After finishing his homework, he went out. ✅
• 🧠 TOEFL sering menguji ini dalam Written Expression, pastikan
subjeknya sama!
11. Preposition Contoh
at at 7 o’clock, at night
on on Monday, on July 5
in in 2024, in the morning
Preposition Contoh
in in the room
on on the table
at at the bus stop
under under the chair
12. 🔸 D. Preposition of Cause & Purpose
•because of → He missed class because of the storm.
•due to → The delay was due to traffic.
🧠 TOEFL Trap: Jangan keliru dengan "because"
(conjunction) vs "because of" (preposition)
13. • Determine
r
Tipe Contoh
Articles a, an, the
Demonstratives this, that, these, those
Possessives my, your, his, her, our, their
Quantifiers some, many, few, much, a lot of
Numbers one, two, three
Distributives each, every, either, neither
14. •A / An → singular, countable noun
a book, an apple
•The → specific noun
the sun, the teacher you met yesterday
•Some / Any
•Some = affirmative sentences
•Any = negative & questions
Do you have any sugar?
•Each vs Every
•Each = satu per satu
•Every = keseluruhan sebagai satu kelompok
Each student has a book.
Every student is responsible.
