![Note
• In many cases, the relative pronoun in the
clause may be omitted. The pronoun is
understood and still has a function in the
clause.
– Here is the salad you ordered. [The relative
pronoun that is understood. The pronoun
relates the adjective clause to salad and is used
as the direct object in the adjective clause.]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/adjectiveclause-250730024645-d4ee4083/85/TOEFL-SRUCTURE-AND-WRITTEN-EXPRESSION-ADJECTIVE-CLAUSE-ppt-22-320.jpg)
TOEFL- SRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION- ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.ppt
- 1. CLAUSE A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. There are 2 kinds of clause: 1. An independent (or main) clause It expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself in a sentence and still make sense. 2. A subordinate (or dependent) clause It does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. It depends on something else, independent clause, for its meaning
- 2. A. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES • Each independent clause has its own subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. • Example: I stuffed all the envelopes, and Jessica took them to the post office. • In the example above the two independent clauses are joined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction and.
- 3. EXAMPLES OF INDEPENDENT CLAUSE • I did all the work, but he took all the credit. • I am new at Power Point, but I like it!
- 4. B. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES • Words such as whom, because, what, if and until signal that the clauses that follow them are subordinate. • Subordinate clauses do not express complete thoughts and cannot stand alone. – Whom he asked – Because he answered – What he had heard`
- 5. EXAMPLES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES • The Officer whom he asked for directions was very kind. • Because he answered so politely, the man called to compliment the officer. • The Chief of Police was pleased by what he had heard.
- 6. USES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Subordinate clauses can be used as 1.Adjectives 2.Adverbs 3.Nouns.
- 7. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES/ RELATIVE CLAUSE • Adjective clauses function just as adjectives do. – Modify nouns – Modify pronouns • Adjective / relative clauses are often introduced by relative pronouns. • Adjective/ relative clauses often placed in a sentence right after the noun they describe – This is the class that I like the best. (Essential clause) – My classes, which meet in Room 209, are all freshman classes. (Nonessential clause) – They are the ones whom I prefer to teach.
- 8. RELATIVE PRONOUNS who whom whose which that When where why These words are called relative pronouns because they relate an adjective / relative clause to the word that the clause modifies..
- 9. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHO” in RELATIVE CLAUSE • Who refers to people, used as subject in the clause • The lady who teaches in Political Science department is my mentor. (Relative pronoun as the subject of the clause)
- 10. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHO” in RELATIVE CLAUSE The lady who teaches in Political Science department is my mentor The lady is my mentor She teaches in Political Science department WHO
- 11. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHOM” in RELATIVE CLAUSE • Whom Refers to people, used as object or object of preposition (Formal grammar recommends whom, not who, in the object position) • Sally, whom Andrew knew, arrived yesterday. (Relative pronoun as the object of the clause)
- 12. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHOM” in RELATIVE CLAUSE Sally, whom Andrew knew, arrived yesterday Sally arrived yesterday Andrew knew her WHOM Whom Andrew knew
- 13. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHICH / THAT” in RELATIVE CLAUSE • Which or that Refers to things, animals As subject or Object • The watch which Ken bought was expensive. • The ring that Jamie wears is from her husband. • The lion that escaped last night was captured. (Note: the sentence using which is more formal than the one with that)
- 14. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHOSE” in RELATIVE CLAUSE • Whose Refers to possession/ownership • The father whose child is missing is frantic! • The company whose manager has resigned is in dire straits.
- 15. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHEN” in RELATIVE CLAUSE • When Refers to a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). • It cannot be a subject. • It can be omitted • I will never forget the day when I graduated. • I will never forget the day on which I graduated. • I will never forget the day I graduated.
- 16. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHERE” in RELATIVE CLAUSE Where Refers to a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. • The house where he stays is old . • The house in which he stays is old. • The house which he stays in is old. • The house that he stays in is old. • The house he stays in is old.
- 17. RELATIVE PRONOUNS “WHY” in RELATIVE CLAUSE • Why Refers to reason • It can be omitted • I don’t know why he winked. • I don’t know the reason why he winked. • I don’t know the reason he winked.
- 18. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE RESTRICTIVE AND NON- RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE 18 Adjective Clauses: Restrictive & Non-restrictive Clauses • Restrictive Clauses Non-restrictive Clauses are necessary for identification—tell exactly which thing or person are interesting with extra information -but don’t identify or tell “which one” DO NOT have commas around clause ALWAYS have commas around clause Also known as identifying or defining clauses Also known as non- identifying or non- defining clauses
- 19. RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE Examples: • The soccer player who scored the goal is from Liverpool. • The girl that borrows my book is my cousin. • The district where I live is near the post office.
- 20. NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE Examples: • Ms. Tan, who is my English tutor, went to Korea last winter. • My dog, which is barking, is in the backyard. • William decided to reject the offer, which upset his manager.
- 21. Compare Restrictive & Non-restrictive Clauses 1. My brother who lives in Bukit Timah is an accountant. • This sentence suggests that I have more than one brother. “Who lives in Bukit Timah” identifies this brother, not the one who lives in Clementi. 2. My brother, who lives in Bukit Timah, is an accountant. • This sentence suggests that I only have one brother, “who lives in Bukit Timah”.
- 22. Note • In many cases, the relative pronoun in the clause may be omitted. The pronoun is understood and still has a function in the clause. – Here is the salad you ordered. [The relative pronoun that is understood. The pronoun relates the adjective clause to salad and is used as the direct object in the adjective clause.]
- 23. Adjective Clause Reduction • reduksi active voice (kalimat aktif), relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta ditambahkan -ing pada active verb bentuk simple present-nya (verb- 1) sehingga membentuk present participle. Ex: Who is standing > standing • Reduksi passive voice (kalimat pasif), relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta ditambahkan being sebelum past participle (jika berbentuk progressive tense).
- 24. Adjective Clause Reduction in Active sentence • The student who studies in the library is my friend. • The athlete who is carrying the ball is Miroslav Klose. • The student studying in the library is my friend • The athlete carrying th e ball is Miroslav Klose..
- 25. Adjective Clause Reduction in Passive sentence • The car which is being parked there is Ferarri. • The girl who was advised is my neighbour. • The car being parked there is Ferarri. • The girl advised is my neighbour.