Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdf
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The document discusses Environmental Value Systems (EVS), outlining their historical development, influences, and the spectrum ranging from ecocentric to anthropocentric to technocentric perspectives. It highlights how various factors like culture, religion, and economics shape individual and group environmental values, and provides case studies including the debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the conservation efforts in Zakouma National Park. The evolution of the environmental movement and key events such as the publication of 'Silent Spring' and incidents like Chernobyl illustrate the shifting values and challenges faced in environmental policy and conservation.
![Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
One issue two EVS - ANWR
"For us this is a human rights issue and it's a basic Aboriginal
human rights issue,"
"the sacred place where life begins.”
"unacceptable that another nation is allowed to be destroyed [for
oil]."
Luci Beach, a representative of the Gwich’in Steering Committee
“our need to protect these sacred places because of our spiritual
connection between the land, the animals and our people”
Lorraine Peter, Gwich’in
“We have carefully studied and taken a position on petroleum
development. We have reached a consensus that we have held
now for over two decades. That consensus is not what most
people think, it is much more complex. The essence of the
Kaktovik position is that we would support oil exploration and
development of the coastal plain provided we are given the
authority and the resources to ensure that it is done properly and
safely. Without the necessary provisions to ensure this
protection, we would not”
Gwich’in People City of Kaktovik
Which Environmental Value Systems are these? How do you know?
Adapted from: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/topic1-220828051952-b75eef01/85/Topic-1-1-Environmental-value-systems-Four-Corners-pdf-12-320.jpg)
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdf
- 1. Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Topic 1: Foundations of environmental systems and societies
- 2. Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences. (ToK - this sets EVS in the terms of personal and shared knowledge) Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Main ideas ? Do you have an EVS? What has made it?
- 3. A World View or Paradigm Its how you perceive or evaluate environmental issues as an individual or as part of a group Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems What is an EVS? What is thisWorld View?
- 4. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems What influence your EVS? Culture Religion Education Experience Economics
- 5. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Can you describe different EVS? Culture Religion Education Experience Economics O”Riordan (1981,1989) categorised a spectrum of EVS from ecocentric through anthropocentric to technocentric O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman. Anthropocentric Ecocentric Technocentric
- 6. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems How are Environmental Values a System? Culture Religion Education Experience Economics Anthropocentric Ecocentric Technocentric INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS
- 7. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Spectrum of EVS? O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman. Holistic world view. Minimum disturbance of natural processes. Integration of spiritual, social and environmental dimensions. Sustainability for the whole Earth. Self-reliant communities within a framework of global citizenship. Self- imposed restraint on resource use. People as environmental managers of sustainable global systems. Population control given equal weight to resource use. Strong regulation by independent authorities required. Technology can keep pace with and provide solutions to environmental problems. Resource replacement solves resource depletion. Need to understand natural processes in order to control them. Strong emphasis on scientific analysis and prediction prior to policy-making. Importance of market, and economic growth. Ecocentrism Anthropocentrism Technocentrism Nature People Technology
- 8. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Spectrum of EVS? O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman. Ecocentrism Anthropocentrism Technocentrism Nature People Technology Deep Ecologists Environmental Managers Cornucopians Self-reliance Soft Ecologists Intrinsic importance of nature for the humanity of man. Emphasis on smallness of scale and hence community identity in settlement, work and leisure. Belief that economic growth and resource exploitation can continue under controlled conditions Belief that man can always find a way out of any difficulties, either political, scientific or technological.
- 9. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems To what extend does the environment have it’s own intrinsic value? What is intrinsic value? To what extent do all parts of the environment have equal value? Why does it matter if the environment has intrinsic value? ToK question Will everyone in the room have the same answer?
- 10. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ANWR ANWR Coastal Plain Proposed development area Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems One issue two EVS Adapted from: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished In 2005 the US government under George W Bush voted to allow oil drilling in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
- 11. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems One issue two EVS - ANWR The proposed drilling areas: Home to the indigenous Gwich’in people and the inhabitants of the small city of Kaktovik Supports both Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) and Porcupine Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) The Gwich’in people depend on caribou as their main food source The area is estimated to have has much as 13,000,000 barrels of oil Kaktovik Adapted from: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished
- 12. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems One issue two EVS - ANWR "For us this is a human rights issue and it's a basic Aboriginal human rights issue," "the sacred place where life begins.” "unacceptable that another nation is allowed to be destroyed [for oil]." Luci Beach, a representative of the Gwich’in Steering Committee “our need to protect these sacred places because of our spiritual connection between the land, the animals and our people” Lorraine Peter, Gwich’in “We have carefully studied and taken a position on petroleum development. We have reached a consensus that we have held now for over two decades. That consensus is not what most people think, it is much more complex. The essence of the Kaktovik position is that we would support oil exploration and development of the coastal plain provided we are given the authority and the resources to ensure that it is done properly and safely. Without the necessary provisions to ensure this protection, we would not” Gwich’in People City of Kaktovik Which Environmental Value Systems are these? How do you know? Adapted from: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished
- 13. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Be careful with EVSs It is very easy to view subsistence societies as ecocentric. But as O’Riordan (1989, p84), Paavola and Lowe (2005) points out: North American and Australian first peoples as well as post ice age man did not develop environmentally exploitive technology They did however alter their environment through fire and depleted game through over hunting Nomadic herders in Africa are causing overgrazing in the Sahel region O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman. Paavola J; Lowe I (2005) Environmental Values in a Globalising World: Nature, Justice and Governance, Routledge Fire being used by subsistence farmers on Malapascua Island in the Philippines
- 14. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Growth of the environmental movement Growth of environmental pressure groups in the late 20th Century. (Paavola and Lowe 2005) Emphasised a shift in view point e.g. During the Cold War nuclear power was seen as clean and safe. This view changed after Chernobyl and more recently Fukushima Paavola J; Lowe I (2005) Environmental Values in a Globalising World: Nature, Justice and Governance, Routledge https://flic.kr/p/6qxrsq Reactor Building Chernobyl: Timm Suess
- 15. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Historical Influences on the environmental movement While influences on the way we engage with nature can be traced back throughout history, the modern environmental movement grew rapidly in the late 20th Century (each tile is a link) Minimata Bay (1956) Mercury released from a factory accumulate along the food chain and causes mercury poisoning in the local population Silent Spring (1962) Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring which argues the link between excessive use of pesticides and its environmental implications for ecosystems and food chains DDT and Egg Shells (1970) Derek Ratcliffe showed the link between decline in peregrine falcon numbers and the effect of DDT on eggshell thickness in falcons Greenpeace (1971) The environmental campaign group was established in Canada and has since grown into an international organisation Gaia hypothesis (1972) James lovelock proposes the idea that the planet and its organisms have developed together as a symbiotic system Bhopal (1985) Release of chemicals from the Union Carbide plant kills unto 25000 people in Bhopal India Chernobyl (1996) Failure of the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl causes the relocation of over 300000 people in Ukraine (then Russia) and with fall out contaminating land as far away as the UK
- 16. Case study: Zakouma National Park shifting Environmental Values Topic1: Foundations of Environmental Systems and Societies
- 17. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Zakouma National Park The Zakouma National Park is a 3000km2 area created in 1963 in Chad, central Africa. To make way for the park 6 local villages were cleared and the villagers relocated Chad C.A.R Sudan Chad C.A.R Sudan Zakouma National Park
- 18. Chad C.A.R Sudan Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Zakouma National Park Zakouma is home to one of Africa’s largest remaining elephant herds Because of the civil war and poaching by raiders from Sudan between 2002 and 2010 the number fell from 4000 to about 400 Civil war in Sudan and the surrounding regions means that trade in illegal ivory is a big business. In 2005 it was estimated 75% of this ivory went to China. (What EVS does this demonstrate?)
- 19. Chad C.A.R Sudan Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Zakouma National Park The attitude of the villagers displaced to create Zakouma depends on its economic value. If there is tourism and Government support in terms of money - local villagers support the park. Education of local rangers in the park has helped develop a stronger link between local community and the park Luxury ecocamping will provide additional jobs and bring in an estimated $250000 dollars to the parks budget One of the camps will be free for locals who, even though they have lived along side the elephants and other animal may have never seen them - a total of around 5000 in the first year
- 20. Chad C.A.R Sudan Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems Zakouma National Park The Players in the story Conservationists Locals Poachers Which Environmental Value System? Fay J.M: Ivory Wars: Last Stand in Zakouma (Chad), National Geographic Magazine, March 2007 “The Rare African Park Where Elephants Are Thriving.” National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 30 Jan. 2017, news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/wildlife-watch-chad-zakouma-elephants-poaching/.
- 21. Work cited: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished Fay J.M: Ivory Wars: Last Stand in Zakouma (Chad), National Geographic Magazine, March 2007 O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman. Paavola J; Lowe I (2005) Environmental Values in a Globalising World: Nature, Justice and Governance, Rutledge “The Rare African Park Where Elephants Are Thriving.” National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 30 Jan. 2017, news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/wildlife-watch-chad-zakouma-elephants-poaching/. NB* Unless stated in the presentation all illustrations, figures and images are the property and copyright of N Gardner. sciencebitz.com Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
- 22. Extended resources and further reading Environmental History Timeline: http://environmentalhistory.org A Journal article about EVS: Dietz, Thomas & Fitzgerald, Amy & Shwom, Rachael. (2005). Environmental Values. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30. 335-72. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228624754_Environmental_Values A research paper evaluating the believe that the Amish culture of Lancaster County reject technology per se https:// kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/59685/1/JAPAS_Reschly_vol2-issue1_pp125-146.pdf Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
- 23. Topic1: Foundations Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems To find out more and access other resources follow the links