Topic 2
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This document covers topics related to ecology, including niches, species, habitats, populations, communities, ecosystems, energy and matter cycles, succession, and human impacts. It defines key terms, outlines concepts, and asks questions about topics such as limiting factors, population growth curves, pyramids of numbers/biomass/productivity, photosynthesis, respiration, primary/secondary productivity, carbon/nitrogen/nutrient cycles, pioneer/climax communities, r- and K- selection, and pollutants. Methods for studying ecosystems such as measuring population size, biomass, and productivity are also outlined.
Topic 2
- 1. Topic 2 Explain the difference between a realised and fundamental niche: Draw a basic outline of concept of toleration graph What is a hydrophyte? Define the following with an example: Species: Habitat: Niche: Abiotic: Biotic: GPP: NPP: What is a mesophyte? What is a xerophyte? 1
- 2. Population Interactions Define the following, give examples where possible Carrying capacity: Predation: Herbivory: Parasitism: Mutualism: Intraspecific competition: Interspecific competition: Outline one predator-prey relationship Explain how predator-prey is an example of negative feedback Outline positive feedback in a system Outline negative feedback in a system 2
- 3. Population interactions Outline how disease can reduce the carrying capacity of the organism it is infecting Draw and annotate an S population curve What is a population growth curve?? Draw and annotate an J population curve Outline 5 factors limiting factors that slow population growth 3
- 4. Communities and Ecosystems Outline the biotic and abiotic characteristics of a terrestrial ecosystem Define the following with an example: Community: Ecosystem: Biome: GPP: NPP: Outline the biotic and abiotic characteristics of a marine ecosystem Outline the biotic and abiotic characteristics of a freshwater ecosystem 4
- 5. Communities and Ecosystems Outline the process of photosynthesis Outline the process of respiration Outline the effect of overharvesting on one food web Outline the difference between an energy transfer and transformation 5
- 6. Pyramids Draw and annotate example of a pyramid of numbers Draw and annotate example of a pyramid of biomass Draw and annotate example of a pyramid of productivity Outline the difference between a pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass 6
- 7. 7 Flows of Energy Draw and annotate a diagram to show the earth’s energy budget How is energy transferred and transformed? What is the difference between primary and secondary productivity?
- 8. 8 Flows of Energy Define the following terms: Gross Productivity: Net Productivity: Gross Primary Productivity: Gross Secondary Productivity: Net Primary Productivity: Net Secondary Productivity: How could you calculate GPP and NPP? How could you calculated GSP and NSP?
- 9. 9 Flows of Energy Draw and annotate a diagram to show the carbon cycle Draw and annotate a diagram to show the nitrogen cycle Draw and annotate a diagram to show the nutrient cycle Outline how human activities impact on energy flows and matter cycles
- 10. 10 Succession Draw and annotate a diagram to show succession Define the following terms: Zonation: Succession: Pioneer community: Climax community: Production: respiration ratio: What is the P/R ratio like at the early stages of succession? (p117) What is the P/R ratio like at the later stages of succession? What is diversity like at the early stages of succession? (p116) What is diversity like at the later stages of succession?
- 11. 11 r- and K-strategists Draw the survivorship curve from memory Define the following terms: r-strategists: K-strategies: Summarise the differences between r- and K- strategist species Outline how human activity impacts on succession
- 12. Outline how to conduct a study for Secondary productivity Methods for studying Ecosystems Explain how to do a study to investigate biodiversity Explain how to do a study to measure population size of motile organisms Outline how to design and use a dichotomous key Explain how to do a study to measure biomass and 2. Secondary productivity Outline how to conduct a study for primary productivity Outline how to do a study to measure population size of non-motile (non moving) organisms Evaluate all methods for studying ecosystems
- 13. PPQ 13
- 14. Pollutants Define the following: Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Non-biodegradeable pollutant DDT Outline the impact of a persistent/non-biodegradeable pollutant on a named ecosystem 14