Tourism
- 1. Tourist • A tourist is defined as a person who travels and stays away from his/her normal place of residence for more than 24 hours but less than a year, regardless of travel purpose
- 2. Honeypot Tourism Taj Mahal, Agra, India Tourism honeypots refers to particularly popular visitor attractions which attract tourists in large numbers Colosseum, Italy
- 3. MICE Destinations which provide good amenities for meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions Suntec Convention Hall, Singapore Expo Halls, Singapore
- 4. Medical/ Health Tourism • Requisites: Places with good medical facilities or health facilities such as spas and hot springs • Rise in medical tourism, especially in cosmetic procedures (S. Korea estimates 300 thousand medical tourists by 2015)
- 5. Film-induced Tourism • Tourism to destinations featured on television, video, or cinema screen • Requisites: Physical or human landscape which appears on television, video, or cinema screen (More prominent in popular/cult movies)
- 6. Heritage Tourism Travelling to experience the authentic culture and history offered by a particular place and/or activity The Ghats in Varanasi,Kayan Culture, Burma
- 7. Religious Tourism • Travelling for religious purposes (e.g. pilgrimage, missions, religious gatherings) • Requisite: Places with religious/holy sites The Kaaba, Mecca, Saudi Arabia Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, Israel
- 8. Dark Tourism Requisite: Places with history of conflicts or history of mass deaths/ places which uses death as a theme of attraction Catacombs of the Capuchins, Palermo, Italy- Over 8000 bodies hung on the walls like paintings!
- 9. - Singapore Government - Mediacorp - International Kpop Fan Club - Travel blogger on Tripadvisor - Bigbang will be holding their 2017 concert in Singapore. - How will your group help to promote the event to attract tourists to Singapore?
- 10. Roles of different groups in promoting Tourism 1)Government 2)Media 3)International organizations 4)Travel writers
- 11. 1) GOVERNMENT’s role in promoting Tourism - plan, fund and build infrastructure projects eg airports, ports - create agencies to promote tourism eg Singapore Tourism Board to our attractions
- 12. 2) MEDIA’s role in promoting Tourism - channel where news and information are communicate to the public eg TV, Internet, newspapers - positive (good shopping) or negative (terrorism) reports
- 13. 3) INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION’s role in promoting Tourism - group of different countries working together for a common purpose - World Tourism Organization promotes sustainable tourism development to reduce poverty and creates jobs and businesses.
- 14. 4) TRAVEL WRITER’s role in promoting Tourism - evaluate destinations for readers through accommodation, transport and advices - can be positive or negative reviews
- 15. International vs Domestic Tourism • International tourism refers to tourism outside of a tourist's own country • Domestic tourism refers to tourism within a tourist's own country 15
- 16. Change from mass tourism to niche tourism Niche Tourism – Tomatina Festival in Spain Mass tourism •Large number of tourists •Famous attractions: Honeypot tourism etc •Tour Operators •Package tours Niche tourism •Small number of tourists •Special interest : Dark tourism etc •Solo / specialized groups •Free and easy Mass Tourism – Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy
- 17. Change from tour groups to independent travelers Tour groups •Coaches/ tour bus •Fixed itinerary •Adhere to guidelines Independent travelers •Backpacking •More flexible itinerary •Not restricted by tour guides
- 18. Increase in both short haul and long haul destinations Short haul •Less than 5 hours flight •Increase of budget airlines Long haul •More than 5 hours flight •Improve- ment in air craft technology X
- 19. Factors Causing Global Tourism Growth Demand Factors Destination Factors 1. Increase in Disposable Income 2. Increase in leisure time 3. Changing Lifestyles 1. Attractions 2. Investment in Infrastructure and Services 3. Access to Information/ Marketing 4. Political Stability Technology 1. Better and affordable transport 2. More air routes and agreements 3. Internet and mobile apps
- 20. Demand Factors 1. Disposable Income • The amount of money left for an individual to spend • Increase in disposable income enables people to spend more on goods and activities which would improve their quality of life • Accounts for growth in tourism as people can afford to travel more frequently and to more expensive destinations
- 21. Demand Factors 2. Leisure Time • Time available outside of the demands of work or duty • Increasing trend where people enjoy a minimum of three weeks of paid annual leave • Increase in leisure time allows people to travel more
- 22. Demand Factors 3. Changing Lifestyles • Higher education - know more about the world • Varied interests - attracted to various tourist destinations (e.g. nature lovers to ecotourism) • Stress-reliever • Longer life expectancy – travel after retirement • Increasing affluence - more people travelling
- 23. Destination Factors 1) Attractions • Interesting qualities and features of a place • Promoted by tourism industry to attract tourists • Natural or man made attractions Grand Canyon National Park (Arizona , USA) Great Wall of China
- 24. Destination Factors 2) Investment in Infrastructure and Services • Public systems, services, and facilities eg Roads, electricity, hospitals • Accommodation, medical facilities, transport, recreational and entertainment facilities • Destination with more investments in infrastructure and services likely to attract more tourists
- 25. Destination Factors 3) Access to Information • Refers to the ease in which tourists are able to obtain information of the destination • This could be in the form of internet or print sources (e.g. Lonely Planet Guidebooks) • Tourists more inclined to visit destinations that has more information available
- 26. Destination Factors 4) Marketing • Potential visitors get access to information through the marketing of the destination by their respective countries • Prevalent use of the mass media to advertise on certain marketable traits of destinations • Destination more likely to attract visitors if marketing is done well
- 27. Destination Factors 5) Political Stability • Countries which are in the midst of conflicts or wars are deemed to be unsafe for tourists • E.g. Syria and Iraq are not visited currently despite having attractions Ruins of Palmyra, Syria Great Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq
- 28. Technology 1) Better and affordable transport - Safer, shorter travel time for flights - People travel more frequently and farther - Lower travelling costs eg budget airlines
- 29. Technology2) More routes and agreement - Makes the world more accessible - Open skies agreement : government to remove restrictions on commercial flights so they can decide on routes, capacity and price - Deregulation : allow fares to fluctuate due to demand and competition
- 30. Technology 3) Internet and mobile applications • Ease of access to information • Updated information such as online booking and research • Provides feedback and surveillance on safety
- 31. Fluctuations (Drops) in Tourism Tourism numbers decline because of 1. Terrorism 2. Recession 3. Diseases 4. Disasters
- 32. - Tourists do not want to risk getting infected with a contagious disease - May cause business to postpone or cancellation of MICE activities. Example : Hong Kong (2003) SARS Epidemic • Tourist arrivals fell 63% (850,000) from March to April 2003 • Outbound bookings for the Easter holiday period fell by 80%. 1) Outbreak of Diseases
- 33. - Poses risks to the safety of tourists and disrupt tourist infrastructure Example : Iceland (2010) eruption • 107,000 flights cancelled during 8 day period- 48% of total air traffic (10 million passengers) • Airlines collectively losing £130m per day in lost revenues • Tourism industry will lose money from tourists unable to make the trip 2) Disasters occurrence
- 34. - Recession is a slowdown in economic activities where there’s a loss of income or jobs - Results in cut down on spending and less demand for goods and services Eg Global Financial Crisis(2007-2008) • Consumer spending lowered due to rising unemployment (5.4 million jobs lost in USA in 2008) • There is less disposable income that can be used to finance holidays 3) Global and regional recessions
- 35. - Disagreement between different groups of people that may pose dangers to tourists - Disrupt services and damage infrastructure Thailand (2008) Political Crisis Violent clashes day-long leave 2 dead and over 300 injured, including 20 policemen. Blockage of International Airports, leaving thousands of tourists stranded and cutting off most of Thailand's international air connections. Several explosions and clashes occur in the following day. 4) Unfavorable political situations
- 36. Tourism impacts - Consequences of tourists visiting a place - Can be both negative or positive - 3 aspects : - Economic : Good and services, Jobs, Revenue - Socio-cultural : Interaction of people, History and traditions - Environmental : Physical place, Habitats, Green environment
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- 38. Positive + Negative - Socio- cultural impacts 1. Preserve culture and local customs 2. Positive exchanges and interaction 1. Dilution of culture and local customs 2. Increased crime 3. Disrespect local cultures and customs Environment al impacts 1. Conservation of natural environments 1. Increased carbon footprints 2. Destruction of natural habitats 3. Pollution and littering 4. Vandalism 5. Increased congestion Economic impacts 1. Growth in income 2. Employment opportunities 3. Increase in foreign exchange 4. Infrastructure development 1. Seasonal unemployment 2. Underuse of facilities 3. Shortage of services 4. Leakage of tourism revenue
- 39. Socio-Cultural Impact (+) 1. Preservation and Promotion of Local Culture and Heritage • Important sites of heritage and culture are also preserved and restored to their former glory due to tourism Korean palaces (e.g. Gyeongbokgung) Chinatown in Singapore (shophouses)
- 40. 2. Positive Exchanges and Interaction • Tourism increases the interaction between local residents and tourists • Increasing number of volunteer tourism where tourists help to improve infrastructure or social well-being of local residents Socio-Cultural Impact (+) Service learning project in Africa
- 41. 1. Dilution / False Representation of Local Culture • Culture is being manipulated by tour operators to maximize economic benefits • Festivals and rituals may be modified to meet the demands of tourists • Identity, culture and values are lost • s Socio-Cultural Impact (-) Local street vendors sell traditional souvenirs at market place in Buddhist Temple Swayambhunath in Kathmandu, Nepal
- 42. 2. Disrespect of local cultures and customs • “Zooification” of local tribes where they are treated and looked upon as “savages” and “exhibits” Socio-Cultural Impact (-) The Kayan women (Myanmar) wears the brass neck coils in the past due to their culture, but now more because it attracts tourists
- 43. 3. Increased Crime and Social Problems • Influx of wealthy tourists • Tourists are easy targets: – carry large sums of money and other valuables – More relaxed and off guard while on vacation – Less likely to report crimes or to testify against suspects, wishing to avoid problems Socio-Cultural Impact (-)
- 44. Environmental Impact (+) 1. Increased Awareness on Environmental Protection • Conserving natural areas : eg coral reefs, rainforests • Lowering carbon footprint : reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions The Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabiliation Centre in Sabah (Malaysia) SOURC relies on visitor entry fees to pay its staff. The staff helps to rehabilitate orang-utans that are orphaned or injured.
- 45. 1.Destruction of Natural Habitat • Tourists destroys habitats and wildlife through trampling, making noises, littering, collecting eggs and shells as souvenirs. Environmental Impact (-) The Red Sea in Egypt has damaged coral reefs and exotic fishes due to swimmers collecting shells and corals as souvenirs, and dumping of waste by hotels and restaurants.
- 46. 2. Pollution • Water pollution when resorts dump untreated waste into water bodies • Land pollution when tourists dispose their litter in pristine environments Environmental Impact (-) Trekkers in Himalayas leave behind their gas cylinders and plastic bottles during their trek, polluting the environment
- 47. Economic Impact (+) 1. Source of revenue • Many LDCs such as Thailand are reliant on their tourism industry • Tourism accounts for 9.2% of the global Gross domestic product
- 48. 2. Employment opportunities for the locals • The unskilled local population can also hone a skill in the service sector 56.7% of Maldives’ population involved in tourism industry eg Chefs, hotel manager Economic Impact (+)
- 49. 3.Development of Infrastructure • Governments would invest in upgrading infrastructure to attract tourists • Transport, communication networks, electrical and water systems eg airports, roads Economic Impact (+) $42 billion invested for infrastructure prior to Beijing Olympics. (Beijing stadium)
- 50. • Money earned from other countries in exchange for goods and services • Tourism also receive business investments from other countries eg hotel chains • Tourism brings in revenue for government eg taxes/visa 4. Increase in foreign exchange Economic Impact (+) In Fiji, tourism is their largest foreign exchange which is between 20 – 25 % of the country’s economy.
- 51. Economic Impact (-) 1. Leakage of Tourism Revenue • Destination is exploited for its natural/ human resources • Profits from tourism goes to foreign owned tour operators, airlines, hotels • Leak of revenue out of the country In Thailand , 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up with foreign- owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food.
- 52. Economic Impact (-) 2. Price Inflation for Locals • Tourism causes increase in the prices of goods and services • Cause price inflation in the host country • Locals will experience a higher cost of living
- 53. 3.Seasonal unemployment • Peak and non-peak seasons within a year for tourism • Due to climatic conditions eg winter / monsoon • Fluctuations in number of tourists Economic Impact (-) During the winter period in Europe, the ski resorts have large number of tourists visiting. There is a demand for jobs to cater to the high number of tourists.
- 54. Sustainable Tourism - Tourism that doesn’t damage the environment, and social culture - Take account of the needs of tourists and locals Sustainability - Developments that meets the needs of the present - Without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their needs
- 55. Promoting Ecotourism • Environmentally responsible travel • Natural areas that promotes conservation • Improves the well-being of locals • However, many tour operators are profit driven. Sea-Canoe eco-tourism Company (Phuket) limits tourist numbers to 64 per day in consideration of the carrying capacity of the ecologically sensitive region
- 56. Community Based Tourism • Consults and benefits the local community, eg rural villages and indigenous people • Locals can control over tourist activities • Help manage the negative impact of tourism - However, many CBT projects have also failed due to improper management and poor accessibility. - A survey of 200 CBT projects in Latin America reflected only 5% occupancy for most accommodations. National Tourism Authority of Laos consults the communities of the Phou Khao Khouay nature reserves in Laos before making decisions on various tourist projects
- 57. Establish Laws and Regulations • Law of wildlife conservation in Costa Rica • Tourists prohibited from taking plants and flowers • Tourists also prohibited from feeding wild animals to prevent them from being dependent on humans for food
- 58. Establish Laws and Regulations Problems • Not all tourists conform to the environmentally-friendly guidelines as many feel the use or overuse of resources is justifiable with payment • Tourists may also feel self-important and show little respect for local cultures and traditions, hence creating disharmony among the local society
- 59. Sustainable Tourism Which group should be responsibility for tourism developments?
- 60. Who should be responsibility for tourism developments?Strengths Weakness Local communities -Involves locals in decision- making -Increase tourism jobs for locals -Shortage of skilled labour Visitors/ tourists -Provide funds through spendings -Share experience and raise awareness -Damage tourist attractions -Dilute local culture and customs Tour operators -Regulate tourist behaviour -Profits minded Non governmental organisations -Facilitate communication between various stakeholders -Support with manpower or campaigns -Difficulty in obtaining external funding Planning authorities -Develop and maintain infrastructure and attractions -Draft laws and policies -Opposing stakeholders
- 61. LOCAL COMMUNITIES• Group of people living in the same territory • Involved in decision making about programs • Community based tourism- benefits local communities • However, there may still have a shortage of skilled workers for jobs like managers and consultants. In the Candirejo Village in Indonesia, the government and locals created community based tourism programs. Such as homestays, use of local transport (Andong) and training of local tour guides. Responsible for sustainable tourism
- 62. • Tourists spending provide funds to conserve the environment eg souvenirs • Provide income/job opportunities for locals • Raise awareness to conserve and preserve attractions eg blog, reviews • However tourists may damage tourist attractions through vandalism and pollution • Tourists may also dilute local culture and customs when they behave inappropriately TOURIST S Responsible for sustainable tourism
- 63. • To conserve and protect environments so that tourists would return • Create awareness of environmental conservation • Regulate (control) tourist behavior • However they are still profit driven TOUR OPERATORS Responsible for sustainable tourism developments
- 64. • Non profit organizations that operates without the government • Concern with tourism impact on natural and human environment • However they may have difficulty in obtaining funding NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION Responsible for sustainable tourism developments The International Ecotourism society develop guidelines, conducted trainings and published research papers related to tourism and the environment.
- 65. • Develops programs to conserve national heritage • Enforce rules and regulations • Maintain infrastructure and attractions • However may have opposing stakeholders such as locals or NGOs that disagree eg to change how the way locals live PLANNING AUTHORITIES Responsible for sustainable tourism developments The Singapore Tourism Board conserves our national heritage while trying to attract tourists at the same time. Programs to conserve ethnic districts in Chinatown, Little India and Kampung Glam allows tourists to appreciate our heritage.
Editor's Notes
- #34: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXkggxxAqd4