![Figure 1.73
Examples of
infrastructure
developments
needed for
tourism.
[Clockwise from
top left]
a) Train
infrastructure,
Singapore.
b) Beijing
National
Stadium,
Beijing, China.
c) A sewage
treatment plant
for liquid waste.
d) Electricity
pylons to
transmit power](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw3slides2019-190529025337/85/Tourism-GW-3-Slides-30-320.jpg)
![Figure 1.87
[Clockwise
from top left]
a) Whitsunday
Islands in the
Great Barrier
Reef, Australia.
b) Map of the
Great Barrier
Reef, Australia.
c) Upolu Cay,
Great Barrier
Reef, Australia](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw3slides2019-190529025337/85/Tourism-GW-3-Slides-93-320.jpg)
![Figure 1.96 [Clockwise from top left] The ethnic districts of Singapore. a) Arab Street. b) Chinatown. c) Little India](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw3slides2019-190529025337/85/Tourism-GW-3-Slides-154-320.jpg)
Tourism GW 3 Slides
- 1. Chapter 1 Tourism (Gateway 3) (1) Impacts of tourism • Economic • Socio-cultural • Environmental (2) Managing the impacts of tourism • Conservation • Tensions • Responsibilities of various stakeholders
- 2. Are there more +ve or –ve impacts? At what cost(s) are countries developing tourism?
- 3. Employment opportunities Growth in income IMPACTS OF TOURISM Development of infrastructure and facilities Handout 6 Seasonal unemployment Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year Shortage of services Preservation of local customs and heritage Dilution of local customs and heritage Increased crime Conservation of natural environments Vandalism Littering and pollution Increased carbon footprint Socio-Cultural Impacts Environmental ImpactsEconomic Impacts Destruction of habitats Increased congestion
- 4. Employment opportunities Growth in income IMPACTS OF TOURISM Development of infrastructure and facilities Handout 6 Seasonal unemployment Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year Shortage of services Preservation of local customs and heritage Dilution of local customs and heritage Increased crime Conservation of natural environments Vandalism Littering and pollution Increased carbon footprint Socio-Cultural Impacts Environmental ImpactsEconomic Impacts Destruction of habitats Increased congestion
- 5. Economic Impacts Employment opportunities Employment: work performed for a wage or salary, in cash or in kind • UNWTO estimates that the tourism industry employs over 235 million people worldwide (that’s ~6-8% of all jobs worldwide!) Figure 1.67a) A chef in a restaurant. b) Women making batik. c) A flight attendant. Adapted from: Singapore Airlines
- 6. Economic Impacts Employment opportunities Jobs directly linked to tourism industry • Jobs that are specifically created to serve the needs of tourists • eg. hotel staff/retailers, travel agents, tour guides
- 7. Jobs indirectly linked to tourism industry • Jobs that play a supporting role in catering to the needs of tourism • eg. hospitality trainers/poly lecturers, taxi drivers/tuk-tuk drivers Economic Impacts Employment opportunities
- 8. Expansion/diversification of jobs in the tourism industry • Ever-newer/different types of tourism activities to cater to different tourist profiles • Need for personal tour guides, trained specialists in sports, diving – more niche & more personalized services Economic Impacts Employment opportunities
- 10. Income growth for individuals • Example: Fishermen on Pamilacan Island, Philippines • Local tour companies hire fishermen to help them view and swim with whale sharks • Fishermen can earn additional income on top of their fishing livelihood • Fishermen are paid between US$80–US$100 per boat for their service Economic Impacts Growth in Income
- 11. Increased revenue for companies & country • Example: Fishermen on Pamilacan Island, Philippines • Companies get earn higher revenues as their tours become more popular with tourists • Overall increase in revenue for the country through taxes collected from the fishermen, tour companies and tourism receipts* • Tourism receipts – money received from tourist spending Economic Impacts Growth in Income
- 12. Figure 1.68 A Filipino fisherman and a group of tourists watch as a whale shark passes underneath their boat. Adapted from: Steve De Neef Photography Income growth for individuals • Example: Fishermen on Pamilacan Island, Philippines Economic Impacts Growth in Income
- 13. Whale Shark Pamilacan Bohol Philippines - YouTube
- 15. • Income growth for individuals • eg. fishermen are hired by tour operators to take tourists on their boats • Increased revenue for country • eg. taxes from fishermen / tour companies • eg. tourism receipts Economic Impacts Growth in Income
- 16. BUT leakage of tourism receipts • 50-80% of tourism revenue “leaks out” • International airline tickets • Imported food • Foreign owned hotels • State-owned airlines • National F&B products • Local transport • Local guesthouses • Local tours Tourists Spending Global economy National economy Local economy Economic Impacts Leakage in income
- 22. Global economy National economy Local economy $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ $$ Decreasing / little trickle-down benefits
- 23. • Leakage occurs when revenue earned from tourism is paid to other countries for the import of goods and services needed to meet the needs of tourists • Example: Phuket, Thailand o Travellers may use the services of foreign-owned businesses and buy imported items o Some of the profits made by local businesses are sent to another country to pay for imports o Money that does not stay in the local economy may bring few benefits to local businesses and workers Economic Impacts Leakage in income
- 24. • Example: Phuket, Thailand Economic Impacts Leakage in income
- 25. Foreign exchange: Money earned from other countries in exchange for goods and services • Example: Singapore – Has many international hotel chains, e.g. InterContinental, Marriott and Shangri-La – These chains invest in building and furnishing hotels and resorts, and training staff at tourist destinations – Hotels exchange their own currency to purchase Singapore dollars in order to make their investments – Increases demand for Singapore dollars and contributes to Singapore’s capital inflow Economic Impacts Increase in Foreign Exchange
- 26. Incoming tourism business investments • eg. when international hotel chains invest in building / furnishing hotels / training staff Economic Impacts Increase in Foreign Exchange
- 27. Foreign exchange: Money earned from other countries in exchange for goods and services • Direct contribution to government revenue • Tourists pay taxes to government • Indirect contribution to government revenue • Tourists spend $$ in tourism-related goods & services Since taxes are collected in local currency, this increases the foreign exchange of the host country Economic Impacts Increase in Foreign Exchange
- 28. Direct contribution to government revenue Indirect contribution to government revenue
- 29. • Infrastructure development: Construction of transport, facilities and communication networks, electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal • Infrastructure and appropriate facilities need to be built so that tourism can develop and can operate on a large scale. –Airports, roads, electricity, hotels etc Economic Impacts Infrastructure development
- 30. Figure 1.73 Examples of infrastructure developments needed for tourism. [Clockwise from top left] a) Train infrastructure, Singapore. b) Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China. c) A sewage treatment plant for liquid waste. d) Electricity pylons to transmit power
- 31. Economic Impacts Infrastructure development • Example: Roads – Link airports, cities and tourist sites which allow tourists access to local attractions – Allow local people better access to markets, health care, education and jobs • Example: Sports venues and other infrastructure – Built for major sporting events, e.g. Olympic Games, World Cup – Improve sporting infrastructure of host countries – Useful even after the key event, e.g. Summer Olympic Games in Athens and Beijing
- 32. Economic Impacts Infrastructure development • Creates employment for local workers as many workers are needed during the construction process • Local industries are boosted because local materials may be used to construct the infrastructure • Encourages economic growth due to increased spending in the local economy • Infrastructure built to enhance tourism also brings benefits to the locals
- 33. • Maintenance burden for the country Economic Impacts Underuse of facilities
- 34. The top pictures show the dilapidated conditions of the Athens Olympic Park. The bottom showing the poorly maintained conditions of Beijing’s venues.
- 35. • Example: Venue for Summer Olympic Games in Beijing – Venues allegedly deteriorating years after the Olympics – Some were renovated to become more profitable, e.g. Beijing National Aquatics Center was renovated into a water park – Only one-third of major sports venues in China have managed to break even Economic Impacts Underuse of facilities
- 36. – e.g. Beijing National Aquatics Center was renovated into a water park Economic Impacts Underuse of facilities
- 37. • Money from tourists normally pays for the cost of maintaining such facilities • But when the major events are over, the number of tourist decreases revenue for maintaining these facilities decreases • Underused facilities can be costly to maintain • Facilities may become neglected when there are few tourists Economic Impacts Underuse of facilities
- 38. The Rio Olympics were only a year ago, but the venues look like they’ve been deserted for decades
- 39. • Certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions • Countries may experience regular fluctuations in tourist numbers • People in tourism-related jobs have to find other sources of income when employment is temporarily unavailable Economic Impacts Seasonal Unemployment Figure 1.75a) A ski resort in the Alps in Europe during summer. Figure 1.75b) A ski resort in the Alps in Europe during winter.
- 40. • Employment during periods of high tourist demand only • eg. mountain ski resort operators – employment during winter only Economic Impacts Seasonal Unemployment
- 41. The Alps Opportunities and Challenges (Preview) - YouTube
- 42. • Employment during periods of high tourist demand only • eg. mountain ski resort operators – employment during winter only • In other times of the year (eg. during summer season), people employed in the tourism industry become jobless & they have to find other sources of income / return to other jobs such as farming. • Loss of employment / Decrease in incomes Economic Impacts Seasonal Unemployment Why is seasonal unemployment a negative impact?
- 43. Economic Impacts Seasonal Unemployment Figure 1.76a) Changes in employment in the hotel and restaurant sector in the European Union compared to annual averages (represented by 100), 2009. b) Changes in employment among tourist accommodations in the European Union compared to annual averages (represented by 100), 2009. Adapted from: European Union Eurostat (2010).
- 44. Poor/uneven resource allocation: • Tourist infrastructure may require the use of large amounts of land, water and power • This could lead to a shortage of services (e.g. water supplies or power in non-tourist areas) Economic Impacts Shortage of Services
- 45. Economic Impacts Shortage of Services
- 46. Tourism leaves Balis poor facing drought - 27 Oct 08 - YouTube
- 47. Employment opportunities Growth in income IMPACTS OF TOURISM Development of infrastructure and facilities Handout 6 Seasonal unemployment Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year Shortage of services Preservation of local customs and heritage Dilution of local customs and heritage Increased crime Conservation of natural environments Vandalism Littering and pollution Increased carbon footprint Socio-Cultural Impacts Environmental ImpactsEconomic Impacts Destruction of habitats Increased congestion
- 48. Socio-Cultural Impacts Preservation of culture & local customs Preserve sites with historical/cultural value •Protection of the way people live, including their economic activities, traditional beliefs and religious practices •Could apply to heritage and customs Figure 1.79 The difference between heritage and custom.
- 49. Socio-Cultural Impacts Preservation of culture & local customs Preserve sites with historical/cultural value •Preserved and restored sites are more attractive to tourists
- 50. Socio-Cultural Impacts Preservation of culture & local customs Preserve sites with historical/cultural value •Preserved and restored sites are more attractive to tourists •Restored sites benefit the local population by: o Enhancing people’s sense of history o Build a sense of belonging to the community o Tourism revenue can fund the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage, e.g. entry fee to Angkor Wat in Cambodia
- 51. Socio-Cultural Impacts Preservation of culture & local customs Preserve sites with historical/cultural value • For tourists : place becomes more attractive / worthy of visit promotes heritage/educational tourism • For locals : promotes a sense of pride, belonging and identity
- 52. •Identity, culture and values of a place can be lost when tourism becomes the major activity of an area •Tourism-oriented commercial activities (e.g. food outlets, travel agencies, souvenir shops) can overwhelm an area Socio-Cultural Impacts Dilution of local customs & heritage Figure 1.81 Local street vendors selling souvenirs at the Swayambhunath Temple in Kathmandu, Nepal
- 53. •Buildings may be modified or built to accommodate tourism •Locals may relocate elsewhere, which changes the original atmosphere, appearance and functions of the area they left Socio-Cultural Impacts Dilution of local customs & heritage
- 54. Sarawak Longhouses Problems within each longhouse community • Increasing gender inequality • Alcoholism (esp males) • Over-reliance on tourism Problems between different longhouse communities • Increasing inter-longhouse competition • Division of individual communities Problems between community & other stakeholders • Power resides with operators • Invasion of privacy
- 55. • For tourists : Real local culture . . . or just a performance? (authentic?) • Ethnic tourism in Sarawak Socio-Cultural Impacts Dilution of local customs & heritage
- 56. •Example: Kayan Lahwi women •Tourists pay entrance fees at Kayan Lahwi village •Some tourists treat the women as exhibits Socio-Cultural Impacts Dilution of local customs & heritage
- 57. Long Neck Karen Tribe in Thailand - YouTube
- 58. Imagine you are a local long-necked Karen woman, what are your thoughts about tourists’ visits? Video_Long Neck Karen Tribe in Thailand - YouTube
- 59. •Local cultural festivals and religious rituals are sometimes modified to meet the demands and expectations of tourists –Dancers deliberately pose for tourist photographs –Rituals are shortened to fit into itinerary of tourists –Rituals are repeated several times a day •Reduced authenticity and significance of cultural events because of commercialisation Socio-Cultural Impacts Dilution of local customs & heritage
- 60. • For tourists : Real local culture . . . or just a performance? (authentic?) • For locals : • Locals viewed as exhibits/commodities • Loss of place identity Socio-Cultural Impacts Dilution of local customs & heritage
- 61. •Tourists carry valuable items, e.g. watches, cameras •Tourists are prone to being mugged, cheated or scammed in tourist areas or tourist traps Socio-Cultural Impacts Increased crime
- 62. •Tourist traps: Places where information, goods or services are sold at greatly inflated prices –Can also refer to places where tourist scams are common –Can deter tourists from visiting •Many countries have police to help serve tourists and sort out conflicts with locals over purchases Socio-Cultural Impacts Increased crime
- 63. •Example: Scam on Japanese tourists in the UK •In 2010, Japanese tourists were scammed by a woman pretending to be a tourist •The woman would ask for directions or ask to have her photo taken •Her accomplices would appear and pose as police officers requesting for the group’s identification and credit cards •The woman would hand over her identity and credit card and convince the tourists to do the same •Once the credit cards are handed over, they would be used to withdraw money from the ATM or buy expensive items Socio-Cultural Impacts Increased crime
- 64. • Overpriced goods • Scams • Pickpockets Socio-Cultural Impacts Increased crime
- 65. • All inclusive holidays • Self-contained resorts • Fenced up boundaries • Little/almost no tourist-local interactions Socio-Cultural Impacts Tourism enclaves
- 66. Employment opportunities Growth in income IMPACTS OF TOURISM Development of infrastructure and facilities Handout 6 Seasonal unemployment Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year Shortage of services Preservation of local customs and heritage Dilution of local customs and heritage Increased crime Conservation of natural environments Vandalism Littering and pollution Increased carbon footprint Socio-Cultural Impacts Environmental ImpactsEconomic Impacts Destruction of habitats Increased congestion
- 67. Environmental Impacts of Travel and Tourism (excerpt)
- 68. Environmental Impacts Conservation of natural environments • Funding from tourism helps protect and conserve environments such as coral reefs, rainforests and mountainous areas
- 69. Environmental Impacts Conservation of natural environments • Example: Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabilitation Centre – Partly relies on visitor entry fees to pay staff – The staff help rehabilitate orang-utans that have been orphaned or injured
- 70. Environmental Impacts Conservation of natural environments • Example: Kenya – Survival of animals relies on funding from international tourists who want to see these animals in the wild – Estimated tourist revenues for: o A lion: US$7,000 a year o A herd of elephants: US$600,000 a year – Money raised from wildlife tourism becomes a way to continue to preserve the animals and their habitats
- 71. Environmental Impacts Conservation of natural environments • Revenue from entrance fees to national parks and diving sites, levies on accommodations enable countries to conserve their natural environments and biodiversity. • Money raised from wildlife tourism becomes a way to continue to preserve the animals and their habitats
- 72. Environmental Impacts Increased congestion • May be due to: – Large numbers of tourists near popular attractions – Tourist shops and accommodations that cluster near tourist areas • Tourism boom may cause huge increases in vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
- 73. Environmental Impacts Increased congestion Figure 1.83 A large crowd of tourists at Trevi Fountain in Rome, Italy. • Example: In Rome, many older walkways and narrow streets are filled with tourists
- 74. Environmental Impacts Increased congestion • Increased congestion can bring much inconveniences to the local’s daily activities such as travelling to work. • Apart from adding to local traffic, huge inflow of cars and buses can contribute to air pollution.
- 75. Environmental Impacts Vandalism Figure 1.84 Graffiti on the Great Wall of China, Beijing, China. • Vandalism: Crime of deliberately damaging property belonging to other people • Cultural, historical or natural sites may be vandalised by individuals or developers.
- 76. Environmental Impacts Vandalism • Example: Thousands of stones and bricks of the Great Wall of China are covered with graffiti • Vandalism causes these historical sites to lose its original facade • This destroys sites of great significance and value to the local community. Figure 1.84 Graffiti on the Great Wall of China, Beijing, China.
- 77. Environmental Impacts Pollution and littering • Authorities sometimes fail to implement measures that would properly manage waste left behind by tourists • Tourist sites may become polluted due to irresponsible tourist behaviours (e.g. littering) • Example: Cruise ships – Tourists dump plastic bottles, food packaging and old batteries overboard from cruise ships – Solid and liquid waste are sometimes dumped into the sea by ships – Harbours, marinas and the ocean become polluted
- 79. Environmental Impacts Pollution and littering • Authorities may have to close tourist sites, or spend money and manpower to clean up the pollution • Pollution in the oceans can harm aquatic life
- 81. Environmental Impacts Destruction of habitats • Natural habitats can be destroyed by –Careless tourists trampling on plants, while others collecting eggs and feathers of birds as souvenirs –These tourists making too much noise which can disturb and frighten off animals
- 82. Environmental Impacts Destruction of habitats • Example: Red Sea – Major diving and snorkelling destination for around 1.2 million visitors annually – Habitats of coral reefs and exotic fish have been damaged o Swimmers collect shells or corals as souvenirs o Hotels & restaurants in the area sometimes dump waste and sewage into the sea
- 83. Environmental Impacts Destruction of habitats • Popular tourist sites (e.g. beaches and villages) can be overwhelmed with visitors during busy times of the year • When too many tourists visit a destination, they may destroy habitats and wildlife
- 84. Environmental Impacts Increased carbon footprint Tourism activities may involve the emission of carbon dioxide • Carbon footprint is measured in equivalent amounts in carbon dioxide • Example: One-way economy class flight from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur generates 30 kilogrammes of carbon dioxide per passenger
- 85. Environmental Impacts Increased carbon footprint Figure 1.85 Tourism-related activities that add to a tourist’s carbon footprint. a) Travelling by planes. b) Tour buses. • Carbon footprint: Amount of greenhouse gas emissions that would be produced by activities that involve the use of fossil fuels • Activities may include travelling by planes and tour buses, and electricity consumption by hotels
- 86. Waitomo Glowworm caves (New Zealand) Video_Waitomo Glowworm caves - YouTube
- 87. Waitomo Glowworm caves - YouTube
- 88. Employment opportunities Growth in income IMPACTS OF TOURISM Development of infrastructure and facilities Handout 6 Seasonal unemployment Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year Shortage of services Preservation of local customs and heritage Dilution of local customs and heritage Increased crime Conservation of natural environments Vandalism Littering and pollution Increased carbon footprint Socio-Cultural Impacts Environmental ImpactsEconomic Impacts Destruction of habitats Increased congestion
- 89. How can we manage the impacts of tourism?
- 90. Managing the Impacts a. Promote sustainable tourism • A organized form of tourism that allows tourism to continue without: • causing damage to the environment • leaving negative impacts on the surrounding society & culture
- 91. Managing the Impacts a. Promote sustainable tourism • Also involves minimizing leakages from tourist revenues by • Training locals to perform skilled tourism jobs (eg. management & marketing) • Developing homestay accommodations (eg. visitors pay local people directly for accommodation) • Promoting local F&B provide market for local food industry
- 92. Managing the Impacts b. Conservation • Careful management & use of resources so that these resources will not be depleted • It includes protecting fragile environments • How? By Implementing laws & regulations + Getting the support of local people
- 93. Figure 1.87 [Clockwise from top left] a) Whitsunday Islands in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. b) Map of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. c) Upolu Cay, Great Barrier Reef, Australia
- 94. GREATBARRIERREEF
- 95. GREATBARRIERREEF
- 96. Video_Tourism puts Mexicos reefs at risk - 18 Sep 08 - YouTube
- 100. Managing the Impacts UNESCO (org that is very involved in conservation) • A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of special cultural / physical significance • UNESCO provides funding to threatened sites to conserve them.
- 101. Managing the Impacts UNESCO (org that is very involved in conservation) • Role of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) o Involved in conservation o Responsible for declaring sites as ‘World Heritage’ o Provides funding to conserve threatened sites o World Heritage sites in 1978: 12 o World Heritage sites in 2012: Almost 1,000
- 105. Managing the Impacts What’s the big deal about UNESCO sites? The status as a UNESCO site gives the place a special cultural or physical significance that makes people think that they should visit it. If the place is special enough to fulfill the criteria of the UNESCO selection, there must be something really extraordinary or meaningful about it that would make people want to visit that place to discover/learn about its cultural or physical significance. UNESCO (org that is very involved in conservation)
- 106. Managing the Impacts UNESCO UNESCO provides funding to threatened sites to conserve them. Stonehenge RapaNui
- 107. Managing the Impacts UNESCO UNESCO provides funding to threatened sites to conserve them. GreatWallofChina GalapagosIsland
- 108. Managing the Impacts UNESCO UNESCO provides funding to threatened sites to conserve them. CityofAyutthaya MacchuPicchu
- 109. Why manage tourism impacts? Because a well-protected environment attracts more tourists to visit / repeatedly visit Leads to steady arrival of tourists Promotes local economic growth Income from tourism Motivates locals to care for the sites properly (ie. conserve) + develop tourism sustainably Ensures regular stream of tourism income for the future Protects local nature, culture & heritage sites
- 110. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Due to differences between the needs & expectations of different groups.
- 111. Video_Slumming it- Tourism in India's Shanty Towns
- 112. Tensions in Managing Impacts “Slumming it: Tourism in India’s Shanty Towns” a) What is the tension between the tourists and the locals? b) In your opinion, is slum tourism a form of exploitation or does it help the local communities? c) How can this tension be better managed to prevent conflicts between the tourists & locals?
- 113. Video_Climber Mr Everest Turning into Trash Heap
- 114. Tensions in Managing Impacts “Climber: Mt Everest Turning into ‘Trash Heap’ a) What are the main sources of rubbish and why are they dumped on Mt Everest?
- 115. Video_Mount Everest new rule- climbers must return with 8kg of trash
- 116. Tensions in Managing Impacts “Mt Everest new rule’ a) What is the new rule in place? b) How effective do you think this strategy will be? c) What are some of the pros and cons of this strategy?
- 117. Tensions in Managing Impacts • The needs of tourists may conflict with needs of locals • e.g. Tourists wearing skimpy clothing may go against conservative values of locals
- 119. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Cultural insensitivity • Because tourists may not be familiar with local culture & customs Tourist actions : • Wear skimpy clothing (eg. spaghetti straps & shorts) • Public display of affections • You must understand that some societies (esp in SEA) are still pretty conservative • And tourists must be respectful towards the locals’ beliefs & traditions But locals perceive that as : • Tourists fail to respect local customs and values
- 121. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Example: Bali, Indonesia o World Heritage site o Visited by many tourists for natural landscape and food o Cultural landscape renowned for its Hindu temples, art, dance and other heritage and customs o In 2012, 2.9 million international tourists visited Bali
- 122. Figure 1.89 The cultural landscape of Bali, Indonesia. a) The Mother Temple of Besakih. b) Rice terraces near the village of Belimbing.
- 123. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Example: Bali, Indonesia o Tourist sites (e.g. Kuta) are congested due to tourists o Tourist congestion makes it difficult for locals to conduct their daily business
- 124. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Example: Bali, Indonesia o Tourist facilities potentially deprive some locals of their water supply The tourism industry consumes much water and may result in water shortages Some dug wells have now gone dry, making vulnerable the island’s poorest
- 125. Video_Tourism leaves Balis poor facing drought - 27 Oct 08 - YouTube
- 126. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Example: Bali, Indonesia o Locals expect tourists to respect local customs and values, which tourists sometimes fail to do o Example: Many locals still object to public displays of affection, which some tourists may perceive as all right to do in public
- 127. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Arise when the needs of tourists conflict with the need to conserve the environment • E.g. Natural attractions depend on tourist income for their conservation but tourist inflow may damage the attraction itself
- 128. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Example: Machu Picchu, Peru o City built by Inca Civilisation on Andes Mountains o Located 2,430 metres above sea level o Has stone walls, ramps, pillars and stairways that are now remnants of a once-thriving city o Provides insight into ancient Inca life o Rich history and breath-taking landscape draw 3,300 visitors every day
- 129. Figure 1.91 Machu Picchu, Peru
- 131. Physically able tourists opt to use the ‘Inca Trail’ Stunning mountain scenery, cloud forests, rivers, Inca ruins Populated with rare indigenous plant and wildlife
- 132. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Example: Machu Picchu, Peru o The site’s popularity has caused some tensions between the needs of tourists and that of the environment o Frequent use of “Inca Trail” by tourists: Eroded by more than 75,000 tourists that hike on it each year Hikers leave behind rubbish, e.g. water bottles, plastic wrappers
- 133. Tensions in Managing Impacts • Example: Machu Picchu, Peru o Tourists may prefer to reach the site using helicopters for convenience Helicopters were banned for fear that its noise disturbs the area’s indigenous animal and plant species o Sheer weight and combined footsteps of tourists damage land and artefacts on the site
- 134. Measures to manage tensions Withhold permission do harmful tourism- related projects Employ staff to maintain & repair site Tap into local indigenous knowledge Restrict tourists from entering certain local areas Limit no of visitors to minimize congestion & degradationMeasures to manage tensions Government authorities play an important role in balancing & resolving tensions!
- 135. Responsibilities of Different Stakeholders • Various groups of people contribute in different ways to protect tourist areas. • The purpose is to ensure that the local population benefit from tourism Tour operators NGOs
- 136. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Group of people living in the same territory • Have key role in conserving and protecting tourist areas • Can benefit economically from tourism, especially through community-based tourism
- 137. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Community-based tourism: Tourism that has close contact with, and mainly benefits, local communities • Done in partnership with a government or non- governmental organisation (NGO) • Example: Candirejo Village, Central Java, Indonesia
- 138. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Example: Candirejo Village, Central Java, Indonesia o Villagers set up a cooperative in 2003, with support from the government, to manage and implement community tourism-related programmes
- 139. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Example: Candirejo Village, Central Java, Indonesia o Villagers participate in decision-making through discussions and consultations with cooperative about programmes such as: Developing homestay accommodations Developing organic farms Organising local transport Villagers trained to produce handicrafts, provide catering and work as tour guides Ensure that benefits from tourism will go towards helping the local population
- 140. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Example: Candirejo Village, Central Java, Indonesia o In 2002: 10 homestays, 5 andongs, no restaurants o In 2004: 22 homestays, 22 andongs, 6 restaurants o Also reported in 2004: 63 new jobs, 5 new businesses, 12.5% increase in average income per villager Tourists will gain a deeper appreciation of local sites and spread awareness to other tourists to conserve these sites.
- 141. Figure 1.94 The andong, a type of local transport used at Candirejo Village (village not shown), Central Java, Indonesia.
- 142. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Have responsibility to respect both the environment and the local population of a place • Should visit without causing damage or offence Figure 1.95 Visitors should be dressed appropriately to visit temples, such as this one at Wat Benchamabophit, a temple in Bangkok, Thailand. To ensure that local people’s lives are not disrupted by tourists visiting.
- 143. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Encouraged to select destinations based on conservation efforts and carbon footprint. • Some factors visitors should consider: o Amount of water used o Amount of waste recycled o Can have rewarding visits o with responsible tourism When visitors choose to engage in tourism activities that operate responsibly, this can help to minimise the negative environmental impacts of tourism.
- 144. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Tour operators may belong to associations concerned with conserving and protecting environments visited by tourists • Fewer tourists are likely to visit a place if the unspoilt landscapes, rich biodiversity and unique cultures deteriorate
- 145. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Example: Phuket Alternative Tours (PAT) o Tour operators have to adhere to the guidelines under the Environmental and Cultural Code of Practice: Operate in an environmentally sustainable way Seek to enhance the natural environment and the way that the industry uses it Create awareness about environmental conservation for visitors to Phuket
- 146. When tour operators like PAT conduct tourism activities in a sustainable & responsible manner, it can help to ensure that damage to the environment & local site is minimised.
- 147. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Non-profit organisations operating independently of governments • Concerned with tourism’s impact on natural and human environments • Instrumental in achieving sustainable tourism and for protecting the environments frequented by tourists
- 148. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Example: The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) o Developed guidelines on tourism o Conducted training courses o Provided technical assistance o Published research papers related to tourism and the environment o Works with numerous organisations, including travel associations and conservation groups in 124 countries
- 150. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • The most important group in ensuring that the tourist areas are protected • Can greatly influence the future quality of environments by: o Determining how many visitors a site can cope with o Allocating space for infrastructure, e.g. roads & hotels o Funding the maintenance of tourist site Ensure that tourist sites are kept in good condition and prevent deterioration of cultural/heritage buildings.
- 152. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Consider local sensitivities in the area while maintaining its physical and socio-cultural condition • Enforce rules, regulations, values and principles for sustainable tourism in consultation with the industry and community Ensure that tourists follow the laws when visiting tourists sites to reduce damage to the site.
- 153. Responsibilities of Diff Stakeholders • Example: Singapore Tourism Board (STB) o Attracts large numbers of tourists to Singapore even as development plans take into account the need to conserve national heritage o Implemented programmes to conserve the ethnic districts of Singapore, e.g. Chinatown, Kampong Glam and Little India o Helps visitors and locals have a greater appreciation of Singapore’s rich heritage
- 154. Figure 1.96 [Clockwise from top left] The ethnic districts of Singapore. a) Arab Street. b) Chinatown. c) Little India
- 155. Responsibilities of Different Stakeholders • Important for the different groups to work together to develop strategies to protect tourist areas • Example: Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve NGOs Tour operators built an education centre organise displays bring visitors to the centre visit and learn about nature, act responsibly
- 158. Responsibilities of Different Stakeholders • Important for the different groups to work together to develop strategies to protect tourist areas. • Each group has its own strengths and limitations in protecting tourist areas. NGOs Tour operators
- 159. Responsibilities of Different Stakeholders • Each group has its own strengths and limitations in protecting tourist areas. Strengths Limitations Local communities Involve locals in decision-making Difficulty in obtaining external funding Increase in tourism-related employment and business for locals Shortage of skilled labour Visitors Fund conservation and preservation Damage tourist attractions Provide income opportunities for locals Dilute local culture and customs
- 160. Responsibilities of Different Stakeholders • Each group has its own strengths and limitations in protecting tourist areas. Strengths Limitations Tour operators Provide feedback on tourist attractions Need to generate profits Shortage of skilled labour Regulate tourist behaviour Non- governmental organisations Facilitate communication between various stakeholders Difficulty in obtaining external funding Support various stakeholders in managing the impact of tourism
- 161. Responsibilities of Different Stakeholders • Each group has its own strengths and limitations in protecting tourist areas. Strengths Limitations Planning authorities Develop and maintain infrastructure and attractions Difficult to plan for unforeseen factors Draft laws and policies Opposing stakeholders
Editor's Notes
- #7: Jobs specifically created to serve the needs of tourists UNWTO estimates that the tourism industry employs over 235 million people worldwide (that’s ~6-8% of all jobs worldwide!)
- #8: Indirect jobs: Playing a supporting role in catering to the needs of tourism
- #9: Not just the traditional tour guides that are needed in mass tourism. Now we’re talking about personal tour guides, trained specialists in sports, diving – more niche & more personalized services Many different types of tourism providers to cater to different tourist profiles Not just about visiting cathedrals/museums, but also about doing stuff that people cannot do in their own countries Esp for young people, it’s about doing stuff that you only do once in a lifetime - YOLO
- #10: Young men employed to meet the needs of adventure/sports tourism
- #12: Tourism receipts – money received from tourist spending
- #16: Tourism receipts – money received from tourist spending
- #17: The revenue generated from tourism does not always remain in the country where tourists spend their money. Large portion of the tourism receipts is lost as a leakage, esp in LDCs. Which economy (global/national/local) earns the bulk of the money? Eg. air tickets are way more expensive than the cost of hiring tuk-tuk drivers
- #23: In the end, the money spent by a tourist may not stay in the local economy, and may bring only few benefits to local businesses and workers.
- #24: The revenue generated from tourism does not always remain in the country where tourists spend their money. Large portion of the tourism receipts is lost as a leakage, esp in LDCs. Which economy (global/national/local) earns the bulk of the money? Eg. air tickets are way more expensive than the cost of hiring tuk-tuk drivers
- #26: Foreign exchange – money earned from other countries in exchange for goods and services. Foreign exchange plays a big role in a country’s economy. A larger amount of money earned from other countries allows the destination/receiving country to purchase goods and services from elsewhere in the world. Explain about the demand for local currency contributes to Singapore’s capital inflow
- #27: Foreign exchange – money earned from other countries in exchange for goods and services. Foreign exchange plays a big role in a country’s economy. A larger amount of money earned from other countries allows the destination/receiving country to purchase goods and services from elsewhere in the world. Explain about the demand for local currency contributes to Singapore’s capital inflow
- #28: Foreign exchange – money earned from other countries in exchange for goods and services. Foreign exchange plays a big role in a country’s economy. A larger amount of money earned from other countries allows the destination/receiving country to purchase goods and services from elsewhere in the world.
- #30: The construction of transport and communication networks, electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal. Without infrastructure and appropriated facilities (eg airports, roads, electricity & hotels), tourism cannot develop and cannot operate on a large scale. Sports venues built for major sporting events (eg. Olympic Games & world cup) improves sporting infrastructure of the host countries (such venues are useful even after the major events)
- #32: The construction of transport and communication networks, electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal. Without infrastructure and appropriated facilities (eg airports, roads, electricity & hotels), tourism cannot develop and cannot operate on a large scale. Sports venues built for major sporting events (eg. Olympic Games & world cup) improves sporting infrastructure of the host countries (such venues are useful even after the major events)
- #33: The construction of transport and communication networks, electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal. Without infrastructure and appropriated facilities (eg airports, roads, electricity & hotels), tourism cannot develop and cannot operate on a large scale. Sports venues built for major sporting events (eg. Olympic Games & world cup) improves sporting infrastructure of the host countries (such venues are useful even after the major events)
- #34: Money from tourists normally covers the cost of maintaining such facilities. But when the major events are over, the number of tourist falls. These underused facilities become costly to maintain they thus become neglected
- #35: The top pictures show the dilapidated conditions of the Athens Olympic Park, the bottom showing the poorly maintained conditions of Beijing’s venues. (Images: SF Gate and Yahoo Sports)
- #36: Money from tourists normally covers the cost of maintaining such facilities. But when the major events are over, the number of tourist falls. These underused facilities become costly to maintain they thus become neglected
- #38: Money from tourists normally covers the cost of maintaining such facilities. But when the major events are over, the number of tourist falls. These underused facilities become costly to maintain they thus become neglected
- #40: Because certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions. Such countries may experience a rise in tourist numbers for several months followed by a drop in tourist numbers for the next few months. Thus, people in some tourism-related jobs may have to find other sources of income during the low seasons.
- #41: Because certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions. Such countries may experience a rise in tourist numbers for several months followed by a drop in tourist numbers for the next few months. Thus, people in some tourism-related jobs may have to find other sources of income during the low seasons.
- #43: Because certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions. Such countries may experience a rise in tourist numbers for several months followed by a drop in tourist numbers for the next few months. Thus, people in some tourism-related jobs may have to find other sources of income during the low seasons.
- #44: Because certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions. Such countries may experience a rise in tourist numbers for several months followed by a drop in tourist numbers for the next few months. Thus, people in some tourism-related jobs may have to find other sources of income during the low seasons.
- #47: Video_Tourism leaves Balis poor facing drought - 27 Oct 08 - YouTube
- #49: For locals: The people living there are descendants of this great place that is filled with great history and culture – so proud of their heritage
- #50: For locals: The people living there are descendants of this great place that is filled with great history and culture – so proud of their heritage
- #51: For locals: The people living there are descendants of this great place that is filled with great history and culture – so proud of their heritage
- #52: For locals: The people living there are descendants of this great place that is filled with great history and culture – so proud of their heritage
- #53: Culture: the way people live, their traditional beliefs and religious practices. Loss of place identity: locals have to relocate their original activities/life to other places (can link to SS Sinhalese moving into traditional Tamil areas during the resettlement)
- #54: Culture: the way people live, their traditional beliefs and religious practices. Loss of place identity: locals have to relocate their original activities/life to other places (can link to SS Sinhalese moving into traditional Tamil areas during the resettlement)
- #55: Power resides with the operators: Operators dictate the appearance of the longhouse Operators dictate the activities and appearance of the community Some of the long-house community relocated: They opened their traditional homes to tourists, while they themselves shifted to location to live (maybe another man-made longhouse) So are the houses & lifestyles that the tourists are seeing real/authentic anymore? Or are they just for show?
- #56: Culture: the way people live, their traditional beliefs and religious practices. Loss of place identity: locals have to relocate their original activities/life to other places (can link to SS Sinhalese moving into traditional Tamil areas during the resettlement)
- #57: Culture: the way people live, their traditional beliefs and religious practices. Loss of place identity: locals have to relocate their original activities/life to other places (can link to SS Sinhalese moving into traditional Tamil areas during the resettlement)
- #58: Video_Long Neck Karen Tribe in Thailand - YouTube
- #59: Video_Long Neck Karen Tribe in Thailand – YouTube Loss of place identity: locals have to relocate their original activities/life to other places (can link to SS Sinhalese moving into traditional Tamil areas during the resettlement)
- #60: Culture: the way people live, their traditional beliefs and religious practices. Loss of place identity: locals have to relocate their original activities/life to other places (can link to SS Sinhalese moving into traditional Tamil areas during the resettlement)
- #61: Performance, commodification of labour Loss of place identity: locals have to relocate their original activities/life to other places (can link to SS Sinhalese moving into traditional Tamil areas during the resettlement) Imagine students from Punggol Sec starts visiting EFS very frequently, then our lessons have to move elsewhere. Or maybe they even start studying here, will this place still hold the EFS identity?
- #62: Tourists carry valuable goods such as watches, DSLR, latest phones etc – the envy of poorer locals
- #63: Tourists carry valuable goods such as watches, DSLR, latest phones etc – the envy of poorer locals
- #64: Tourists carry valuable goods such as watches, DSLR, latest phones etc – the envy of poorer locals
- #65: Tourists carry valuable goods such as watches, DSLR, latest phones etc – the envy of poorer locals
- #66: Enclaves: tourism areas separated from local community Clubmed
- #68: Video_Environmental Impacts of Travel and Tourism (excerpt) - YouTube
- #85: Source: (Textbook page 65) Possible activity for student: 1. Encourage students to calculate their own carbon footprint by visiting http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx. Have them discuss different ways that they can reduce their own carbon footprint.
- #86: Possible questions for students: Give examples of tourist activities that contribute to a large carbon footprint. Think of ways to reduce carbon footprint from the activities cited. Accept all reasonable responses. Possible responses include: Flying with an aeroplane to get to a destination. Instead of flying, tourists can consider taking a bus or train, if possible (e.g. Singapore to Kuala Lumpur). Leaving air conditioners and other electronic appliances turned on in a hotel room. Tourists can instead turn off the air conditioning in their hotel rooms every time they leave. Changing of bed sheets, towel or comforter daily at a hotel. This is because the washing of clothes consumes large amounts of electricity. Instead of changing bed sheets or towels everyday, tourists can consider sending the sheets to be washed only when they become dirty.
- #88: Waitomo Glowworm caves - YouTube
- #91: Management means making decisions/implementing policies that will benefit both the natural environments and the lives of the local population whilst still having tourist visitation. This to help ensure that the economy, environment and culture of a region is sustained (ie. still in good condition) for future generations.
- #93: Conservation: careful management and use of resources Fragile environments: eg. coral reefs (takes thousands of years to form, unlike rainforests that can grow back faster)
- #99: Cheap – locals can afford this
- #100: Cheap – locals can afford this
- #101: (such as a forest, mountain, lake, island, desert, monument, building, complex, or city)
- #104: Source: (Textbook page 68)
- #107: Stonehenge in England It is known that Stonehenge is thousands of years old, and much of the Stonehenge mystery centers on how the gigantic stones were moved. Mainstream archeology continues to be fascinated and baffled by the purpose of Stonehenge, and the site remains one of the most popular tourist attractions in the United Kingdom and throughout the world. Rapa Rui/Easter Island
- #108: Great Wall of China Gapalagos Island (offshore island of south America) – Evolution
- #109: City of Ayutthaya Macchu Picchu (up in the Andes Mountains of Peru)
- #112: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yJihEi_r-0
- #114: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTuCl4gxRfU
- #116: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZs6vJHo-NA
- #120: Tourists may want to wear skimpy clothing (eg. spaghetti straps & shorts) Tourists may feel that PDA is all right But conservative locals may feel uncomfortable because it goes against their values.
- #135: Many countries set up agencies or organisations to manage such tensions.
- #147: http://www.phuketalternativetours.com/about.html
- #150: http://www.ecotourism.org/