Towards resource efficient and zero waste societies
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- Defines 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and zero waste as environmental concepts aimed at reducing waste generation and promoting more sustainable resource management. - Notes that many government policies focus on downstream waste disposal rather than upstream waste prevention. Advocates for policies promoting greater resource efficiency through reducing consumption and waste. - Provides examples of countries in Asia that have implemented policies and frameworks integrating 3Rs, resource efficiency and circular economy concepts into law and economic development plans. This includes Japan, Korea, China, India and others.
Towards resource efficient and zero waste societies
- 1. Towards Resource Efficient and Zero Waste Societies Green City Forum Selangor Smart City Convention 7-9 September 2017 , Selangor, Malaysia Choudhury Rudra Charan Mohanty, Environment Programme Coordinator, UNCRD-DSD/UN DESA
- 2. 1st Regional 3R Forum in Asia Japan/2009 Tokyo 3R Statement 3R for Green Economy 3Rs for Sustainable Cities and Human Settelment (Healthy & Safe) 3Rs for Costal & Marine Ecosystem 2nd Regional 3R Forum in Asia Malaysia/2010 3rd Regional 3R Forum in Asia Singapore/2011 Singapore Recommendation 4th Regional 3R Forum in Asia Viet Nam/2013 5th Regional 3R Forum in Asia-Pacific Indonesia/2014 3Rs in the context of Green Economy 3Rs in a broader context - not just about municipal waste management, but is intrinsically linked with resource efficiency in a wide range of sectors with an objective to reduce or eliminate the waste load for final disposal towards transitioning to a resource efficient and zero waste society vis-à-vis green economy Ha Noi 3R Declaration (2013-2023) 33 Goals for Urban/Industrial areas, Rural areas/Biomass, New and Emerging Wastes, Cross-cutting issues 3Rs in the context of Rio+20 outcome – The Future WeWant Multilayer Partnerships and Coalition as the Basis for 3R’s Promotion Pacific countries join 3R Forum Endorsed Regional 3R Forum in Asia Needs for Innovative Partnerships 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development / SDGs 2nd East Asia Summit - Environment Ministers Meeting (EAS EMM), Brunei, 2010 Endorsed Regional 3R Forum in Asia Surabaya 3R Declaration 6th Regional 3R Forum in Asia-Pacific Maldives/2015 7th Regional 3R Forum in Asia-Pacific Australia/2016 3R as an Economic Industry Adelaide 3R Declaration on Circular Economy
- 3. Defines zero waste as “a goal that is both pragmatic and visionary, to guide people to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are resources for others to use. Zero waste means designing and managing products and processes to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Implementing zero waste will eliminate all discharges to land, water and air that may be a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health”. 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) offer an environmentally friendly alternative to moving towards a zero waste society and to deal with impact of growing wastes on human health, economy and natural ecosystem What is Zero Waste? Source: Adapted from ROAD MAP FOR ZERO WASTE AHMEDABAD A Visionary Document to Guide Ahmedabad towards becoming a ‘Resource Efficient and Zero Waste City’ by 2031
- 4. A prevalent policy dilemma - what should be the priority for government authorities? Source reduction, Extended use, re-use (Product policy towards resource efficiency) versus An expanded recycling industry (Resource intensive and hazardous production of expanding markets) Many government policies and programs tend to focus on conventional waste management solutions such as sanitary land filling or incineration – mainly downstream disposal, which is expensive, while failing to pursue upstream measures to reduce the actual waste load UPSTREAM MEASURES DOWNSTREAM FOCUS
- 5. Source: http://www.zerowaste.org/case.htm#virtual_tour Defining “Zero Waste” Source: Presentation by Solid Waste Management Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Ahmedabad – Gujarat - India
- 6. Zero Waste Society is a progressive path from Linear to Circular Economy.. Moving from negative loop to positive loop Linear to Circular economy Adapted from Dr. P. Modak presentation, Presented at Sixth Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific 2015 6 Source: Co-Chairs’ Summary of Sixth Regional 3R Forum 2015 => Waste management needs to be increasingly addressed in resource domain
- 7. 1. One-way/conventional Economy 2. More resource efficient economy 3. Closed Loop Economy 1. One way economy -> a little effort is made to reduce the amount of materials consumed in production and hence the wastes are produced. Also little effort is made to reuse or recycle those wastes which mainly go for landfill. => Absence of a science based policy for resource efficient economic development; 2. Greater resource efficiency -> by reducing consumption and waste of materials, and by reusing and recycling waste/byproducts minimize (per unit of product or services) – quantity of input raw material/energy /water as well as pollution /emission/environmental impact of the residual materials flow that flow to disposal sites. science based policy for resource efficient economic development 3. Closed-loop economy -> nearly all waste/outputs either become inputs to other manufacturing processes or are returned to natural systems as benign emissions rather than as pollutants. science based policy for resource efficient closed-loop economic development with a high level of cooperation between science-policy-business-community 7 Linear or one-way/conventional to Closed loop economy Source: Adapted from ADB, 2011
- 8. 3R towards Resource Efficient and Zero Waste Society Source: ROAD MAP FOR ZERO WASTE AHMEDABAD A Visionary Document to Guide Ahmedabad towards becoming a ‘Resource Efficient and Zero Waste City’ by 2031 Source: http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/concept_paper_e/concept_paper_e04.html
- 9. Consequences of linear economy: Plastics issue – vast implications on coastal and marine environment Source: http://surfingindia.net/ Source of photos: UNEP, http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/gallery/default.asp © Still Pictures © Papadopoulos/UNEP/Still Pictures © UNEP & Hartmut Schwartzbach © Brehen/UNEP/Still Pictures • Plastics carry hazardous chemicals in marine environment (e.g., PCBs) • More than 200 species of animals are known to have ingested plastic debris, including birds, fish, turtles and marine mammals. • Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue has been confirmed (bio-magnification). • Micro-plastics (size < 5 mm) in coastal and marine environments is a critical problem, including bio-accumulation of hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like PCBs, DDTs, HCHs and others from the plastics through ingestion or food-chain (fist to fish and fish to people), (Source: Prof. Hideshige Takada and 6th Regional 3R Forum in AP, 2015)
- 10. Consequences of linear economy: Plastics waste and resilience Unclogging Jakarta’s Waterways • Estimated population of over 10 million people: • 20% of city’s daily waste ends up in local rivers and canals • City administration is dredging its 17 rivers and canals for the first time since 1970s due to waterways being 70% blocked, a central contributor to the city’s chronic flooding problems (Source: The New York Times, October 2016)
- 11. The CSE survey, released earlier this year, shows that 70-80 percent of India's wastewater was ending up in its rivers and lakes. "We are drowning in our excreta," Sunita Narain, Director of CSE. Consequences of linear economy: Waste and Freshwater Nexus in India The Energy and Resources Institute in New Delhi has estimated that by 2047, waste generation in India's cities will increase five-fold to touch 260 million tones per year. Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/01/india-cities-drown-sewage-waste 3R Developments in Asia: Informal Resource recovery and recycling Clean India Mission (Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan) and 100-smart cities programme by Prime Minister Narendra Modi offer tremendous business opportunities in waste sector for water security of India Nearly 80 percent of the river's pollution is the result of raw sewage. The river receives more than three billion liters of waste per day. Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?511/saving-waste-the-lives-of-indias-rag-pickers Highly contaminated leachate seeps untreated into groundwater, a source of drinking water…. • Link between “waste” and “resource” is not well understood /waste is traditionally thought of having no value. • Too much emphasis on “downstream” waste management limiting many business opportunities. • Limited efforts on “upstream” resource management and waste reduction aspects Need for change and attitudes to view “Waste” as “Resource” Source: ADB and IGES (2008) Source: Article: Make wealth from waste, Satwik Mudgal, New Delhi, Down to Earth Magazine (1-15 Nov. 2014)
- 12. Success stories - Macro-economic/Development Policies Integrating Resource Efficiency and 3Rs • Japan: Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material Cycle Society (2001); New Growth Strategy (2010) which places green innovations as top of seven strategic areas; Finance initiatives to build a Low Carbon Society (providing grants, investments, financing, interest subsidies for – (i) promotion of Green Buildings, (ii) development of Low Carbon Cities, (iii) bilateral offset Credit Mechanism, and (iv) enhancement, commercialization, and R&D of Low Carbon Technologies; • Republic of Korea: New Waste Management Policy towards Resource Recirculation Society (Sep’2013); • PR China: Circular Economic Law (2009) led by NDRC-China; Long Term Renewable Energy Development Plan (2007); Chinese Circular Economic Law offers a long term plan for transformation that seeks to integrate economic, environmental, and social strategies to achieve high resource efficiency as the way of sustaining improvement in quality of life within natural and economic constraints; circular economy is now a trillion dollar opportunity • India: National Solar Mission (3% of India’s total electricity demand from solar power projects by 2022); National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency; • Malaysia: National Green Technology Policy (2009); Green Building Index (2009; National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan (2010); • Singapore: Green Mark Incentive Scheme for buildings (2005); Water Efficiency Fund (2008); • Thailand: Alternative Energy Development Plan and Target (2008); Thailand Climate Change Master Plan (2012–2050), etc. • EU: Waste Framework Directive (2008); waste management is a public health priority as well as an economic industry, e.g., in Germany
- 13. Japanese Legal framework for establishing a sound material-cycle (SMC) society Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law Partially amended in May 2010 Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging Basic Environment Law Basic Environment Plan ＜ Promotion of recycling ＞＜ Proper treatment of waste＞ Regulations according to characteristics of individual articles Bottles, PET bottles, paper or plastic containers and packages Air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, TVs, washing machines, drying machines Green Purchasing Law （The State takes the initiative to promote the procurement of recycled items) Timber, concrete, asphalt Food residues Vehicles Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances C o n s t r u c t i o n M a t e r i a l s Recycling Law L a w f o r t h e R e c y c l i n g o f E n d - o f - L i f e V e h i c l e s Ensuring material cycle in society Reducing consumption of natural resources Lowering environmental load Basic Act for Establishing a SMC Society (Basic Framework Act) 13 ①Reduction of waste generation ②Proper treatment of waste (including recycling) ③Regulation for establishment of waste treatment facilities ④Regulation for waste treatment operators ⑤Establishment of waste treatment standards, etc. ①Recycling of recycled resources ②Ingenuity and innovation to create structures and use materials to facilitate recycling ③Labeling for sorted collection ④Promotion of effective utilization of by-products reduce recycle → reuse recycle (１Ｒ) (３Ｒ) Fundamental Plan for Establishing a SMC Society The fundamentals for other plans designed by the State Completely enforced in August 1994 Completely amended and announced in April 2006 Completely enforced in January 2001 Officially announced in March 2003 Amended in March 2008 Completely amended and enforced in April 2001 Completely enforced in May 2001 Partially amended in June2007 Completely enforced in April 2001 Completely enforced in April 2000 Partially amended in June 2006 Completely enforced in May 2002 Completely enforced in January 2005 Completely enforced in April 2001 Law for the promotion of the Utilization of Recyclable Food Resources S m a l l H o m e A p p l i a n c e Recycling Law WEEE Enforced in April 2013 (Source: Courtesy of MoE-Japan)
- 14. FY 2010 (Note) (Note: Water content: water contents of wastes (sludge, livestock’s waste, night soil, waste acid, waste alkali) and sludge contingently dumped in the process of economic activities (sludge in mining, construction and in waterworks as well as slag) Material Flow in Japan 14 Import Import Export Export Imported resources Imported resources Domestic resources Domestic resources Input of natural resources Input of natural resources Total material input Total material input Final disposal Final disposalWater content, etc. Water content, etc. Energy consumption and industrial process emissions Energy consumption and industrial process emissionsCompost Compost Waste generation Waste generation Food consumption Food consumption Natural return Natural return ReductionReduction Recycled amount Recycled amount Net additions to stock Net additions to stock Imported products Imported products (unit = million tons) (unit = million tons) FY 2000 Total material input: 2.138 → 1.611 (billion tons) Final disposal: 56→19 (million tons) Recycled amount: 213→246 (million tons) (Source: Courtesy of MoE-Japan)
- 15. Korean Strategy and Actions for Establishing Resource Circulation Society Enactment of “the Framework Act of Resource Circulation” (June, 2016. Effective from 2018) Source: Korean Ministry of Environment / Presented by Prof. J. Hyun at Maldives 3R Forum, 16-19 August 2015, Maldives & Country Presentation of Republic of Korea at 7th Regional 3R Forum in Asia-Pacific, 2-4 Nov 2016, Adelaide, Australia => Towards Establishment of Resource Circulation Society (RCS) Production and Distribution Consumption Recycling resource maximum procure Recycling Market Creation Support on Business Chain Recycling Infrastructure Expansion Natural Resource Recycling Energy Recovery Zero Landfill Assessment of Resource CirculationResource Circulation Management by Target Setting Quality Certificate on Recycled Products Minimization Green Market Maximization Reduction Reuse Rate of Resource Recycle Support on Finance & Technology in Recycling Industries Mandatory Use of Recycled Products Market Promotion of Recycled Resources Complex Development Expansion of Energy Facilities EPR Expansion Free Collect of Waste Landfill Bill (Tax) Eco-friendly Disposal
- 16. R & D/Engineering Urban Services and Supplies Resource Recovery/3R Energy Efficiency Green Chemistry & Nano Technology • cosmetics, baby lotion, computer chips, paints, medical equipments, etc. 3R AS A ECONOMIC INDUSTRY TOWARDS RESOURCE EFFICIENT & ZERO WASTE SOCIETY CH4 & fertilizer from animal manure /sewage sludge with anaerobic or aerobic digesters, refused-derived fuel (RDF), etc. Nano tech market : more than US$1 trillion Bio-economy (high value processing/conversion of biomass) • Bio-products • Bio-energy • Bio-Engineering • Landscape trimming, etc. Sustainable Transportation • ITS, IFS, BRT, Railways, walkways & bicycle ways • Fuel efficiency measures • Vehicle I/M • Alternative fuels, • PPP for urban transport. etc. Green Buildings • Engineering, design & construction materials Waste-Water-reuse for urban agriculture practices • Water purification technologies, waste water treatment (ecological engineering: constructed wetlands for pre- treatment of urban run off water & river water) • Distributed sewage treatment systems, etc. Water Efficiency • Water saving devices • distribution efficiency • Zero leakage, • Waste water treatment, • Rain water harvesting, etc. Sustainable Farming Support Companies • Efficient water & nutrient management system • Water & nutrient delivery system • Biomass energy company • Energy efficient cultivating, harvesting, hauling equipment • Compost industry (e.g. Dhaka Community-based Composting System) • Roof top agriculture (urban greening) for food security Synthetic fibers/oil, bioplastics, materials from fiber by-products, composts, animal feeds, bio- chemical Energy service companies (energy audit, energy efficient system design /equipment manufacturing, specialty engg. services, etc.
- 17. Kawasaki Eco-Town where economy and environment are integrated to create sustainable business opportunities… R.V. Berkel and T. Fujita et. al.； Environmental Science & Technology(2009) Quantified material accounting for Symbiosis in Kawasaki http://nett21.gec.jp/Ecotowns/data/et_b-kawasaki.html 1. revitalization through environmental technologies accumulated in traditional industries 2. Industrial symbiosis through a regional network for resource reuse/recycling 3. local private companies take their own initiative in environmentally sound business operations and contribute to preventing local and global environmental pollution. 4. strong collaboration between R&D industries and private companies on environmental technologies 5. international cooperation in technology transfer Key Features of Kawasaki Eco-Town Source: SABURO KATO, Special Advisor to the Mayor of Kawasaki for International Environmental Policy, President of Research Institute for Environment and Society Formation of a Regional Network for Resource Recycling
- 18. MAFF Japan 2005; MAFF 2011 Case study: Oki town / Fukuoka Pref. (17,500 inhabitants): • Methane fermentation from household garbage • 166,209 kWh for self utilization • Production liquid fertilizer: 6000 tons per year • Fertilizing 100ha of paddy field • Reduction of 44% in house hold waste generation • Reduction of 20 million yen in incineration cost (Approx. 205,000 US$) per year • Generating new green jobs Zero waste system – Example-Biomass Town Concept, Oki Town, Japan Source: http://www2.gec.jp/gec/en/Activities/FY2009/ietc/wab/wab_day3-7.pdf
- 19. A Zero Waste Society is a low carbon society => every production, consumption, and waste management practice generates GHG from the process (directly) and through energy consumption (indirectly), but waste management policies do not often integrate climate consideration Restraints on waste generation (Reduce) Reuse Recycling Reduction of waste Reduction of necessary production volume Change to production process Alternative energy Reduction of waste for landfill Return to the environment Reduction of fuel oil used for incineration Reduction of energy consumption Reduction of fossil fuel consumption Reduction of methane generated at landfill sites Increase the amount of carbon stored in soil ReductionofGHGemission Source: MOEJ, 2009 Source: MoE-Japan
- 20. Adapted from Mr. Sinha, Waste concern presentation, Presented at Sixth Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific 2015 3R approach to organic waste: Waste to Resource to Economy Best Example of Replicate model developing countries 20
- 21. Zero Waste Society calls for advanced business opportunities in Nanotechnology (waste prevention/treatment/3Rs) Macroscopic Microscopic NANO Molecular Nanotechnology is the second coming of the industrial revolution that seizes the initiative of technology capital in the world. One of the main obstacles to achieving the goal will be to control, reduce, and ultimately eliminate environmental and environmental related problems associated with this technology; the success or failure of this new use may well depend on the ability to effectively and efficiently address these environmental issues. Source: Dr. Lou Theodore, July 2006 Symposium on Nanotechnology and the Environment: Waste Management of Nanomaterials: Biography Nano-remediation has been most widely used for groundwater treatment, with additional extensive research in wastewater treatment. Source: Theron, J.; J. A. Walker; T. E. Cloete (2008-01-01). "Nanotechnology and Water Treatment: Applications and Emerging Opportunities". Critical Reviews in Microbiology 34 (1): 43–69. doi:10.1080/10408410701710442. ISSN 1040-841X. Retrieved 2014- 07-29 Nanotechnology – the promise (nano market growth to 1 trillion € over the next 10 years) Fields of application potential: Membrane filtration (drinking and wastewater) Anti-microbial nanoparticles for disinfection and microbial control Removal of arsenic and heavy metals Nano sensors for water quality monitoring Nanomaterials during disposal/recycling Intrinsic Toxicity (for example Arsenic or Cadmium) Recyclability Properties such as thermal, mechanical, chemical properties of nano composites. Pure Nanomaterials Manufactured (e.g., Carbon Nanotubes) Nano By-products with organic or inorganic Liquid Suspensions Containing Nanomaterials Items Contaminated with Nanomaterials (e.g., Wipes/PPE) Solid matrixes with Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Waste Streams Source: Musee, N. Nanowastes and the environment: Potential new waste management paradigm. Environment International, 37: 112-128, 2011.
- 22. Zero Waste Society calls for advanced business opportunities in Green Chemistry (waste prevention/treatment/reduce) Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances in the manufacturing process. Aiming Making chemical products that do not harm either our health or the environment, Using industrial processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous chemicals, and Designing more efficient processes that minimize the production of waste materials and decreases the amount of non-renewable energy used. Reducing lead pollution Replacing lead in paint with safe alternatives, and Replacing tetraethyl lead with less toxic additives (e.g., “lead-free” gasoline). Chemical foams to fight fires A new foam called Pyrocol FEF has now been invented to put out fires effectively without producing the toxic substances found in other fire- fighting materials. Source:https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=green+chemistry+picture&rlz=1C1CAFB_enJP599JP599&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=oS6zVMiWJ4TMmwW4h4CQBg&ved=0CBwQsAQ#tbm=isch&q=green+chemistry+waste+management&imgdii=_& imgrc=KwaCBTS5Fh6KpM%253A%3B91_Mvy0GgJyXeM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgreenchemistry.yale.edu%252Fjavascript%252Ftinymce%252Fplugins%252Fimagemanager%252Ffiles%252FLogo_Greenchem__3.JPG%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgreenchemistry.yale.edu%252Fupcoming -events%3B686%3B568 Prevent waste rather than treating it Use renewable source of energy
- 23. • Partnerships offer alternatives in which governments and private companies assume co-responsibility and co- ownership for the delivery of solid waste management services. Waste disposal is expensive – financially and in lost resources (substantial inputs of labour, material, energy, land resources for land filling, etc. ). • Partnerships combine the advantages of the private sector (dynamism, access to financial resources and latest technologies, managerial efficiency, and entrepreneurial spirit, etc.) with social concerns and responsibility of the public sector (public health and better life, environmental awareness, local knowledge and job creation, etc. ). • Partnerships (PPP) are indispensable for creating and financing adaptation measures towards resilient cities which in turn are more attractive for private investments. • Partnerships provide win-win solutions both for the public utilities and private sector—if duly supported by appropriate policy frameworks. Such partnerships could lead to savings in municipal budgets where waste management usually consumes a large portion. The private sector, on the other hand, may use this opportunity to convert waste into environmentally friendly products and energy that could also serve as income generating opportunities. Partnership as the basis for moving towards a zero waste society / principles of IPLA – a SDG partnership
- 24. Adelaide 3R Declaration (6th Regional 3R Forum in Asia-Pacific, 2-4 Nov 2016) Towards the Promotion of Circular Economy in Achieving Resource Efficient Societies in Asia and the Pacific under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Promote inter-municipal or city-city cooperation Creating circular economic opportunities, green and new employment opportunities, ultimately contributing to the well-being of the local communities Provide necessary capacity building and support Human resource development, financing, knowledge and technical know-how for instituting circular economic development approaches Facilitate environmentally-sound management of wastes Appropriate treatment of disaster wastes, e-wastes, medical wastes etc.
- 25. Towards the Promotion of Circular Economy in Achieving Resource Efficient Societies in Asia and the Pacific under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Science and Innovation Technology Technology based culture in overall policy setting and development agendas Private sector and sustainable business opportunities 3R technologies are key enables for creating sustainable business opportunities Collaborative Research-Development and Projects To address resource efficiency related problems in industry sector, Government and international collaborative research projects in the areas of strengthening basic statistics, material flow and waste accounting and analysis, and material and waste footprint analysis and resource productivity analysis and Bilateral/multilateral cooperation Adelaide 3R Declaration (6th Regional 3R Forum in Asia-Pacific, 2-4 Nov 2016)
- 26. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ~3R / resource efficiency measures can provide many direct/indirect benefits to many SDGs . Source: Adapted from United Nations, 2015
- 27. Nairobi Mandate 2016 Addis Ababa Action Agenda 2015 Paris Agreement 2015 New Urban Agenda 2016 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Source: https://www.google.co.jp/search?rlz=1C1CAFB_enJP726JP726&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=638&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=paris+agreement+2015&oq=paris+agreement+2015&gs_l=img.3...29174.29974.0.30231.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.img..0.0.0.M3oYmouCebY#imgrc=U5U27HmOE EMNtM: https://www.google.co.jp/search?rlz=1C1CAFB_enJP726JP726&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=638&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=narobi+mandate+2016&oq=narobi+mandate+2016&gs_l=img.guatda.com/cmx.p12...0.0.0.15496.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c..64.img..0.0.0.qM1AFeGklRI#imgrc=nRazKnrmvp7rRM: https://www.google.co.jp/search?rlz=1C1CAFB_enJP726JP726&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=638&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=addis+ababa+action+agenda+2015&oq=addis+ababa+action+agenda+2015&gs_l=img.3...50949.63274.0.63590.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.img..0.0.0.wWv6eU0TNIo #imgrc=eJlpau4EMozMeM:
- 28. Welcome to 8th Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific Venue: International Convention Centre, Hyderabad, India Date: 18-21 December 2017 Co-organizers: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India; Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India; Ministry of the Environment, Japan; and UNCRD Theme: Achieving Clean Water, Clean Land and Clean Air through 3R and Resource Efficiency – A 21st Century Vision for Asia-Pacific Communities