Trachea+1
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The respiratory system has both conducting and respiratory zones. The conducting zone includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi which warm, moisten, and filter air. The respiratory zone includes bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and alveoli which perform gaseous exchange. Key structures include the nasal cavities with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, trachea with hyaline cartilage and submucosal glands, and alveoli lined by Type I and II cells that facilitate gas exchange through a thin membrane.
Trachea+1
- 3. FUNCTIONS AIR CONDUCTION AIR FILTRATION GASEOUS EXCHANGE SENSE OF SMELL PHONATION ENDOCRINE
- 4. CONDUCTING PART HYALINE CARTILAGE MUCOSA EPITHELIUM PSEUDOST. CILIATED COL./ St. Sq. Ciliated columnar, goblet, brush, Granule, basal Metaplasia, Smokers, Kartegner syndrome LAMINA PROPRIA
- 5. CONDUCTING PART RESPIRATORY PART NASAL CAVITIES RESPIRATORY NASO & BRONCHIOLES OROPHARYNX ALVEOLAR DUCTS LARYNX ALVEOLAR SACS TRACHEA ALVEOLI BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES
- 6. NASAL CAVITIES Two halves median nasal septum Nares & Choanae Roof, Floor, Medial & lateral wall Lateral wall, Choncha Mucosa Vestibule Respiratory segment Olfactory segment
- 8. VESTIBULE Anterior dilated part ST. Sq. E. with HAIR & SEBACOUS glands (traps larger particles) Post part– pseudostratified-- glands absent Filtration
- 9. RESPIRATORY SEGMENT LARGEST PART MEDIAL & LATERAL WALLS CONCHA MUCOSA (warms moistens & filters) EPITHELIUM PSEUDO STRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR WITH GOBLET CELLS LAMINA PROPRIA (vascular network capillary loops- engorged- swelling of mucosa , mucous glands with demilunes)
- 10. OLFACTORY SEGMENT ROOF YELLOWISH BROWN EPITHELIUM Bipolar APICAL & BASAL POLES APICAL dendritic olfactory vesicle & cilia BASAL axonal Supporting cells MECHANICAL & METABOLIC SUPORT Basal cells Brush cells Glands LAMINA PROPRIA Blood & lymph vessels, non myelinated & myelinated nerves & olfactory glands bowmans gland
- 12. TRACHEA
- 14. TRACHEA SHORT FLEXIBLE TUBE LOWER BORDER OF CRICOID TO STERNAL ANGLE 2.5cm / 10cm AIR PASSAGE & CONDITIONING OF AIR
- 15. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY MUCOSA SUBMUCOSA CARTILAGENOUS LAYER ADVENTITIA
- 16. MUCOSA EPITHELIUM ----RESPIRATORY CILIATED COLUMNAR GOBLET CELLS BRUSH CELLS BASAL CELLS GRANULE CELLS MAST CELLS & LYMPHOCYTES BASEMENT MEMBRANE THICKCh. cough. Cigerette smoking LAMINA PROPRIA--- LOOSE C.T. CELLULAR LYMPHOID TISSUE, ELASTIC FIBERS, ELASTIC MEMBRANE
- 17. SUB MUCOSA LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS TUBULOALVEOLAR MIXED POST. PART LARGER BLOOD VESSELS & LYMPHATIC DIFFUSED & NODULAR LYMPHOID TISSUE
- 18. CARTILAGE HYALINE NON ARTCULAR CARTILAGE PERICHONDRIUM FIBROUS CELLULAR LAYER ( chondrgenic cells) MATRIX GROUND SUBSTANCE, territorial & interterritorial > SO4 FIBER collagen type II, IX, X, XI CELLS CHONDROBLAST CHONDROCYTES LACUNAE
- 19. TRACHEAL CARTILAGE C SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGES TRACHEALIS
- 20. ADVENTITIA LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATICS, NERVES & ADIPOSE TISUE
- 21. CONDUCTING PART PRINCIPAL BRONCHI RIGHT & LEFT LOBAR OR SECONDRY BRONCHI 3 RIGHT, 2 LEFT SEGMENTAL OR TERTIARY BRONCHI BRONCHPULMONARY SEGMENT BRONCHIOLES--- TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES PULMONARY LOBULES
- 23. RESPIRATORY PART RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLAR SACS ALVEOLI
- 24. BRONCHI EXTRA PULMONARY BRONCHI STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO TRACHEA INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHI 5 LAYERS < DIAMETER MUCOSA EPITHELIUM < height of cells, < thickness of basement membrane LAMINA PROPRIA reduced rich in elastic fibers MUSCULARIS SUBMUCOSA CARTILAGE PLATES ADVENTITIA
- 26. BRONCHIOLES Conducting part < 5mm, no cartilage or glands pulmonary lobule Epithelium simple ciliated columnar < goblet cells, Thick layer of smooth muscle Submucosa no glands No cartilage Terminal bronchioles pulmonary acinus, simple cuboidal epithelium, clara cells
- 27. CLARA CELLS NONCILIATED CELLS WITH A ROUNDED UPPER PART CONTAINING SECRETORY GRANULES SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT –luminal adhesion CCI6 ---pulmonary marker
- 28. RESPIRATORY BRONCIOLES TRANSITIONAL ZONE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM INITIALLY ciliated, granule & brush LATER CLARA CELLS SCATTERED ALVEOLI
- 30. ALVEOLAR DUCTS LINEAR DUCTS LINED BY ALVEOLI, SMOOTH MUSCLE DISSAPPEAR ONLY ELASTIC & RETICULAR FIBERS
- 31. ALVEOLAR SACS CLUSTER OF ALVEOLI SHARING A COMMON OPENING
- 32. PULMONARY ALVEOLI Thin epithelium resting on a basal lamina Type I 95% SIMPLE Sq. occluding junctions TYPE II 5% CUBOIDAL SURFACTANT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES TAR BODIES, HEART FAILURE CELLS
- 35. INTER ALVEOLAR SEPTUM LINNING CELLS OF ADJACENT ALVEOLI & INTERVENING STRUCTURES EPI, B.L.—C.T.—B.L., EPI COLLAGEN & ELASTIC FIBERS FIXED & FREE CELLS CAPILLARIES
- 36. PULMONARY CAPILLARIES THIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS CAVEOLE CLEAR & THROMBI METABOLISM OF CHYLOMICRONS ANGIOTENSIN I—II THROMBOPLASTIN, PROSTAGLANDIN INACTIVATE SEROTININ
- 37. ALVEOLAR PORES PORES OF KOHN, 10– 15 micrometer, OBST. LUNG DISEASE
- 38. ALVEOLAR MEMBRANE GASSEOUS EXCANGE THICK & THIN PART EPI.– B/L. C.T. B/L. ENDOTHELIUM
- 40. BLOOD SUPPLY PULMONARY ARTERY--- CAPILLARIES-- VEINS BRONCHIOLAR ARTERIES---VEINS