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- 3. Trait Approach of Personality • Personality is viewed in terms of several traits. • O Trait – Relatively permanent consistent general • behaviour pattern that an individual exhibits In most • situation. • O Basic Units of ones personality • O Discovered through observing behaviour in variety • situation • O Can be inborn or developed • O Consistently directs the behaviour
- 4. • Trait Theories • A. Allport’s Theory • B. Cattell’s Theory • Eysenck’s Theory
- 5. • Allport’s Theory of Personality • O Trait in Allport’s view - Basic Unit of Personality • O Used the term personal disposition to represent • trait • O A trait is more generalized than a habits • O A trait is dynamic or at least deterministic in • behaviour • O A trait’s existence may be established empirically • O A trait is only relatively independent from other • traits
- 6. • Allport distinguished three types of traits : • 1. Cardinal Trait • 2. Central Trait • 3. Secondary Trait
- 7. • According to Allport “Personality is the dynamic • organization within the individual of those psychophysical • systems that determine his unique adjustment • ment to his environment”. • O Personality is an organized whole • O Includes two system • 1. Psychological • 2. Physical • O Each individual behaves in his own way so • adjustment is unique
- 8. • Cardinal Traits • O Primary traits • O So dominant in personal disposition that • they colour every aspect of ones behaviour • O Very rare • O Only a few people possess them • O It is reflects each and only activity of the • individual • O Over rule other traits
- 9. • Central Traits • O General characteristics that form the basic • foundation of the personality • O Not dominating as cardinal • O Characteristics which can be used to • describe one’s personality • O Eg. Honesty, kindness etc
- 10. • Secondary Traits • O Not dominant as cardinal or central traits • O Characteristics related to one’s performance • and attitude • O Appear only in some situations • O Relatively weak • O Eg : anxious to speak to mass
- 11. • Cattell’s Theory of Personality • O Cattell - Propounder of the trait theory of • personality • O Basic structural element is the trait. • O He defined trait “as a structure of • personality inferred from the behavior in • different situations.”
- 12. • He classified traits in four categories: • 1. Common traits • 2. Unique traits • 3. Surface traits • 4. Source traits
- 13. • Common traits : • O Common traits found widely distributed in • general population • O It may be honesty, cooperation, aggression • Etc • Unique traits : • O Unique traits possessed by particular • persons as temperamental traits, emotional • reaction, and energy etc. • O These are distinctive • O unique to a person • O act as the basis for individual difference.
- 14. • Surface traits : • O Surface traits which can be easily • recognized by overt manifestation of • behavior like curiosity, tactfulness, integrity, dependability • Source traits : • O Source traits determine the behavior of the • individual. • O These are underlying structures or sources • that determine behavior such as dominance • and emotionality. • O These traits cannot be seen directly or • externally in the behavior of an individual. • O source trait is more important than surface • traits.
- 15. • Cattell compiled a list of 17000 personality • traits & develops subsequent modifications • through his psychological research. He • found 35 surface traits. • O Later Through the process of factor analysis, • he identified 16 source traits, which are • called 16 personality factors.
- 16. • Cattell postulated his formula for the • analysis of behaviour / response • R = S1 T1+S2 T2 +S3 T3+…....+Sn Tn • R = Behaviour / Response • T = Source Trait • S = the importance of the trait for that • response
- 17. • Behavior Through factor analysis approach, he emphasized the importance of interaction between hereditary and environment influences in personality development.
- 18. • Eysenck’s Theory of • Personality: • O Eysenck’s Theory of Personality Argued • against sociological theories. • O Criminal behavior resulted from an • interaction of environment and biology. • O Based on biology. Personality = • Temperament (inborn/genetic) Focused on • the functioning of the: Central nervous • system Autonomic nervous system
- 19. • Three dimensions: • Three dimensions Actually argued for 4 • dimensions: • 1. 'g' (general intelligence) • 2. Extraversion • 3. Neuroticism • 4. Psychoticism • Most emphasis on Neuroticism and • Extraversion (Psychoticism was added later) • Orthogonal constructs on a continuum.
- 20. • Stable ,Neurotic, Extraverted- Introverted, • Ambiverts ,Central NS, Peripheral NS, • Sanguine ,Phlegmatic ,Choleric ,Melancholic • O Tough-Minded Tender-Minded Psychoticism • No nervous system mechanism associated
- 21. • Extraversion - Introversion: • Extraversion - Introversion Normal • distribution in the population where as 68% • are ambiverts • 16% in each extreme Reflects 'need for • stimulation'. Extraverts like excitement, • become bored more easily, welcome the • unconventional Similar but not identical to • pop culture term 'extrovert'.
- 22. • Neuroticism - Stable • Normal distribution. Most in average range; • 16% at each extreme. • Also called ‘emotionality’. • 'biological predisposition to react • physiologically to stressful events'.
- 23. • Psychoticism: • Psychoticism Is not the same as 'psychosis' • No established physiological mechanism but • testosterone, monoamine oxidase and • serotonin may be involved. • Similar to Primary Psychopathy Cold cruelty, • social insensitivity, dislike of others, • attraction to the ‘unusual.
- 24. • The Big Five personality Model • O The big five personality dimensions provide a • very broad overview of someone’s personality. • O The big five was originally derived in 1970
- 25. • Personality is usually broken into components • called the big five, which are: • 1. Openness to experience • 2. Conscientiousness • 3. Extraversion • 4. Agreeableness • 5. Neuroticism
- 27. • Openness • O This trait features characteristics such as • imagination and insight. • O People who are high in this trait also tend to • have a broad range of interests. • O They are curious about the world and other • people and eager to learn new things and enjoy • new experiences. • O People who are high in this trait tend to be more • adventurous and creative. • O People low in this trait are often much more • traditional and may struggle with abstract • thinking.
- 28. • Conscientiousness • O Standard features of this dimension include • high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse • control, and goal-directed behaviors. • O Highly conscientious people tend to be • organized and mindful of details. • O They plan ahead, think about how their • behavior affects others, and are mindful of • deadlines.
- 29. • Extraversion • O Extraversion (or extroversion) is characterized by • excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, • and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. • O People who are high in extraversion are outgoing and • tend to gain energy in social situations. • O Being around other people helps them feel energized • and excited. • O People who are low in extraversion (or introverted) tend • to be more reserved and have less energy to expend in • social settings. • O Social events can feel draining and introverts often • require a period of solitude and quiet in order to • "recharge."
- 30. • Agreeableness • O This personality dimension includes • attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, • affection, and other prosocial behaviors. • O People who are high in agreeableness tend • to be more cooperative while those low in • this trait tend to be more competitive and • sometimes even manipulative.
- 31. • Neuroticism • O Neuroticism is a trait characterized by • sadness, moodiness, and emotional • instability. • O Individuals who are high in this trait tend to • experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, • and sadness. • O Those low in this trait tend to be more stable • and emotionally resilient.