Trigeminal nerve

Editor's Notes

• #33: The Ciliary Ganglion (ophthalmic or lenticular ganglion) (Figs. 775, 777).—The ciliary ganglion is a small, sympathetic ganglion, of a reddish-gray color, and about the size of a pin’s head; it is situated at the back part of the orbit, in some loose fat between the optic nerve and the Rectus lateralis muscle, lying generally on the lateral side of the ophthalmic artery.Its roots are three in number, and enter its posterior border. One, the long or sensory root, is derived from the nasociliary nerve, and joins its postero-superior angle. The second, the short or motor root, is a thick nerve (occasionally divided into two parts) derived from the branch of the oculomotor nerve to the Obliquus inferior, and connected with the postero-inferior angle of the ganglion. The motor root is supposed to contain sympathetic efferent fibers (preganglionic fibers) from the nucleus of the third nerve in the mid-brain to the ciliary ganglion where they form synapses with neurons whose fibers (postganglionic) pass to the Ciliary muscle and to Sphincter muscle of the pupil. The third, the sympathetic root, is a slender filament from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic; it is frequently blended with the long root. According to Tiedemann, the ciliary ganglion receives a twig of communication from the sphenopalatine ganglion.Its branches are the short ciliary nerves. These are delicate filaments, from six to ten in number, which arise from the forepart of the ganglion in two bundles connected with its superior and inferior angles; the lower bundle is the larger. They run forward with the ciliary arteries in a wavy course, one set above and the other below the optic nerve, and are accompanied by the long ciliary nerves from the nasociliary. They pierce the sclera at the back part of the bulb of the eye, pass forward in delicate grooves on the inner surface of the sclera, and are distributed to the Ciliaris muscle, iris, and cornea. Tiedemann has described a small branch as penetrating the optic nerve with the arteriacentralisretinæ.
• #40: During administration of local anesthesia – prilocaine & atricaine causes long term paresthesia.
• #44: Detailed and sound knowledge of the microsurgical anatomy of Meckel's cave, which borders on surgically important structures, such as the internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus, is essential to performing precise microneurosurgery in this region. This study describes the complex anatomy of Meckel's cave and surrounding structures to provide the knowledge needed to devise a more complete surgical strategy and establish accurate orientation during the surgical procedure.
• #45: For PBC Mullanpercutaneous trigeminal ganglion microcompression set (Cook Vascular Inc., US) was used. Patient was positioned supine on the operating table. Procedures were done in general anesthesia with a short-acting anesthetic agent. X-ray control of pyramid and foramen ovale was performed. A specially designed 14-gauge needle with thin stylet was passed 6 cm into the depth towards foramen ovale through entry point located 2.5 cm lateral to the corner of the mouth (Figure 1). Foramen ovale was entered with dull tip of stylet. X-ray control of needle position was made and the balloon catheter was introduced through the needle and navigated into Meckel’s cave. The position of tip was confirmed by using a C-arm fluoroscopic image intensifier in both anteroposterior and lateral views. About 1 mL of water-soluble contrast (iohexol) was injected to inflate the balloon, until ideal pear shape of the balloon was acquired (Figure 2). The duration of inflation depended upon the duration of the disease (longer course of disease, longer time of inflation). After one to five minutes the balloon was deflated and the needle and catheter were removed simultaneously. Firm pressure was applied to the cheek for some minutes. The patients were discharged after an overnight stay.
• #47: Creation of large antrostomies, however, is now a somewhat controversial topic amongst rhinologists. A competing technology to the creation of large surgical drainage openings was popularized by Ruben Setliff and is referred to as “small hole” or “small fenestra” surgery. Also, the development of balloon technologies to expand natural sinus drainage tracts has been recently refined which have a theoretical advantage of requiring less sinus surgical disruption to achieve improvement of chronic sinusitis symptoms. One of the new balloon technologies actually uses a Caldwell-Luc approach to place the balloon through a small incision in the gum under the upper lip much as described in the original operation. The advantage of the Caldwell-Luc approach in this setting is that it allows a more direct approach to the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus for balloon placement using endoscopic instrumentation and causes less disruption of the ethmoid sinus anatomy.
• #50: Axial CT scan slices, from top to bottom. A. Upper part of the maxillarysinus.B,C, slightly below A: the septum (straight arrow ) starts from the lateral sinuswall. Within it the infraorbital nerve (curved arrow) .D: lower portion of the sinus , withoutseptum. CT parameters in both cases were the following: 64 slices MDCT , 0625 mmthin slices, 100 kV, 50 mA resulting in patient 1 in a CTD/vol of 2,74 mGy, DLP 37,5 mGycmand 1,5 mSev
• #56: The incidence of prolonged sensitivity disturbances has been reported to be less than 4%, and they do not seem to bother the patients.
• #71: revealed a unilateral dumbbell-shaped tumor, extending into both the middle and posterior fossa, centred over Meckel's cave.
• #77: SymptomsSturge–Weber syndrome is manifested at birth by seizures accompanied by a large port-wine stain birthmark on the forehead and upper eyelid of one side of the face. The birthmark can vary in color from light pink to deep purple and is caused by an overabundance of capillaries around the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, just under the surface of the face. There is also malformation of blood vessels in the pia mater overlying the brain on the same side of the head as the birthmark. This causes calcification of tissue and loss of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. Neurological symptoms include seizures that begin in infancy and may worsen with age. Convulsions usually happen on the side of the body opposite the birthmark and vary in severity. There may be muscle weakness on the same side.[clarification needed] Some children will have developmental delays and mental retardation; about 50% will have glaucoma (optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure), which can be present at birth or develop later. Increased pressure within the eye can cause the eyeball to enlarge and bulge out of its socket (buphthalmos). Sturge–Weber syndrome rarely affects other body organs.
• #82: Potential causes of cavernous sinus syndrome include metastatic tumors, direct extension of nasopharyngeal tumors, meningioma, pituitary tumors or pituitary apoplexy, aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery, cavernous-carotid arteriovenous fistula, bacterial infection causing cavernous sinus thrombosis, aseptic thrombosis, idiopathic granulomatous disease (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome), and fungal infections. Cavernous sinus syndrome is a medical emergency, requiring prompt medical attention, diagnosis, and treatment
• #94: Syringobulbia is a medical condition when syrinxes, or fluid filled cavities, affect the brainstem. This defect normally results from congenital abnormality, trauma or tumor growth.Syringomyelia ( /sɪˌrɪŋɡɵmaɪˈiːliə/) is a generic term referring to a disorder in which a cyst or cavity forms within the spinal cord. This cyst, called a syrinx, can expand and elongate over time, destroying the spinal cord. The damage may result in pain, paralysis, weakness,[1] and stiffness in the back, shoulders, and extremities. Syringomyelia may also cause a loss of the ability to feel extremes of hot or cold, especially in the hands. The disorder generally leads to a cape-like loss of pain and temperature sensation along the back and arms. Each patient experiences a different combination of symptoms. These symptoms typically vary depending on the extent and, often more critically, to the location of the syrinx within the spinal cord.