Twist Parameters "Roughness Measurement"
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The document discusses the evolution and standards of twist measurement in shaft sealing applications, primarily highlighting the advancements made since Daimler's development of a uniform evaluation method in 1997. It outlines the technical specifications for measuring twist parameters, including various types of twist and appropriate measurement methods, alongside updates introduced in 2009. Additionally, it details the practical implications of these measurements in manufacturing processes, emphasizing the importance of surface texture in ensuring effective sealing functions.
![Twist parameters
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Twist parameters
Twist angle Dγ [º]
Angle between the peripheral direction and a twist structure.
The angle is oriented to the right (+ sign) when the direction of the
structure is from bottom right to top left. The angle is oriented to the
left (- sign) when the direction of the structure is from bottom left to
top right.
Twist depth Dt [µm]
Maximum vertical dimension between the wave peak and the wave
alley of the calculated twist surface.
Number of threads DG
Number of periods in peripheral direction referenced to 360°.
Theoretical supply cross section DF [µm2
]
Cross-sectional area of a period length in an axial section of the twist
surface.
Theoretical supply cross section DF per turn DFu [µm2
/U]
Cross-sectional area of a period length in an axial section of the twist
surface, multiplied by the number of threads.
Period length DP [mm]
Distance between two successive wave peaks or wave valleys in axial
direction.
Contact length in percent DLu [%]
A measure for the theoretical enclosure of the shaft surface in periphe-
ral direction by the sealing lip contact surface as a ratio of the total cir-
cumference. The calculation is made in a cutting depth corresponding
to a material ratio of the twist surface of 80 %.
The basis for determining the twist parameters is the measured
and accordingly filtered and calculated twist surface.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/twistparametersen-150908221833-lva1-app6891/85/Twist-Parameters-Roughness-Measurement-10-320.jpg)
Twist Parameters "Roughness Measurement"
- 1. Jenoptik twist measuring systems - Twist measurement in practice
- 2. 2 Dynamically stressed seals place high demands on the surface texture of a shaft at the point of contact with the sealing lip of the radial shaft seal. The sealing function between the radial shaft seal and the shaft is highly complex. There are a number of different functional requirements, a wide range of media to be sealed and different sealing rings. Many parts are manufactured by suppliers and must be specified accordingly. Until 1997 no uniform, objective, function-specific, reliable means of evaluation for the shaft side sealing surface was available to manu- facturers. Common test methods were microscopic evaluations of the surface texture, use of the thread running method, or testing the part on a leak test bench. Daimler developed the first uniformly applicable metrological evaluation for twist metrology in 1997. This was based on three factors: three- dimensional measurement of the surface, evaluation of the characteri- stics relevant to the tightness, and defining the appropriate parameters. Jenoptik has since added twist (lead angle) evaluations as an optional feature in all form and surface measuring instruments. A revised version of twist metrology has now been available since 2009. This second generation twist metrology offers optimized evaluation algorithms, additional twist parameters and a uniform representation of both the graphical and numerical measurement results. The technical details are defined in the Mercedes-Benz 2009 standard MBN 31 007-7, which replaces the first generation evaluation method, the last version of which dates back to 2002. This brochure has been written to give the reader a practical overview of twist metrology and provide you with an aid for daily measuring routines. By kind permission of Dipl. Ing. Tobias Hercke, Daimler AG, Stuttgart - Untertürkheim. Twist measurement Twist measurement with Jenoptik
- 3. 3 Twist structure and twist types Twist structure/types and dressing twist Twist is a surface characteristic occurring over the entire area of rotati- on-symmetrical surfaces with a sealing function. A twist structure exhibits continuous or interrupted threads in an area along the peripheral direction which includes the angle zero, a few arc minutes, a few degrees and also large angles in high-thread structures. A distinction is made between macro and micro twist due to the diffe- ring occurrence and formation. Different methods are used for the evaluation of macro and micro twist. Dressing twist Cause: The structure applied to the grinding disc with constant feed during the dressing process is transferred to the workpiece. Axial periodic, single or multi-thread structure surrounding at an angle
- 4. 4 Zero twist periodic/non-periodic Zero twist periodic Cause: The structure applied to the grinding disc with constant feed during the dressing process is transferred to the workpiece by the imbalance of the grinding disc. Special form of the dressing twist with twist angle Dγ = 0. The threads are exactly in peripheral direction and they close. Zero twist non-periodic Cause: The structure applied to the grinding disc with inconstant or no feed during the dressing process is transferred to the workpiece. Non-periodic, surrounding structure with twist angle Dγ = 0.
- 5. 5 Feed and offset twist Feed twist Cause: The defined or undefined cutting edge will form an image on the surface depending on the feed (e.g. turning, rotary grinding). Periodic, single thread structure surrounding at an angle with the periodic length of the feed. Offset twist Cause: Parallelism deviation of grinding disc axis and workpiece axis. This relates to the micro twist. The micro twist structure is uniform across the workpiece circumference. It is therefore sufficient to record an adequately large measuring area in relation to the microstructure. The measurement of micro twist structures requires high resolution, area measuring optical methods.
- 6. 6 Measuring method Measuring method An adequate number of measured data across a defined circumference and axis area of the sealing surface under inspection is required to evaluate macro twist structures. In order to reliably determine the processing structure, the lateral reso- lution in the axial direction must be higher than in peripheral direction. Axial measurement conditions The profile method of the roughness metrology is used as a basis for measuring the surface texture. A probe system with independent datum must be used in order to be able to measure wavinesses correctly also. Evaluation length: 2 mm1) Perm. radial run-out deviation: 20 µm Measuring point distance: 0.5 µm Filter λs: λs = aus Measurement speed: ≤ 0.5 mm/sec Stylus tip radius: 2 µm or 5 µm 1) In periodic length range 0.02 mm to 0.4 mm (5x upper period length) The permissible parallelism deviation of workpiece axis and traverse axis is 10 µm. Radial measurement conditions Measurement grid 1: For evaluating threads ≤ 15: Angular range: 360° Angle step: 5° Number of measurements: 72 Measurement grid 2: For evaluating threads > 15: Angular range: 36° Angle step: 0.5° Number of measurements: 72
- 7. Measuring instruments 7 Measuring systems Both roughness or form measuring systems can be adapted to twist measurement. They measure roughness according to standards and have a precision rotation axis for area measurement of the surface tex- ture. The accuracy of the measuring systems is inspected with specific twist standards for the parameters Dt, DG, DP. Twist measurement with the com- bined form and roughness measuring system HOMMEL-ETAMIC roundscan Twist measurement with the CNC controlled roughness measuring sta- tion HOMMEL-ETAMIC wavemove Set of twist standards for verification of the twist measuring system. Calibrated parameters: Dt, DP, DG, Dγ.
- 8. www.jenoptik.com/metrology 1005499308/2014Copyright©JENOPTIKIndustrialMetrologyGermanyGmbH.Allrightsreserved.Subjecttochangewithoutnotice. Our service range Metrology Tactile metrology Pneumatic metrology Optical metrology Product range Roughness measurement Contour measurement Form measurement Optical shaft measurement Dimensional measurement Optical surface inspection Inspection process In-process Post-process PLC Final inspection Measuring room Service System solutions DAkkS-DKD calibration service Consulting, training and service Global market presence.
- 9. Evaluation method 9 Evaluation method After recording the measured data, the profile data are prepared in the pre-processing for determination of the periodic structures. The periodic structures are evaluated as standard in the period length range 0.02 mm to 0.4 mm. The twist profile is then calculated from the 5 strongest frequencies of the power density spectrum and from this the parameters. Twist profile calculated from raw data record.
- 10. Twist parameters 10 Twist parameters Twist angle Dγ [º] Angle between the peripheral direction and a twist structure. The angle is oriented to the right (+ sign) when the direction of the structure is from bottom right to top left. The angle is oriented to the left (- sign) when the direction of the structure is from bottom left to top right. Twist depth Dt [µm] Maximum vertical dimension between the wave peak and the wave alley of the calculated twist surface. Number of threads DG Number of periods in peripheral direction referenced to 360°. Theoretical supply cross section DF [µm2 ] Cross-sectional area of a period length in an axial section of the twist surface. Theoretical supply cross section DF per turn DFu [µm2 /U] Cross-sectional area of a period length in an axial section of the twist surface, multiplied by the number of threads. Period length DP [mm] Distance between two successive wave peaks or wave valleys in axial direction. Contact length in percent DLu [%] A measure for the theoretical enclosure of the shaft surface in periphe- ral direction by the sealing lip contact surface as a ratio of the total cir- cumference. The calculation is made in a cutting depth corresponding to a material ratio of the twist surface of 80 %. The basis for determining the twist parameters is the measured and accordingly filtered and calculated twist surface.
- 11. 11 Drawing entries The drawing note uses the basic symbol for specification of surface parameters. The measuring conditions and limit values depend on the component, the functional application and the type of radial shaft sealing ring. The focus of twist drawing entries is on the macro twist parameters. Validity range The validity range is the period length range specified by the drawing entry in which the twist parameters are evaluated. Twist types outside the validity range are not evaluated. The validity range is indicated in front of the toleranced twist parameter, separated by an oblique stroke. The smallest period length that can be evaluated is 0.02 mm. If the validity range is intended to begin at this lower default limit value, this value must be omitted in the drawing note and only the upper limit value is specified. If no validity range is specified in the drawing, 0.02 mm to 0.4 mm applies as a default for the validity range. Drawing entries according to ISO 1302:2002 surface parameter with numeric value in µm second requirement (surface parameter in µm) production method specification of valley direction machining allowance in mm The specifications in the product docu- mentation (e.g. drawing) follow the rules according to ISO 1302:2002 using graphic symbols and additional texts. The basic definitions are as follows: a b c d e Drawing entries
- 12. Entry for ground surfaces 12 Entry for ground surfaces The tolerance values for the twist parameters are determined depen- dent on the twist angle. Larger limit values are generally permissible for zero twist types. The measurement and evaluation conditions, especially the evaluation length and the validity range, have a great effect on the parameter type. These specifications should therefore be part of the drawing specifications. Rz must be between 1 µm and 4 µm. Evaluation length 4 mm with 5 sampling lengths and cut off 0.8 mm. Rz must be between 1 µm and 4 µm. Evaluation length 4 mm with 5 sampling lengths and cut off 0.8 mm. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 For the twist angle Dγ = 0º the twist depth Dt may not exceed 0.8 µm (validity range 0.02 mm to 0.4 mm). For the twist angle Dγ ≠ 0º the twist depth Dt may not exceed 0.5 µm (validity range 0.02 mm to 0.4 mm). For the twist angle Dγ = 0° the twist depth Dt may not exceed 0.6 µm (validity range 0.02 mm to 0.25 mm). For the twist angle Dγ = 0° the twist depth Dt may not exceed 1.0 µm (validity range 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm). For the twist angle Dγ ≠ 0° the twist depth Dt may not exceed 0.3 µm (validity range 0.02 mm to 0.25 mm). For the twist angle Dγ ≠ 0° the twist depth Dt may not exceed 0.8 µm (validity range 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm).
- 13. Entry for turned, rolled and roller burnished surfaces 13 Entry for turned, rolled and roller burnished surfaces For these production methods, a tolerance specification for the twist angle, i.e. the orientation of the processing structure, is often suffici- ent. Rz must be between 1 µm and 4 µm. Evaluation length 4 mm with 5 sampling lengths and cut off 0.8 mm. Rz must be between 1 µm and 4 µm. Evaluation length 4 mm with 5 sampling lengths and cut off 0.8 mm.1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 The twist angle Dγ must be greater than 0º, right orientation specified. No validity range specified so that the standard case of 0.02 mm to 0.4 mm applies, axial evaluation length 2 mm (5 x upper limit of the validity range). The twist angle Dγ must be smaller than 0º, left orientation specified. Validity range from 0.02 mm to 0.3 mm. The twist depth Dt may not exceed 1.5 µm. Validity range from 0.02 mm to 0.3 mm. The period length DP must not exceed 0.1 mm. Validity range from 0.02 mm to 0.3 mm. Twist measurement (2nd to 4th line): axial evaluation length = 1.5 mm (5 x upper limit of the validity range).
- 14. TwistLive® quick twist measurement method The measured value recording for the twist measurement requires 72 profiles. This means a measuring time of approx.15 minutes depending on the measuring instrument. The TwistLive® quick twist test is based on the measuring method described above and contains a specially developed evaluation method for reducing the measuring time. The resulting twist structure is upda- ted and the twist parameters calculated after every recorded mea- surement here. The result of the observed parameter stabilizes as the measurement progresses. When the specified stability criterion is reached, the measurement is ended. This is typically the case after approx. 25-30 % of the nominally necessary measurements. The required measuring time is therefore typically reduced to about 5 minutes. Example measurement twist depth Dt. After 12 measurements, the final value is stable within 1.5 %. Advantages: • 100 % compatible with the standard MBN 31 007-7 in the 2009 version • Measuring time reduction typically 70-75 % • Live display of the results during the measurement Quick twist measurement method 14