types and uses of Doors and windows in building construction
- 2. INDEX Location of Doors and Windows Definition of Technical Terms Sizes of Doors and Windows Types of Doors Types of Windows
- 3. LOCATIONS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS There should be minimum number of doors in a room so as avoid obstruction. The door should be so located such that when opened, it shall not obstruct the required width of passage way. Doors should not be located at the centre of a long wall but should be located near the corner of wall nearly 20cm away from the corner. In case if there are two doors in a room, these should be located in opposite walls so that good ventilation & free circulation of air can take place. The location of door should meet the functional requirements of the room.
- 4. LOCATIONS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS In general size of the door should be such that if two persons walking shoulder to shoulder should conveniently pass through the doors. Windows should be located opposite to each other or opposite to door wherever possible to achieve cross ventilation. For fresh air & maximum light, window should be located in the prevailing directions of wind or on northern side. The height of sill of windows from floor level should be 0.75m. Cont…..
- 5. LOCATIONS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS The minimum area of windows should be 1/10th of the floor area of the room for hot-dry climate & 1/6th of the floor area for hot-wet climate. The number & sizes of windows depends on the type of building, privacy, required, ventilation & light requirements. The location of windows depends, on the internal arrangements of the rooms.
- 6. TECHNICAL TERMS FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal & vertical members, forming an enclosure, to which shutters are fixed. SHUTTERS:- These are the openable parts of a door or window. HEAD:- This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame. SILL:- This is the bottom or lowermost horizontal part of window frame. HORN:-The horizontal projection of head or sill beyond the face of the frame. It is usually 10 to 15 cm.
- 7. TECHNICAL TERMS STYLE:- It is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door or window. TOP RAIL:- This is the top most horizontal member of the shutter. LOCK RAIL:- It is the middle horizontal member of the shutter where locking arrangement is provided. BOTTOM RAIL:- This is the lower most horizontal member of the shutter. HOLD FASTS:- It is a mild steel flats, generally bent into Z-shape, to fix the frame to the opening. The horizontal length of hold fast is kept about 20 cm and is embedded in the masonry.
- 8. TECHNICAL TERMS TRANSOM:- This is the horizontal member which is employed to sub-divide window horizontally. MULLION:- This is the vertical member which is employed to sub-divide window vertically.
- 9. DOOR FRAME
- 10. WINDOW FRAME
- 11. SIZES OF DOORS & WINDOWS DOORS RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:- EXTERNAL DOOR 2.1M INTERNAL DOOR 2.0M :- 1.0M X 2.0M TO 1.1M X :- 0.9M X 2.0M TO 1.0M X DOORS FOR CLOSETS BATHROOMS AND WATER :- 0.7M X 2.0M TO 0.8M X 2.0M GARAGES FOR CARS:- 2.25M X 2.25M TO 2.25 TO 2.40 M
- 12. SIZES OF DOORS & WINDOWS DS:- DOORS HAVING SINGLE SHUTTER DT:- DOORS HAVING DOUBLE SHUTTER SR. NO DESIGNATI ON SIZE OF OPENINGS (MM) 1. 8 DS 20 800 X 2000 2. 8 DS 21 800 X 2100 3. 9 DS 20 900 X 2000 4. 10 DT 20 1000 X 2000 5. 11 DT 21 1100 X 2100 6. 12 DT 20 1200 X 2000
- 13. SIZES OF DOORS & WINDOWS WINDOWS WS:- WINDOW HAVING SINGLE SHUTTER WT:- WINDOW HAVING DOUBLE SHUTTER SR. NO DESIGNATION SIZE OF OPENINGS (MM) 1. 6 WS 12 600 X 1200 2. 10 WT 12 1000 X 1200 3. 12 WT 12 1200 X 1200 4. 6 WS 13 600 X 1300 5. 10 WT 13 1000 X 1300
- 14. BATTENED & LEDGED DOOR These doors consist of vertical boards called battens which are nailed or screwed to the horizontal members called ledges. Generally the battens are about 100 to 150 mm wide and 20 to 30 mm thick. Doors made with narrow battens like these have a better appearance. It is better to use boards which are up to 30 cm wide. These wider boards are less likely to twist and warp at the ends. The boards should be well seasoned so that they won't crack at the ends.
- 15. BATTENED & LEDGED DOOR The ledges should be as long as possible to prevent cupping of the battens and to provide a solid attachment. The ledges are usually 100 to 200 mm thick and 25 to 30 mm thick. When this construction is used for an external door, the tops of the ledges should be beveled. The ledged and battened door is the simplest type of door. It is often used for narrow openings. It is relatively cheap unfortunately it tends to weight. to construct, but sag because of its
- 17. BATTENED, LEDGED & BRACED DOOR This is a ledged and battened door to which braces have been added to prevent sagging . These braces must slope upwards from the hinge edge of the door and they are housed with a skew notch into the ledges. The skew notch helps to distribute the force from the weight of the door so that the ledges have an even pressure on them. This type of door construction may be used for large openings because of its greater strength.
- 18. BATTENED, LEDGED & BRACED DOOR
- 19. FRAMED AND PANELLED DOOR The styles are continuous from top to bottom i.e. they are in single piece. Various rails are jointed to the styles at the bottom. The entire frame is grooved on all the inside faces to receive the panels. The minimum width of style is kept as 100 mm. the minimum width of bottom rail and lock rail is kept as 100 mm.
- 20. PANELED DOOR
- 22. GLAZED DOOR
- 23. FLUSH DOOR The flush door consists of a frame which has stiles(a), top and bottom rails (b & c) and top narrow intermediate rails (d). It is covered on each side by a sheet of plywood (e). When two additional members are placed between the rails (g) a pane of glass can be set in them to provide additional light for the room. Sometimes flush doors for the outside of the building are covered on one or both sides by sheets of thin metal usually aluminum or galvanized iron.
- 24. FLUSH DOOR Well seasoned wood is used for the frame. Plywood-covered flush doors cannot be used where they will be exposed to rain and sun. There are two types of flush doors Solid Core Flush Door or Laminated Core Flush Door. Hollow and Cellular Core Flush Door
- 25. FLUSH DOOR
- 26. FLUSH DOOR
- 27. LOUVERED DOOR Louvered Doors permit free ventilation through them and at the same time maintain the privacy of the room. However, these doors dust which is very difficult to be cleaned. These doors are generally used for bath rooms of residential and public buildings. The door may either be louvered to its full height or it may be partly louvered and partly panelled as shown in fig. The louvers are arranged at such an inclination that vision is obstructed while they permit free passage of air.
- 28. LOUVERED DOOR
- 29. LOUVERED DOOR
- 30. REVOLVING DOOR Such doors are provided only in public buildings such as libraries, museums, banks etc. where there are constant visitors. Such door provide entrance to the one and exit to the other person simultaneously, and close automatically when not in use. This door also suitable for air-conditioned buildings or for building situated at a place where strong breeze blow throughout the year. The door consists of centrally placed mullion to which four radiating shutters are attached, as shown in fig.
- 31. REVOLVING DOOR
- 32. REVOLVING DOOR
- 33. COLLAPSIBLE DOOR
- 34. COLLAPSIBLE DOOR
- 35. SLIDING DOOR
- 38. WINDOW S
- 39. FIXED WINDOW
- 40. PIVOTED WINDOW In this windows, the shutter are allowed to swing round pivots fixed to the window frame. The shutter can swing or rotate either horizontally or vertically.
- 41. PIVOTED WINDOW
- 42. PIVOTED WINDOW
- 43. DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW This type of window consists of frame and pair of shutters, arranged one above the other. The shutter can slide vertically within the grooves provided in window frame. By provision of sliding, cleaned effectively and the window can be at the same time ventilation can be controlled effectively since the window can opened at top and bottom at desired extent.
- 45. SLIDING WINDOW
- 46. CASEMENT WINDOW These are the main and common types of window usually provided in buildings. The shutters of the window open like shutters of the door. The shutter consists of styles, top rails, bottom rails and intermediate rails, thus dividing into panels.
- 47. CASEMENT WINDOW
- 48. LOUVERED WINDOWS
- 49. BAY WINDOW Bay windows projects outside the external wall of the room. The projection may be triangular, circular, rectangular or polygonal in plan. They are provide extra space in the room and improve overall appearance of the building.
- 50. BAY WINDOW
- 51. DORMER WINDOW A dormer window is a vertical window provided on the slopping roof as shown in image. Such a window provides ventilation and lighting to the enclosed space below the roof . This window very much improve the appearance of the building.
- 52. DORMER WINDOW
- 53. GABLE WINDOW
- 54. SKY LIGHTS A sky light is provided on a sloping roof to admit light. The window projects above the top surface. They run parallel to the sloping surface. slopping
- 55. SKY LIGHT
- 56. VENTILATORS Ventilators are small windows, fixed at a greater height than the window, generally about 30 to 50 cm below roof level. The ventilator has a frame and a shutter, generally glazed, which is horizontally pivoted. The top edges of the shutter opens inside and bottom edge open outside, so that rain water is excluded.