Types of Visuals
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The document discusses various frameworks for categorizing visuals based on their function and design. It outlines categories proposed by Levin, Alesandrini, Saunders, Braden, Rieber, and Clark, Lyons, and Hoover. The frameworks group visuals based on representational qualities, content, composition, medium, semiotics, and how they support learning. The document also provides examples of four key categories - decorative, representational, analogical, and organizational visuals - and discusses their pros, cons, and uses in instructional design.
![ Branch, R. (2000). A taxonomy of
visual literacy. In A. W. Pailliotet, &
P. B. Mosenthal (Eds.), Advances in
Readings reading/language research Volume
Explore visual 7: Reconceptualizing literacy in the
literacy, types of media age (pp. 377-402). New
visuals, and the use of
visuals further with Jersey: JAI/Ablex Publishers.
these readings. Krause, J. (2004). Design Basics
Index. Cincinnati, OH: How Design
Books. [Pages 62-77]
Wainer, H. (1997). Visual revelations:
Graphic tales of fate and deception
from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross
Perot. Mahwah, New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[Chapters 8-13]
EDIT 9990: Information Design 15 Spring 2012](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/typesofvisuals-120121164225-phpapp02/85/Types-of-Visuals-15-320.jpg)
Types of Visuals
- 1. Types of Visuals EDIT 9990: Information Design Spring 2012
- 2. Levin’s Categories • Decorative Levin (1981) categorized graphics based on their • Representative instructional function • Organizational • Interpretive • Transformative EDIT 9990: Information Design 2 Spring 2012
- 3. Alesandrini’s Categories Representational Alesandrini (1984) proposed three graphic categories based on their content Analogical Arbitrary 3
- 4. • Symbols Saunders’ Categories • Maps Saunders (1994) proposed categories • Graphs based on content, composition, and • Diagrams medium • Illustrations • Photos • Three-dimensional models • Graphic devices and elements 4
- 5. Braden’s • Semiotics and video conventions Categories Braden (1996) • Signs, symbols, and icons introduced five graphical categories based on existing areas of educational • Images and illustrations research • Multi-images • Graphic representations 5
- 6. Representational Graphics Rieber’s • Share a physical resemblance with Categories the object they are supposed to Rieber (1994) represent provided specific explanation for three categories Analogical Graphics • Provide learners with a comparison between a familiar and unfamiliar artifact or concept Arbitrary Graphics • Clues, but do not share any physical resemblances to the concept being explained 6
- 7. Clark, Lyons, & Surface features Hoover’s Categories • Static art, dynamic art, and true virtual reality Clark, Lyons, and Hoover (2004) categorized Communication functions instructional graphics • Decorative, representational, based on factors that contribute to their mnemonic, organizational, relational, effectiveness transformational, and interpretive Psychological functions • Supporting attention, activating or building prior knowledge, minimizing cognitive load, building mental models, supporting transfer of learning, and supporting motivation 7
- 8. Four Categories Decorative Representational Analogical Organizational EDIT 9990: Information Design 8 Spring 2012
- 9. Decorative Graphics Pros Cons Add interest to the Often overused appearance Potential to distract Improve the aesthetic from the content appeal May cause a split- Ornamental attention affect Used to gain a learner’s attention Motivational 9
- 10. Representational Graphics Physically depict someone or something Share a physical resemblance with the object Farm Animals 10
- 11. Analogical Graphics Depicts someone or something Explains a likeness, correspondence, or similarity Makes a comparison between two things Activates prior knowledge Bridges the gap between known to unknown Both birds and airplanes have wings, aerodynamic bodies, and can fly. 11
- 12. Cell Structure Analogical Video 12
- 13. Organizational Graphics Provides structure to information Arranges data spatially Visually defines relationships Illustrates connections http://www.visualthesaurus.com/ 13
- 14. Types of Graphs Favorite Types of Music Favorite Types of Music Jazz 15 Rock 33 15 Country 25 Rap Classical 5 Classical 11 Rock Rap 11 33 5 Jazz Country 25 0 20 40 14
- 15. Branch, R. (2000). A taxonomy of visual literacy. In A. W. Pailliotet, & P. B. Mosenthal (Eds.), Advances in Readings reading/language research Volume Explore visual 7: Reconceptualizing literacy in the literacy, types of media age (pp. 377-402). New visuals, and the use of visuals further with Jersey: JAI/Ablex Publishers. these readings. Krause, J. (2004). Design Basics Index. Cincinnati, OH: How Design Books. [Pages 62-77] Wainer, H. (1997). Visual revelations: Graphic tales of fate and deception from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross Perot. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [Chapters 8-13] EDIT 9990: Information Design 15 Spring 2012
Editor's Notes
- #3: For decades, scholars and researchers have explored the effects of instructional graphics on learning. In doing so, instructional graphics have been described, labeled, and classified in multiple ways based on their content, composition, medium, mode, and function.
- #10: (Sweller, van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998)
- #11: Representational graphics physically depict someone or something and “share a physical resemblance with the object they are supposed to represent” (Rieber, 1994, p. 36). Representational graphics depict a particular subject and can be used to visually describe someone or something.
- #12: Learning often takes a learner down the path of what is known (prior knowledge) toward new knowledge (Reigeluth & Curtis, 1987; Rieber, 1994). Analogical graphics can be used to activate prior knowledge and bridge the learning gap from the known to the unknown. Therefore, “The usefulness of [analogical graphics] . . . is largely dependent on the learner's prior knowledge (Rieber, 1994, p. 39).
- #13: http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=84836&title=Cell_Structures_Analogy
- #14: Organizational graphics provide an efficient and orderly approach to displaying complex and often abstract information.
- #15: http://beaconlearningcenter.com/WebLessons/Kindsofgraphs/default.htm