Typical configuration of computer ppt

1
Typical Configuration of
Computer System

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Overview
• Introduction to Computer
• Block diagram of a computer
• Characteristics of motherboards
• Different types of motherboards
• Components of the motherboard
• Expansion Slots & Connector Cables
• Main Memory
• Power Supply

3
Computer
Computer is an electronic machine that can
store, recall and process data.
• It can perform tasks or complex calculation
according to a set of instructions or programs.
• The terms and definitions used in computer system
are:
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 User(s)

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Computer
• Hardware:
 The physical parts of a computer system called
as hardware.
 The hardware Components can be seen, touch
and feel.
 Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, RAM, CPU etc.
• Software:
 A Set or collection of programs is known as
software.
 Example Operating System.

5
Computer
• Data:
 Data is the raw information or basic facts
that computer can process.
• User(s):
 People who use the computers are called
users.

6
Block diagram of a computer
• A computer is designed using four
basic units.
 Input Unit
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
 Memory Unit
• Primary Storage
• Secondary Storage
 Output Unit

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A computer is designed using four basic
units.

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Input Unit:
 Computers need to receive data and
instructions in order to solve a problem.
 The Input unit performs this operation.
 The Input Unit basically links the external
world or environment to the computer
system.
 The input unit may consist of one or more
input devices.

9
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
• The function of the CPU is to interpret the
instructions in the program and execute them one
by one.
• It consists of two major units.
 Control Unit:
• It controls and directs the transfer of program
instructions and data between various units.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs arithmetic and
logical operations and controls the speed of these
operations.

10
Memory Unit:
• The results generated from processing have to
be preserved before it is displayed.
• The memory units thus provide space to store
input data, intermediate results and the final
Output generated.
• It consists of two major units.
 Primary Storage Units
 Secondary Storage Units

11
Output Unit:
• It is used to print or display the results,
which are stored in the memory unit.
• The actual function of the output unit is just
the reverse of the input unit.
• Thus, the output unit links the computer to
the outside world.

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Motherboard
Introduction
to
PC Motherboard

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Overview
• Inside a PC
• The Motherboard
• Characteristics of motherboards
• Different types of motherboards
• Components of the motherboard
• Expansion Slots & Connector Cables
• Main Memory
• Power Supply

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The Motherboard
The motherboard is a large Printed Circuit Board
(PCB) of a Computer.
• It is called as main circuit board of the computer,
which contains various components like:
 The CPU
 Memory devices,
 Expansions slots,
 Bus,
 Video controller and other electronic Components.

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The Motherboard
• The most important part of a PC is the Motherboard.
• It holds:
 The processor chip
 memory chips
 chips that handle input/output (I/O)
 the expansion slots for connecting peripherals
• Some chips are soldered onto the
motherboard(permanent), and some are removable
(so they can be upgraded).

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The Motherboard
• The most important part motherboard.

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Intel 800 Series of Chip Sets

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Characteristics of Motherboard
The motherboard may be characterized by the form factor,
chipset and type of processor socket used.
• Form factor
 refers to the motherboard’s geometry, dimensions, arrangement and
electrical requirements.
• Chipset
 controls the majority of resources of the computer.
 The function of chipset is to coordinate data transfer between the
various components of the computer.
• Processor socket
 It may be a rectangular connector into which the processor is
mounted vertically, or a square shaped connector with many small
connectors into which the processor is directly inserted.
20

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Types of Motherboards
There are four different types in motherboard:
• XT Motherboards:
• AT Motherboards:
• Baby AT Motherboards:
• ATX Motherboards:

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XT Motherboards
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XT stands for Extended Technology.
• These are old model motherboards. In this we find old model
processor socket like:
 LIF (Low Insertion Force) sockets,
 RAM slots: DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules) and
ISA (Industry Standards Architecture) slots,
 12 pin power connector.
 They have slot type processors and no ports.
• Example:
 Pentium-I,
 Pentium-MMX,
 Pentium-II and Pentium-Pro.

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AT Motherboards
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AT stands for Advanced Technology.
• AT Motherboards have
• PGA (Pin Grid Array) socket
• SD RAM slots
• 20 pin power connector
• PCI slots and ISA slots
• Full AT is 12” wide X 13.8” deep.
• AT has 5-pin large keyboard connector.
• Example:
• Pentium-III Processors.

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Baby AT Motherboards:
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Baby AT motherboards have the combination of XT and AT.
• It was the first PC motherboard to build in sockets for I/O
ports, which were cabled to connectors on the back of the
case.
• Example:
• Pentium-III and Pentium-IV

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ATX Motherboards
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ATX motherboard stands for Advanced Technology
Extended Motherboard.
• Latest Motherboard all are called as ATX motherboard, designed
by ATX form factor.
• In this motherboard, MPGA Processor sockets, DDRRAM Slots,
AGP Slots, SATA Connectors, 20 pin and 24 pin ATX power
connector and ports
• It is a full size board measuring 12” wide by 9.6” deep. Micro
ATX is a small motherboard size of 9.6” X 9.6”.
• Example:
• Pentium-IV,
• Dual Core,
• Core 2 Duo,
• Quad Core, i3, i5 and i7.

26
Components of Motherboard
26
The motherboard components are:
• Processors (CPU)
• BIOS
• CMOS
• Slots
• Disk Controllers
• I/O Ports and Interfaces
• BUS

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• It is a piece of hardware that carries
out the instructions of a computer
program.
• It performs the basic arithmetical,
logical, and input/output operations of
a computer system.
• The CPU is like the brains of the
computer - every instruction, no
matter how simple, has to go through
the CPU.

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Basic Input Output System
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BIOS (Basic Input Output System):
• BIOS is a small chip on the motherboard that holds a set of
instructions to load the hardware settings required like keyboard,
monitors or disk drives.
• The BIOS runs when the computer is switched ON.
• POST ( Power On Self Test)
• It checks if the hardware devices are present and functioning
properly.
• BIOS include the bootstrap loader to load the OS into memory.

30
CMOS Chip
CMOS is Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor
• It is a type of memory chip to store
date, time and system setup
parameters.
• These parameters are loaded every time
the computer is started.
• BIOS & CMOS are kept powered by a
small lithium Ion battery located on
motherboard.

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Slots
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Slot: A slot is an opening space in a computer where we can insert a
printed circuit board.
There are several types of slots are:
• ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): ISA slot is used to connect modem and
input devices.
• PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): PCI slots are used to connect
graphics accelerators cards, sound card, internal modems
• AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port): AGP slot is an advanced port designed for
video cards and 3D accelerators.
• RAM Slot: RAM slot is used to install memory to store programs and data
currently being used by CPU. Two types of RAM slot
• SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
• DIMM ( Dual Inline Memory Module)
• Processor Slot: Processor slot is used to insert the processor chip which is
the largest chip on the motherboard.

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Disk Controllers
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A device that connects a disk drive to the computer’s bus
enabling the drive to exchange data with other device.
• Hard Disk Controller (HDC)
 The HDC is the interface that enables the computer to read and
write information to the hard disk drive.
 This connector is used to insert an Integrated Digital Electronics
(IDE) cable.
 IDE cables connect devices such as hard drives, CD drives and
DVD drives.
• Floppy Disk Controller (FDC)
 FDC is the interface that directs and controls reading from and
writing to computer floppy disk drive.
 FDC usually performs data transmission in Direct Memory Access
(DMA) mode.

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Ports and Interface Cards
• The interface between peripheral devices and the CPU.
• A port is built on the motherboard while an interface card
is inserted into slots on the motherboard.
• Sometimes, an interface card may become a built-in
function on the motherboard.

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34
Ports and Interface Cards

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I/O Ports and Interfaces
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Port: A port is a socket on the computer used to connect external
device to the computer.
• It is used to connect external device like printer, keyboard or
scanner.
• The different types of I-O ports are:
 Serial Port
 Parallel Port
 USB Port
 VGA Port.
 PS-2 Port
 IDE Port
 AGP Port
 MIDI Port
 Ethernet Port

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Serial Port:
 It is also known as communication port or Rs-232 c ports, is used
for
 connecting communication devices like mouse and modem.
 They are used for connecting communication devices like mouse,
modem. This port transfers data serially one bit at a time.
 One main advantage is that data is sent and received over only
two lines.
Parallel Port:
 Parallel ports are used to connect external input/output devices like
printers or scanners.
 Also known as printer port.
 They carry 8 bit (one byte) at a time.
PS-2 (Personal System) port:
 PS-2 port was developed by IBM to interface keyboards and
pointing devices like mouse, trackballs and touch pads.

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USB port:
• USB (Universal Serial BUS) port is used to connect a variety of
newer peripherals like:
 printers, scanners, digital cameras, web cameras, speakers,
etc.
• USB port gives a single, standardized, easy-to-use way to
connect a variety of newer peripherals to a computer.
 USB is a plug-and-play interface between a computer and
add-on devices such as audio players, modem, scanner etc.
 With USB, a new device can be added to your computer
without adding a adapter card or even turning the computer
off.
 USB supports a data speed of 12 megabits per second.
 USB supporting up to 127 devices.

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AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) port:
• It is used to connect to graphic card that provides high-speed
video performance typically required in games and other
multimedia applications.
VGA (Visual Graphics Adaptor) port:
• It connects monitor to a computer’s video card.
IDE (Integrated Digital Electronics) port:
• It connects IDE devices like CD-ROM drives or hard disk drives
to the motherboard.
Ethernet port
• connects to a network and high speed Internet. It connects
network cable to a computer.
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) port
• It is a system designed to transmit information between
electronic musical instruments.

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Connector Cables
39
continued

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The System Clock
• The system clock sends out 'ticks' to control the timing
of all the motherboard tasks
 e.g. it controls the speed of the data bus and the
instruction cycle
• The time it takes to complete an instruction cycle is
measured in megahertz (MHz).
 1 MHz = one million cycles per second

42
A Bus is a collection of parallel wires that form a pathway to
carry address, data and control signal.
• The functional features of bus are:
 A bus is a set of wire and each wire can carry one bit of data.
 A bus width is defined by the number of wires in the bus
• A computer bus can be divided into two types
o Internal Bus:
 It connects major computer components like processor, memory &
I/O.
 It is also called as system bus.
o External Bus:
 It connects the different external devices peripheral, expansion
slots, I/O ports to the rest of the computer.
 It is also called the expansion bus and is slower than the system
(internal) bus.
BUS
42

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(Front Side
Bus)
Buses Types

45
Primary Memory
Primary Memory: It is the main memory of the computer.
• It stores programs and data that is currently needed by CPU.
• Functions of primary memory:
 To contain a copy of the main software program i.e. operating
system.
 This program is loaded into the primary memory when the computer
is turned on.
 Temporarily store a copy of the application program.
 Temporarily store the data input from the keyboard.
 Temporarily store the result which is generated from processing until
it is transferred to output device.
• Primary memory is of two types.
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

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Primary Memory
• Primary memory is of two types.
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

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RAM
RAM – Random Access Memory
• RAM is volatile data is lost when the power to the
computer is turned off.
• The instructions and data for the job performing are
written to RAM and read from it as needed.
• Two operations of RAM
 Loading means copying data from the secondary
storage to the main memory
 Saving means copying data from RAM to the non-
volatile secondary storage.
• Types of RAM
• SRAM
• DRAM
• SDRAM
• DDR-RAM

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ROM
• It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its
contents even when the power is turned
off.
• ROM chips are used to store the
instructions a computer needs during
start-up, called firmware.
• Some kinds of ROM are PROM, EPROM,
EEPROM, and CD-ROM.
Read-Only Memory can be read but not changed.

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Cache Memory
The cache memory is a high-speed memory placed in
between RAM and CPU.
• Cache memory stores data that is used more often,
temporarily and makes it available to CPU at fast rate.
• It is used to increase the speed of processing.
• It is very expensive, so it is smaller.
• Cache memory of sizes 256 KB to 2 MB. It is categorized as
“levels”.
• Level 1 (L1) cache: It is extremely fast but relatively small and is usually
present inside the CPU. The size of L1 cache varies from 32 KB to 512 KB.
• Level 2 (L2) cache: It may be located outside the CPU on a separate
chip. The size of L2 cache varies from 1MB to 2MB.

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Power Supply
Switch Mode Power Supply:
• SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.
• An SMPS converts AC power from an electrical outlet to DC
power needed by system components.
• The SMPS contains the power card plug, a fan for cooling
because it generates a lot of heat.

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Power Supply
UPS: UPS stands for “Uninterruptible Power Supply”.
• An UPS is a power supply that includes a battery to maintain
power in the event a power failure.
• An UPS keeps a computer running for several minutes to few
hours after a power failure.
• There are two types of UPS
• Offline UPS:
 Also known as “Standby UPS”
 Offline UPS monitors the power line and switches to
battery power as soon as it detects a problem.
• Online UPS:
 An online UPS continuously provides power from its own
inverter, even when the power line is functioning properly.
 Online UPS is more costly than offline UPS.

Typical configuration of computer ppt

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Typical configuration of computer ppt