Un - Class 10th - Civics - Full chapter explaination.pdf

Class - X
Notes
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Civics
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Class 10th - Civics - Power Sharing - Full Chapter Explanation
● 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region
and speaks Dutch language.
● Another 40 per cent people live in the
Wallonia region and speak French.
● Remaining one per cent of the Belgians
speak German.
● In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent
people speak French while 20 per cent
are Dutchspeaking.
Belgium and Sri Lanka
Ethnic composition of Belgium

● The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
● This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic
development and education much later.
● The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels.
● Brussels presented a special problem: the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in
the country, but a minority in the capital.
Reasons for Tension

● Sri Lanka has a diverse population.
● The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 per
cent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 per cent).
Among Tamils there are two subgroups.
● Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’
(13 per cent).
● The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation
workers during colonial period, are called ‘Indian Tamils’.
Ethnic composition of Sri Lanka

● Most of the Sinhala speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils
are Hindus or Muslims.
● There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala.
Possibility of majority dominance and conflicts.
Analyse the situation
Religious Composition

● Sri Lanka got independence in 1948.
Majority Sinhalas
Sought to secure dominance over
government by virtue of their majority.
Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
Majoritarianism
A belief that the majority community should be able to
rule a country in whichever way it wants, by
disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

Steps taken to establish Sinhala supremacy are -
● In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus
disregarding Tamil.
● The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for
university positions and government jobs.
● A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
Impact

All these government measures increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
● They felt that the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were not sensitive to their language and culture.
● They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights.
● Discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and ignored their interests.
As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time.
Impact of Steps taken to establish Sinhala supremacy

● The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for
the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for
regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in
securing education and jobs.
● By 1980s several political organisations were formed
demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in
northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
● The distrust between the two communities turned into
widespread conflict.
Reaction of Sri Lankan Tamils
The civil war has caused a
terrible setback to the social,
cultural and economic life of
the country.
Civil War

Differences Diversity
● The Belgian leaders took a different path.
● They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities.
Accommodation in Belgium
Belgium Conflicts
Explain

➔ Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work
out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same
country.
1. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers
shall be equal in the central government.
Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
2. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of
the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the
Central Government.
Some of the elements of the Belgian model of Accommodation are:

● Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
The French Speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the
Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.
● Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government.
‘Community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community - Dutch,
French and German-speaking - no matter where they live. This government has the power
regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.
Some of the elements of the Belgian model of Accommodation are:

Belgian model is very complicated.
● But these arrangements have worked well so far.
● They helped to avoid civic strife between the two
major communities and a possible division of the
country on linguistic lines.
● When many countries of Europe came together to
form the European Union, Brussels was chosen as
its headquarters.
European Parliament in Brussels, Belgium
Conclusion

Why Power Sharing is Desirable?
Moral
Prudential
Power sharing is good because it helps
to reduce the possibility of conflict
between social groups.
Power sharing is the very spirit
of democracy.
Explain

● Social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good
way to ensure the stability of political order.
● Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an attractive option
in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.
● Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin to the
majority as well.
Prudential reasons for power sharing
It is prudential to share power because it helps to reduce the possibility of
conflict between social groups.

● Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
● A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise,
and who have to live with its effects.
● People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
● A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire
a stake in the system.
Moral reasons for power sharing
While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes,
moral reasons emphasise the very act of power sharing as valuable.

Forms of Power Sharing
Power sharing and idea associated with it.
All power of a government must
reside in one person or group.
Emergence of democracy
Why?
● People are the source of all political
power.
● Everyone has a voice in the shaping
of public policies.
∴ Political Power Should be distributed

1. Power is shared among different organs of government.
Horizontal distribution of power.
● Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can
exercise unlimited power.
● Each organ checks the others.
● This results in a balance of power among various
institutions.
In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take many forms.
System of checks and balances

2. Power can be shared among government at different levels.
● In a federal government power is shared between a general government for the entire
country and governments at the provincial or regional level.
Central
State
Local
Federal division of power
Vertical form of power sharing
Federal government

3. Power may also be shared among different social groups.
Groups based on the basis of religion and language.
● ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
● In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially
weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
Social Group
Reserved Constituencies

● This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the
government and administration to diverse social groups who
otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
● This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in
power.
Advantages of sharing power among different social groups

4. Power can be shared by political parties, pressure groups and movements.
Political parties Competition
● Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
● Power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies
and social groups.
Example -
➔ Coalition government.
➔ In a democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen,
industrialists, farmers and industrial workers.
Democracy

Un - Class 10th - Civics - Full chapter explaination.pdf

Class 10th - Civics - Federalism - Full Chapter Explanation
Vertical division of power among different levels of government is one
of the major forms of power sharing in modern democracies.
We will try to connect the topic - ‘Federalism’ in Indian context.
Connect with the previous chapter
Federalism

and
● Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal
form of government.
● Sri Lanka continues to be, for all practical
purposes, a unitary system where the
national government has all the powers.
What is Federalism?
Belgium Sri Lanka
Recall and Analyse
Federalism Unitary System

● Federalism is a system of government in which
the power is divided between a central authority
and various constituent units of the country.
● Usually, a federation has two levels of
government.
● One is the government for the entire country that
is usually responsible for a few subjects of
common national interest.
● The others are governments at the level of
provinces or states that look after much of the
day-to-day administering of their state.
● Both these levels of governments enjoy their
power independent of the other.
Federalism Unitary System
● Federations are contrasted with
unitary governments.
● Under the unitary system, either
there is only one level of
government or the sub-units are
subordinate to the central
government.
● The central government can pass
on orders to the provincial or the
local government.

1. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
2. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own Jurisdiction
in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the
constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally
guaranteed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level
of government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of
government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels
of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial
autonomy.
Key feature of Federalism

7. The federal system thus has dual objectives -
i. To safeguard and promote unity of the country.
ii. Accommodate regional diversity.
● Two aspects are crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism.
➢ Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power-sharing.
➢ They should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement.
Mutual trust and agreement to live together.
Ideal Federal System

There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed.
The exact balance of power between the central and the state
government varies from one federation to another.
Coming together federations Holding together federations
● Involves independent States coming
together on their own to form a bigger
unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and
retaining identity they can increase their
security.
● USA, Switzerland and Australia.
● All the constituent States usually have
equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the
federal government.
● A large country decides to divide its
power between the constituent States
and the national government.
● India, Spain and Belgium are examples.
● the central government tends to be more
powerful vis-à-vis the States.
● Very often different constituent units of
the federation have unequal powers.
Some units are granted special powers.

Do these features apply to the provisions of Indian constitution?
What makes India a Federal Country?
Try to understand the topic
The Constitution declared India as a Union of States. Although it
did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is based on the
principles of federalism.
Features of federalism

1. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union
Government or what we call the Central Government, representing the Union of India
and the State governments.
Later, a third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities.
2. Each tier of government has its own jurisdiction, specified in constitution.
The Constitution clearly provided a threefold distribution of legislative powers between
the Union Government and the State Governments.
What makes a India a Federal Country?
Union list State list Concurrent list

● Includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs,
banking, communications and currency.
● They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters
throughout the country.
● The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the
Union List.
● Contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce,
agriculture and irrigation.
● The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the
state list.
Union list
State list

● Includes subjects of common interest to both the Union government as well as the State
government, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.
● Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned
in this list.
● If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.
All those subjects which do not fall in any of the list and
came up after the constitution was made.
Example : Computer Software
:Only central government can make laws on them.
Concurrent list
Question
3. Residuary Subjects

Do not give equal power to its constituent units.
● All States in the Indian Union do not have identical powers.
● Some States enjoy a special status.
3. Holding together federation
Explain
● Earlier Jammu and kashmir had
its own constitution.
● Article 371 gives many special
powers to some of the states.
E.g - States In North East

Concept of Union territory
● Units of the Indian Union which enjoy very little power.
● These are areas which are too small to become an independent State but
which could not be merged with any of the existing States.
● These territories do not have the powers of a State.
● The Central Government has special powers in running these areas.
Example: Chandigarh, Lakshadweep and Delhi.

● Basic to the structure of the Constitution.
● It is not easy to make changes to this power sharing
arrangement.
● The Parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement.
● Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with
at least two-thirds majority.
● Then it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total States.
Power Sharing
4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one
level of government.

5. The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional
provisions and procedures.
In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court
make a decision.
6. The Union and State governments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes in
order to carry on the government and the responsibilities assigned to each of them.

● Constitutional provisions are necessary for the success of
federalism but these are not sufficient.
● The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to
the nature of democratic politics in our country.
How is Federalism Practised?
Federalism Success of federalism
V/S
Explain

People who spoke the same language lived in
the same State.
The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country.
1. Linguistic States

● Some States were created not on the basis of
language but to recognise differences based on
culture, ethnicity or geography.
● These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand
and Jharkhand.
Creation of linguistic states

● Some national leaders feared
Creation of linguistic state would lead to the disintegration of the country.
∴ The Central Government resisted linguistic States for some time.
● But the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic
states has actually made the country, more united.
● It has also made administration easier.
Outcome

● Our Constitution did not give the status of
national language to any one language.
Is Hindi our national language?
● Hindi was identified as the official language.
● Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the
Constitution.
● A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may opt to take
the examination in any of these languages.
● States too have their own official languages.
2. Language Policy
Connect with federalism

● The leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi.
According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
● Many non Hindi speaking States demanded that the use of English continue.
● In Tamil Nadu, this movement took a violent form.
● The Central Government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with
Hindi for official purposes.
Hindi English
V/S

● Promotion of Hindi continues to be the official policy of the Government of India.
Promotion does not mean that the Central Government can impose
Hindi on States where people speak a different language.
Accommodative promotion of Hindi
Right Wrong
OR
The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country avoid
the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in.

Influences the practice of federalism in the country.
Centre - State relations and federalism
3. Centre State Policy Constitutional arrangements for
sharing power work in reality
depends to a large extent on how
the ruling parties and leaders
follow these arrangements.
Before 1990s After 1990s

Centre - State relations and federalism
Before 1990s After 1990s
● The same party ruled both at the Centre
and in most of the States.
● This meant that the State governments
did not exercise their rights as
autonomous federal units.
● The Central Government would often
misuse the Constitution to dismiss the
State governments that were controlled
by rival parties.
● This undermined the spirit of federalism.
● This period saw the rise of regional political
parties in many States of the country.
● This was also the beginning of the era of
Coalition Government at the Centre.
● Since no single party got a clear majority in
the Lok Sabha, the major national parties
had to enter into an alliance with many
parties including several regional parties to
form a government at the Centre.
● This led to a new culture of power sharing
and respect for the autonomy of State
Governments.

Two or more than two tiers of governments.
Federal power sharing in India needs another tier of government,
below that of the State governments.
When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government.
Decentralisation in India
Federal System
Decentralisation

● There are a large number of problems and issues which
are best settled at the local level.
● People have better knowledge of problems in their
localities.
● They also have better ideas on where to spend money and
how to manage things more efficiently.
● At the local level it is possible for the people to directly
participate in decision making.
● This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.
The rationale behind decentralisation

● There were several attempts to decentralise power.
Not very much successful
● Panchayat and municipalities were set up in all the states but these
were directly under the control of state governments.
● Elections to these local governments were not held regularly.
● Local governments did not have any powers or resources of their own.
● Thus, there was very little decentralisation in effective terms.
Why?

➔ A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992.
● Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
● Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
● At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
● An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each
State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
● The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from State to State.
Constitutional Amendment (73rd and 74th) Why?

Local self government
Rural local government
OR
Panchayati Raj
Urban local government
OR
Municipalities

● Each village, or a group of villages in some States, has a gram panchayat.
● This is a council consisting of several ward members, often called panch, and a president or
sarpanch.
● They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village.
● It is the decision-making body for the entire village.
● The panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha.
Gram sabha is a body consisting of all adult voters in a gram panchayat.
Rural local government
Gram Panchayat
It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the
gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

● All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the zilla (district) parishad.
● Most members of the zilla parishad are elected.
● Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other district level
bodies are also its members.
● Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the zilla parishad.
Structure of rural local government
Gram
Panchayat
Panchayat
Samiti/Block/Mandal
Zila
Parishad
● A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is
usually called a panchayat samiti or block or mandal.
● The members of this representative body are elected by all the
panchayat members in that area.

Local government bodies for urban areas.
● Municipalities are set up in towns.
● Big cities are constituted into Municipal Corporations.
● Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled
by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives.
● Municipal chairperson is the political head of the municipality.
● In a municipal corporation such an officer is called the Mayor.
Urban local government

● There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities
etc., all over the country.
● Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen democracy in our country.
● It has also increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy.
Local self government
Achievement
Challenges

● While elections are held regularly and enthusiastically, gram sabhas are not held regularly.
● Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local governments.
● Nor have they given adequate resources.
● We are thus still a long way from realising the ideal of self-government.
Challenges

Class 10th - Civics
Gender, Religion and Caste
Full Chapter Explanation
Gender, Religion and Caste

Diversity
Class 10th - Civics - Gender, Religion and Caste - Full Chapter Explanation
Democracy Differences
Social differences that can take the
form of social divisions and inequalities.
Gender Religion Caste
Photo
nahi mili

Gender and Politics
● The gender division tends to be understood
as natural and unchangeable.
● However, it is not based on biology but on
social expectations and stereotypes.
Gender division
Sex Gender
V/S

Public/Private division
● Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the
main responsibility of women is housework and
bringing up children.
● A system in which all work inside the home is
either done by the women of the family, or
organised by them through the domestic helpers.
Sexual Division of Labour
Societal belief and reality

Sexual division of labour
● Women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing
clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do all the work
outside the home.
● When these jobs are paid for, men are ready to take up these works.
● Women do some sort of paid work but along with that it is presumed
that it is their responsibility to do domestic labour but their work is not
valued and does not get recognition.
Impact

Sexual division of labour Reduction of women’s role in public life, especially politics.
● Earlier, only men were allowed to participate in
public affairs, vote and contest for public offices.
● Gradually the gender issue was raised in politics.
Demanding equality
Feminist movements
● There were agitations in different countries for the extension of
voting rights to women.
● These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status
of women and improving their educational and opportunities.
● More radical women's movements aimed at equality in personal
and family life as well.

Advantage of Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation.
● Helped to improve women's role in public life.
● We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers,
lawyers, managers and college and university teachers which
were earlier not considered suitable for women.
● In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and
Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.
Situation in our country?

Women face disadvantage, discrimination
and oppression in various ways:
Patriarchal Society
1. The literacy rate among women is only 54 percent compared with 76 per
cent among men. And the dropout rate among girls in high because
parents prefer to spend their resources for their ‘boys' education rather
than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
2. The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still
very small. On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than
an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and
therefore often not valued.

Such sex-selective abortion led to a decline in child sex
ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys) in
the country to merely 919. As the map shows, this
ratio has fallen below 850 or even 800 in some places.
3. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 provides that equal wages
should be paid to equal work. women are paid less than men,
even when both do exactly the same work.
4. In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways
to have the girl child aborted before she is born.
Impact

● Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.
● They are not safe even within their own home from
beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence.
5. There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation
and violence against women.

Women’s political representation
More women as elected representatives
Challenges
Solution
Explain
Problems
● The proportion of women in legislature has been very low.
● The percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has touched 12
percent of its total strength for the first time in 2014.
● Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent.
● Women's participation is among the bottom group of nations in the world
when compared for participation of the women in national parliament.
● Cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief
Minister or the Prime Minister.

Solution to the problem of women’s political representation
1. One way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to have a fair
proportion of women in the elected bodies
➢ One-third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and
municipalities - are now reserved for women.
➢ Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in
rural and urban local bodies.
Question
● Women's organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least
one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women.
● A bill with this proposal has been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade.
● There is no consensus over this among all the political parties. The bill has not been passed.

Shows that some form of social division needs to be
expressed in politics.
Gender division
This shows that disadvantaged groups do benefit when
social divisions become a political issue.
Why
Do you think that women could have made the gains we noted above if
their unequal treatment was not raised in the political domain?

This division is not as universal as gender, but religious
diversity is fairly widespread in the world today.
Religion, Communalism and Politics
Social division based on religion
India Northern ireland
Unlike gender differences, the religious differences are often expressed in the field of politics.

1. Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics.
● By religion he does not mean any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral
values that inform all religions.
● He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
Connection between religion and politics
2. Human rights groups in our country have argued that most of the victims of communal
riots in our country are people from religious minorities.
They have demanded that the government take special steps to protect religious minorities.
Explain

3. Women's movement has argued that FAMILY LAWS of
all religions discriminate against women.
ஃ They have demanded that government should
change these laws to make them more equitable.
How

● Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religions
can and perhaps should play a role in politics.
● Those who hold political power should sometimes be
able to regulate the practice of religion so as to prevent
discrimination and oppression.
● These political acts are not wrong as long as they treat
every religion equally.
Religion in Politics or Politics over Religion: Good or bad ?

Idea of communalism
Communalism
As a basis of nation
Religion
Question
People belonging to a same religion should form a nation and in the process the power
of state is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.

Communalism
Broad understanding of communalism
+
● Religion is expressed in politics in
exclusive and partisan terms, when one
religion and its followers are pitted
against another.
● Beliefs of one religion are presented as
superior to those of other religions.
● The demands of one religious group are
formed in opposition to another.
Communal politics
State power is used to
achieve this

Communalism
Different religion
● The followers of a particular religion must
belong to one community.
● Their fundamental interests are the same.
● It also follows that people who follow
different religions cannot belong to the
same social community.
Communal politics

Situation and understanding for different religion.
● If the followers of different religion have some commonalities
these are superficial and immaterial.
● Their interests are bound to be different and involve a conflict.
● In its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that people
belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens
within one nation.
● Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to
form different nations.

Communalism This belief is fundamentally flawed.
● People of one religion do not have the same interests and
aspirations in every context.
● There are many voices inside every community. All these
voices have a right to be heard.
Any attempt to bring all followers of one religion together in
context other than religion is bound to suppress many voices
within that community.

Communalism can take various forms in politics?
1. The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. How
These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious
communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions.
2. A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's
own religious community.
Major Community Minority Community
Communalism takes the form of
majoritarian dominance.
Communalism can takes the form
of desire to form a separate
political unit.

Communalism can take various forms in politics?
3. Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism.
● This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional
appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion
together in the political arena.
● In electoral politics this often involves special appeal to the interests or
emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.
4. Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence,
riots and massacre.
● India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of the Partition.
● The post-Independence period has also seen Large scale communal violence.

Secular state
Major challenge
Secularism is reflected in several constitutional provisions of our constitution
Communalism Solution Secularism
Secularism refers to the separation of religion from the state. It means
that the state should not discriminate among its citizens on the basis
of religion. It should neither encourage nor discourage the followers
of any religion.

Constitutional provisions in the Indian secularism which makes India a secular state:
1. There is no official religion for the Indian state
● Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and
that of Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give a special
status to any religion.
2. The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

3. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
4. At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the
matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
For example, it bans untouchability
Explain

● Is not just an ideology of some
parties or persons.
● This idea constitutes one of the
foundations of our country.
Secularism Communalism
● Communalism should not be seen
as a threat to some people in India.
● It threatens the very idea of India.
ஃ Communalism needs to be combated
V/S

● A secular Constitution like ours is necessary but not
sufficient to combat communalism.
● Communal prejudices and propaganda need to be
countered in everyday life and religion based mobilisation
needs to be countered in the arena of politics.
How communalism can be combated?

Caste and Politics
Expression of social division in politics
Gender Positive Religion Negative
Caste Both Positive and Negative

Societies
Caste Inequalities
Have social inequality and some form of division of labour
Unlike gender and religion, caste division is special to India. Explain
In most societies, Occupations are passed on from one
generation to another.
Caste system is an extreme form of this. Hereditary occupational division

● In Indian society, hereditary occupational division was
sanctioned by rituals.
● Members of the same caste group were supposed to form
a social community that practiced the same or similar
occupation.
● Married within the caste group.
● Did not eat with members from other caste groups.
Caste system as the extreme form of social division

Based on exclusion of and discrimination against the 'outcaste' groups
Caste system
That is why political leaders and social reformers like Jyotiba Phule,
Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker advocated and
worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.
They were subjected to the inhuman practice of untouchability Upliftment

● Social reformers
● Socio- economic changes
● Constitutional changes
Factors responsible for the breaking down of caste system
Explain

How the castes and caste system in modern india have
undergone great changes due to socio-economic development?
● Economic development
● Large scale URBANISATION
● Growth of literacy and education
● OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
● The weakening of the position of landlords in the villages
● The old notions of CASTE HIERARCHY are breaking down.
Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid
the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Not yet disappeared
Caste continues to be closely linked to economic status
Caste system in contemporary india?
● Some of the older aspects of caste have persisted.
● Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe.
● Untouchability has not ended completely, despite
constitutional prohibition,

Caste in Politics
Casteism Rooted in the belief that caste is the sole basis of social community.
● People belonging to the same caste belong to a natural social
community and have the same interests which they do not
share with anyone from another caste.
● Such a belief is not borne out by our experience.
● Caste is one aspect of our experience but it is not the only
relevant or the most important aspect.

Caste can take various forms in politics
1. When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste
composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different
castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
● When governments are formed, political parties usually take care
that representatives of different castes and, tribes find a place in it.
2. Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste
sentiment to muster support.
● Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are
seen as their representatives.

3. Universal Adult Franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote
compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and
securing political support.
● It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that
were hitherto treated as inferior and low.
Explain

The focus on caste in politics can sometimes give an impression that
elections are all about caste and nothing else.
Observation
1. No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one
single caste
● So, every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more
than one caste and community to win elections.
2. No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.
● When people say that a caste is a 'vote bank' of one party, it usually
means that a large proportion of the voters from that caste vote for
that party.
Not always

3. Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste.
● Some voters have more than one candidate from their caste while many
voters have no candidate from their caste.
4. The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our
country.
● That could not have happened if all castes and communities were frozen
in their political preferences.

Caste in politics
● While caste matters in electoral politics, so do many other factors.
● The voters have strong attachment to political parties which is often
stronger than their attachment to their caste or community.
● People within the same caste or community have different interests
depending on their economic condition.
● Rich and poor or men and women from the same caste often vote very
differently.
● People's assessment of the performance of the government and the
popularity rating of the leaders matter and are often decisive in elections.
Conclusion

Politics in Caste
What caste does to politics
How politics influences the
caste system and caste
identities by bringing them
into the political arena
V/S
Explain
It is not politics that gets caste ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised.

Caste gets politicised in several ways
● Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it
neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
● Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other
castes or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
● New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like
backward' and 'forward' caste groups.
Good or Bad

Caste plays different kinds of roles in politics.
Positive Negative
● Expression of caste differences in politics
gives many disadvantaged communities
the space to demand their share of power.
● In this sense-caste politics has helped
people from Dalits and OBC castes to gain
better access to decision making.
● Several political and non-political
organisations have been demanding and
agitating for an end to discrimination
against particular castes, for more dignity
and more access to land, resources and
opportunities.
● As in the case of religion, politics
based on caste identity alone is not
very healthy in a democracy.
● It can divert attention from other
pressing issues like poverty,
development and corruption.
● In some cases caste division leads
to tensions, conflict and even
violence.

Political Parties Most visible institution in a democracy.
At the same time this visibility does not mean popularity. Most
people tend to be very critical of political parties.
● Do we need political parties at all?
● Why did political parties become so omnipresent in democracies
all over the world?
Class 10th - Civics - Political Parties
Introduction -
Why do we need political parties?
Question

● Meaning and functions of political parties
● Necessity of political parties
● How many parties should we have?
● National parties
➢ All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M),
Indian National Congress (INC) and Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
● State Parties
● Challenges to political parties
● How can parties be reformed?
Introduction -
What we are going to study in this chapter?

“A political party is a group of people who come together
to contest elections and hold power in the government.”
Persuade people By winning popular support through elections.
∴ parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society.
Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve PARTISANSHIP.
Meaning and Functions -
Parties

A political party has three components:
● The leaders
● The active members
● The followers

Fill political offices Exercise political power
➔ Parties do so by performing a series of functions:
1. Parties contest elections.
● Candidate contest elections on behalf of party.
● Parties select their candidates in different ways.
Political parties
How?

2. Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.
Different views on development, policies and opinions.
● A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports.
➔ A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.
Democracy

3. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
Members
∴ They go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4. Parties form and run governments.
Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government
in the way they want.
Legislature Political parties
How?

5. Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power.
● By voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies.
● Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.
How?

6. Parties shape public opinion.
● They raise and highlight issues.
● Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country.
● Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among
different sections of society.
● Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems
faced by people.
● Often opinions in the society crystallise on the lines parties take.

7. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented
by governments.
● Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands.
● Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.
For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local
party leader than a government officer.
How?
Conclusion

Because parties perform all those functions discussed before.
Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?
● Every candidate in the elections will be independent.
● So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
● The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain.
● Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency.
● But no one will be responsible for how the country will be run.
Necessity -
Question
Imagine a situation without political parties

● Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets
split into more than one faction.
● Each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates.
This is exactly what the party does.
Necessity -
➔ The non-party based elections to the panchayat.

As society became large and complex
● Gather different views on various issues and to
present these to the government.
● Bring various representatives together so that a
responsible government could be formed.
● A mechanism to support or restrain the government,
make policies, justify or oppose them.
∴ We can say that parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.
Necessity -
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the
emergence of representative democracies.
Explain
There is need of an agency which can
perform certain function.
Political parties fulfill these
needs that every representative
government has.

Types of party system -
How many Parties should we have?
One party system
Situation in the country
Two party system
● Only one party is allowed to
control and run the government.
● In China, only the Communist Party
is allowed to rule.
● This is not a democratic option.
● Power usually changes between two main
parties.
● Several other parties may exist, contest
elections and win a few seats in the national
legislatures.
● The United States of America and the United
Kingdom are examples of two-party system.
Why?

Which of these is better?
Perhaps the best answer to this very common question is that this is not a very good question.
● Party system evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social and
regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections.
● Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances.
● For example, if India has evolved a multiparty system, it is because the social and
geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three
parties.
∴ No system is ideal for all countries and all situations.
How many Parties should we have?
Question
Explain

➔ Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission.
While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and
established parties.
● These parties are given a unique symbol.
● Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities
are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose.
National Parties -
National Parties
Countrywide parties, have their units in various states.
But by and large, all these units follow the same
policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the
national level.
Explain
Recognised political
party

➔ The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and
seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
National Parties -
● A party that secures at least six per cent
of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections
or Assembly elections in four States.
● Wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha
is recognised as a national party.

➔ According to this classification, there were seven recognised national
parties in the country in 2019.
National Parties -
All India Trinamool
Congress (AITC)
Bahujan Samaj Party
(BSP)
Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP)
Communist Party of
India (CPI)
Communist Party of
India - Marxist (CPIM)
Indian National
Congress (INC)
Nationalist Congress
Party (NCP)

● Launched on 1 January 1998 under the leadership of Mamata
Banerjee.
● Recognised as a national party in 2016.
● The party’s symbol is flowers and grass.
● Committed to secularism and federalism. Has been in power in
West Bengal since 2011.
● Also has a presence in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura.
● In the General Elections held in 2019, it got 4.07 per cent votes
and won 22 seats, making it the fourth largest party in the Lok
Sabha.
National Parties -
All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)

● Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
● Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan
samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and
religious minorities.
● Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of
Shahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami
Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar.
National Parties -
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

● Stands for the cause of securing the interests and
welfare of the dalits and oppressed people. It has
its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and
substantial presence in neighbouring states like
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi
and Punjab.
● Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times
by taking the support of different parties at
different times.
● In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2019, it polled
about 3.63 per cent votes and secured 10 seats in
the Lok Sabha.
National Parties -

● Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile
Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed by Syama Prasad
Mukherjee in 1951.
● Wants to build a strong and modern India by
drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and
values; and Deendayal Upadhyay's ideas of integral
humanism and Antyodaya.
● Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important
element in its conception of Indian nationhood and
politics.
National Parties -
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

● Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform
civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious
conversions.
● Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s.
● Earlier limited to north and west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the
south, east, the north-east and to rural areas.
● Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) including
several regional parties.
● Emerged as the largest party with 303 members in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
● Currently leads the ruling NDA government at the Centre.
National Parties -
Objectives

National Parties -

● Formed in 1925.
● Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and
democracy.
● Opposed to the forces of secessionism and
communalism.
● Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means
of promoting the interests of the working class,
farmers and the poor.
National Parties -
Communist Party of India (CPI)

● Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M).
● Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu.
● Its support base had gradually declined over the years.
● It secured less than 1 per cent votes and 2 seats in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
● Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front.
National Parties -

● Founded in 1964.
● Believes in Marxism-Leninism.
● Supports socialism, secularism and democracy
and opposes imperialism and communalism.
● Accepts democratic elections as a useful and
helpful means for securing the objective of
socio-economic justice in India.
National Parties -
Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)

● Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura,
especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers ,
agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia.
● Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow
of foreign capital and goods into the country.
● Was in power in West Bengal without a break for 34
years.
● In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, it won about 1.75 per
cent of votes and 3 seats.
National Parties -
Jyoti Basu

● Popularly known as the Congress Party.
● One of the oldest parties of the world. Founded in 1885
and has experienced many splits.
● Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national
and state level for several decades after India’s
Independence.
● Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party
sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in
India.
National Parties -
Indian National Congress (INC)

● Ruling party at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989.
● After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country,
cutting across social divisions.
● A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological orientation, the party espouses
secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities.
● The INC supports new economic reforms but with a human face . Leader of the United
Progressive Alliance (UPA) government from 2004 to 2019.
● In the 2019 Lok Sabha election it won 19.5% votes and 52 seats.
National Parties -

● Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party.
● Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social
justice and federalism.
● Wants that high offices in government be confined to
natural born citizens of the country.
● A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant
presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam.
● A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance
with the Congress.
● Since 2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.
● In 2019 Lok Sabha election it won 1.4% votes and 5 seats.
National Parties -
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)

Parties other than the national parties are classified as
state parties. Also known as ‘Regional parties’.
● These parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook, and play very important
role in national politics.
● The national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
● Made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse.
● Contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.
State Parties -
State parties

➔ The proportion of votes and seats, a party
must get to be reorganised as state party.
● A party that secures at least six per cent
of the total votes in an election to the
Legislative Assembly of a State.
● Wins at least two seats is recognised as a
State party.
State Parties -

Most visible face of democracy
∴ It is natural that people blame parties for whatever is wrong with the working of democracy.
➔ Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working of
political parties.
1. Lack of internal democracy
2. Challenge of dynastic succession
3. Growing role of money and muscle power
4. Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters
Challenges to Political Parties -
Political Parties

Tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few
leaders at the top.
● Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what
happens inside the party.
● The leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
● Those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party.
1. Lack of internal democracy
Impact
More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal
loyalty to the leader becomes more important.

Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning.
● Less chances for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
● The top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
● This is unfair to other members of that party.
● This is also bad for democracy.
People who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.
2. Challenge of dynastic succession
Impact

Focus is on winning Shortcuts are used to win
● Political parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise
lots of money.
● Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have
influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
● Parties support criminals who can win elections.
3. Growing role of money and muscle power
Election
Explain

● In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different.
● There has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
Example -
➔ The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little.
➔ In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have
reduced.
● Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of
leaders keep shifting from one party to another.
4. Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters
Explain

Reform is required to overcome such challenges.
Some of the recent efforts and suggestions in our country to reform political parties and its leaders.
1. The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties.
To prevent defection
Now the law says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature.
How can Parties be Reformed?
Challenges
Reform vs Willingness to reform
Anti defection law
Anti defection law
This new law has helped bring defection down.
This has made any dissent even more difficult.
+
-

2. Now, it is mandatory for every candidate who contests
elections to file an AFFIDAVIT giving details of his
property and criminal cases pending against him.
● The new system has made a lot of information available
to the public.
● But there is no system of check if the information given
by the candidates is true.
Explain

3. The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary
for political parties to hold their organisational elections and
file their income tax returns.
● The parties have started doing so but sometimes it is mere
formality.
● It is not clear if this step has led to greater internal democracy
in political parties.
Advantage

➔ Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties:
1. A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
● It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members.
● To follow its own constitution.
● To have an independent authority.
● To act as a judge in case of party disputes, to hold open elections to the highest posts.
2. It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets,
about one-third, to women candidates.
Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party.
3. There should be state funding of elections.

Not yet been accepted by political parties Should be accepted
But we must be very careful about legal solutions to political problems.
● Over-regulation of political parties can be counterproductive.
● This would force all parties to find ways to cheat the law.
● Besides, political parties will not agree to pass a law that they do not like.
Suggestions
Explain

➔ There are two other ways in which political parties can be reformed.
Public pressure Public participation
People can put pressure on political parties,
through petitions, publicity and agitations.
If political parties feel that they would lose
public support by not taking up reforms, they
would become more serious about reforms.
Impact
● Political parties can improve if those
who want this join political parties.
● It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary
citizens do not take part in it and simply
criticise it from the outside.
● The problem of bad politics can be
solved by more and better politics.

Better form of government when compared with other alternatives.
Class 10th - Civics - Outcomes of Democracy
How do we Assess Democracy’s Outcomes?
Democracy
Why?
● Promotes equality amongst citizens.
● Enhance the dignity of the individual.
● Improves the quality of decision making.
● Provides a method to resolve conflicts.
● Allows room to correct mistakes.

V/S
Are these expectations realised under democracies?
Expectations Reality
Most of them support democracy against
other alternatives, such as rule by a monarch
or military or religious leaders.
But not so many of them would
be satisfied with the democracy
in practice.
Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt to
be not so good in its practice.

Is it accepted only because of moral reasons or are there any
prudential reasons also.
Democracies Many democracies
But is there something that we can expect from every
democracy, just because it is democracy?
Democracies
How?
Democracies are very much different from each other in term of their social
situations, their economic achievements and their cultures.
Question

● Democracy can address all socio-economic and political problem.
● If some of our expectations are not met, we start blaming the idea
of democracy.
● We start doubting is we are living in a democracy.
We = Democracy = Our expectations
Just a form of government
It can only create conditions for achieving something.
The citizens have to take advantage of those conditions and achieve those goals.
Wrong
Democracy

● People will have the right to choose their ruler.
● Citizens should be able to participate in decision making.
Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government -
Democracy and our expectations
The most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government
that is accountable to the citizens and response to the needs and expectations of
the citizens and this makes up a legitimate government.

Is the democratic government efficient and effective.
Democratic V/S Non-democratic
● Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and
negotiation.
● The democratic government will take more time to follow
procedures before arriving at a decision.
● But because it has followed procedures, its decisions may
be both more effective.
● Transparency
Decision making
∴ It is right to expect
democracy to produce a
government that follows
procedures and is
accountable to the people.

If you wanted to measure democracies on the basis of this expected outcome, you would look for
the following practices and institutions:
● Regular free and fair elections.
● Open public debate on major policies and legislations.
● Citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning.
V/S
● Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to
everyone and in subjecting every decision to public debate.
● Democratic government do not have a very good record when it
comes to sharing information to citizens.
Expectations Reality
All one can say in favour of democratic regimes is that they are much better than any
non-democratic regime in this report.

Produces responsive form of government.
It maybe a reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the
needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption.
Democratic V/S Non-democratic
Democracy

➔ Democratic government is certainly better than its alternatives in one aspect:
● It maybe slow, less effective, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic
government is people’s own government.
● People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.
● Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be
ignored.
Explain Legitimate Government

= Good government, then it would produce development also.
Evidence shows that in practice many democracies did not fulfil this expectation.
V/S
● Between 1950 and 2000, dictatorship have slightly higher rate of economic growth.
● But this alone cannot be reason to reject democracy.
● Economic development depends on several factors: country’s population size, global
situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the
countries, etc.
Economic Growth and Development -
Democracy
Explain
Democracies Dictatorship

: Development is not guaranteed, but it can compete with dictatorship over
economic growth.
Economic Growth and Development -
Democracy
When we find such significant difference in the rates of economic growth
between countries under dictatorship and democracy, it is better to prefer
democracy as it has several other positive outcomes.

Outcome we expect from it.
Perhaps more than development, it is reasonable to
expect democracies to reduce economic disparities.
Reduction of Inequality and Poverty -
Democracy
Question
● Will wealth be distributed in such a way that all citizens of the country will have a
share and lead a better life?
● Is economic growth in democracies accompanied by increased inequalities among the
people?
● Do democracies lead to a just distribution of goods and opportunities?

➔ Democracies are based on political equality.
But at the same time we find growing economic inequalities.
● Economic disparity between rich and poor.
● A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of
wealth and incomes.
● Share of rich in the total income of the country has been increasing.
● Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon.
● Sometimes poor find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such
as food, clothing, house, education and health.
Explain

➔ Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.
Constitute a large proportion of our voters.
● No party will like to lose their votes.
● Yet democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to
address the question of poverty.
● The situation is much worse in some other countries.
Democracy

Our expectation from it towards a harmonious social life.
● Connect with previous topic.
● It should accommodate social diversity.
● This reduces the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
Accommodation of Social Diversity -
Democracy

Have different groups Conflicts
● No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.
● But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms
to negotiate the differences.
Non-democratic regime
∴ Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus
a definite plus point of democratic regimes.
Society
Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome.

Why the situation was not same in Sri Lanka?
➔ Democracy must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve this outcome:
1. Democracy Not simply rule by majority opinion.
The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to
represent the general view.
2. Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race
or linguistic group, etc.
Different persons and groups may and can form a majority, democracy remains democracy
only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.
Question

Our expectation from it in regards to the dignity of an individual.
➔ But it is difficult to achieve this in a society which have been built for long on the basis of
subordination and domination.
Example - Dignity of women in a male dominated societies.
- Caste based division.
Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens -
Democracy
Democracy stands much superior to any other form of
government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.
Outcome

But once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for
women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable
legally and morally.
➔ Example of caste inequalities in India.
Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated
castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
How dignity of women in a male dominated society can be ensured?
Not-Guaranteed
It is the recognition that makes ordinary citizens value their democratic rights.

➔ Most distinctive thing about democracy is that its examination never gets over.
● As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy
even better.
● People will always come up with more expectations and many complaints in a democracy.
● The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy.
It shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and to look
critically at power holders and the high and the mighty.
Explain

Un - Class 10th - Civics - Full chapter explaination.pdf

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Un - Class 10th - Civics - Full chapter explaination.pdf