Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development
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Chapter 1 of the class 10 social science curriculum covers the various aspects of resources, including types, planning, and conservation in India. It categorizes resources into biotic and abiotic, renewable and non-renewable, and discusses land use patterns and soil types in India, emphasizing the importance of careful management and conservation. The chapter highlights the significance of resource planning and sustainable practices to combat land degradation and soil erosion.
Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development
- 1. Resources and Development Social Science (Geography), Chapter 1, Class 10
- 2. Subtopics Resource Types of Resource Resource planning in India Conservation of resource Land resource Types of Land Resource Land Use pattern in India Land Degradation and Conservation Soil Soil in India Soil Erosion and measures
- 3. Resource Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’. Interaction between nature technology and institutions resulted in the process of transformation of things into resources They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them. So the Utility factor is the key point for resource.
- 5. Types of Resources Biotic Resources obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals. Renewable Resources can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc. Non-Renewable Resources occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Individual Resources are owned privately by individuals. Example: Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue. Community Owned Resources are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Example: Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas etc. National Resources Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. International Resources are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of international institutions. Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly. Developed Resources Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization.
- 6. Resource Planning in India It involves 1) identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. 2) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. 3) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
- 7. Conservation of Resources Resource conservation at various levels is important. Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in these words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.”
- 8. Land Resources Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities, and transport and communication systems. However, land is an asset of a finite magnitude, therefore, it is important to use the available land for various purposes with careful planning. 43% 30% 27% Land Utilisation Plains Mountain Platues
- 9. Types of Land resources 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation (a) Barren and waste land (b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc. 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land) (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land, (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area), (c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years). 4. Fallow lands (a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year), (b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years). 5. Net sown area Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
- 10. Land use Pattern in India Land use data however is available only for 93% of the total area because the land use reporting far most of the India has not been done fully. The land under permanent pasture has also decreased. Fallow land - left without cultivation far one or less than one agricultural year Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert area and land put to other non-agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it.
- 11. Land Degradation and Conservation Measures There are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
- 12. Soil as a Resource Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important. Soil consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.
- 13. Classification of Soil On the basis of the factors responsible for soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soils of India can be classified in different types, they are Alluvial Soils, Black Soil, Red and Yellow Soil, Forest Soil, Arid Soil and Lateritic Soil.
- 14. Alluvial Soil 1. Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. 2. Also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in. 3. The deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. 4. Fertile soil therefore, fit for agriculture purpose. 5. Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. 6. Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops
- 15. Black Soil 1. Black in colour and are also known as Regur soils. 2. Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. 3. Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. 4. Made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. 5. Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. 6. Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
- 16. Laterite Soils 1. Develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. 2. Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam. 3. Suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers. 4. Low Humus content because decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed due to high temperature.
- 17. Arid Soils 1. Found in the western parts of Rajasthan. 2. After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable. 3. Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high temperature make evaporation faster. 4. Salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
- 18. Forest Soils 1. Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. 2. Feature differs based on location. 3. Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. 4. Silt in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
- 19. Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Natural ways of Soil erosion: Wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion. Human activities: Deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc., contributes in soil erosion. Measures to control Soil erosion: Strip cropping, Planting shelter belts, In the hilly areas, using contour ploughing and terrace farming.
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