RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
- 2. * Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’. Resource
- 4. 1) On the basis of Origin: Biotic and Abiotic 2) On the basis of Exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-Renewable 3) On the basis of Ownership: Individual, Community, National and International 4) On the basis of Status of Development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves Classification of Resources
- 5. a) Biotic Resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, live stocks etc. b) Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non living things are called abiotic resources such as rocks and metals. 1) On the basis of Origin
- 8. a) Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or replenish able resources. E.g. Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc. 2) On the basis of Exhaustibility
- 9. b) Non- Renewable Resources: These occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in there formation. 2)
- 10. a) Individual Resources: These resources are owned by individuals privately. People owns house, plots and other property. 3) On the basis of Ownership
- 11. b) Community owned Resources: These are resources which are accessible to all the members of a community. Village commons such as grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds and public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds are some of the examples. 3)
- 12. c) National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. All the minerals, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles from the coast belong to the nation. 3)
- 14. d) International Resources: These are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these resources without permissions. 3)
- 15. a) Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized. For example, The western part of India particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly. 4) On the basis of Status of Development
- 17. b) Developed Resources: Resources which have been surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. The development of resources depends on technology and level of feasibility. c) Stock: Materials in our environment which has the 4)
- 18. d) Reserves: These are the subset of stock which can be put in to use with the help of existing knowledge but their use has not been started yet. These can be used for meeting future requirements. E.g. River water can be used for generating hydro electric power but presently, it is being utilized only to a limited extent. 4)
- 20. * Resources are vital for human survivals well as for maintaining the quality of life. * Human being used them indiscriminately and this has led to many problem such as: i. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. ii. Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn divided the society into two segments i.e. rich and poor or haves and have not's. Development of Resources
- 21. iii. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crisis such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. * If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet is n danger. * Therefore, Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all life forms. Continued….
- 22. * Planning is widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It has importance in a country like India , which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. * There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some resources Resource Planning
- 28. * We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we use it in different ways. Thus, land is a natural resource of utmost importance. * India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. * About 43 percent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry. Mountains account for 30 percent and about 23 percent of the area is plateau region. Land Resources
- 29. Land resources are used for the following purposes: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation (a) Barren and waste land (b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g.buildings, roads, factories, etc. LAND UTILISATION
- 30. 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land) (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land, (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area), (c) Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years). 4. Fallow lands (a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year), (b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years). 5. Net sown area Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area. Net area sown 140.02 million hactre Total cropped are192.20 million hactre
- 31. The use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc. Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed. LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA
- 33. The land under permanent pasture has also decreased. Most of the other than the current fallow lands are either of poor quality or the cost of cultivation of such land is very high. Hence, these lands are cultivated once or twice in about two to three years and if these are included in the net sown area then the percentage of NSA in India comes to about 54 per cent of the total reporting area.
- 34. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 per cent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman Nicobar Islands. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 percent of geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). It was considered essential for maintenance of the ecological balance. The livelihood of millions of people who live on the fringes of these forests depends upon it. A part of the land is termed as waste land and land put to other non-agricultural uses. Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas and land put to other non-agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation. This, in turn, has serious repercussions on society and the environment.
- 35. * We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we use it in different ways. Thus, land is a natural resource of utmost importance. * India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. * About 43 percent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agric percent and about 23 percent of the area is plateau region. Land Resources
- 36. Continued….
- 37. Soil as a Resource Top Soil Sub Soil Substratum Soil Un whethered
- 38. 1) Alluvial Soils: This is the most widely spread and important soil. In fact the entire northern plains are made of this soil. These soils have been deposited by three important river system: the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. Alluvial soil consists of sand, silt and clay. Alluvial as a whole is a very fertile soil. Classification of Soils
- 39. 2) Black Soils: These soils are black in color and is also known as regur soil or black cotton soil. It is very ideal for growing cotton. This soil is made up of lava flows. The black soil are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture and also rich in soil nutrients. Continued….
- 40. 2) Black Soils: These soils are black in color and is also known as regur soil or black cotton soil. It is very ideal for growing cotton. This soil is made up of lava flows. The black soil are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture and also rich in soil nutrients. Continued….
- 41. 2) Black Soils: These soils are black in color and is also known as regur soil or black cotton soil. It is very ideal for growing cotton. This soil is made up of lava flows. The black soil are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture and also rich in soil nutrients. Continued….
- 42. 2) Black Soils: These soils are black in color and is also known as regur soil or black cotton soil. It is very ideal for growing cotton. This soil is made up of lava flows. The black soil are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture and also rich in soil nutrients. Continued….
- 43. 3) Red and Yellow Soils: Red soils develops on crystalline igneous rocks in area of low rainfall in the eastern and southern part of Deccan plateau. These soils develops a reddish color due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks Yellow when it occurs in hydrated form. Continued….
- 44. 4) Laterite Soils: The laterite soil develops in the area with high temperature and heavy rainfall. The humus content of the soil is low because most of the micro organisms get destroyed due to the temperature. Laterite soils are suitable for cultivation after adequate doses of manures and fertilizers. Continued…. Bhangar Khadar a Bhangar is old alluvial soil. a Khadar is new alluvial soil. b Bhanger soil is found away from the river. b Khadar is found near the river basin. c Bhangar is less fertile. c Khadar is very fertile. d It contains calcareous deposits locally known as Kankar. d This soil is fine grained. e The soil is dark in colour. e The soil light in colour.
- 45. STATES OF INDIA HAVING ALLUVIAL SOIL
- 46. 5) Arid Soils: Arid soils range from red to brown in color. They are generally Sandy in texture and Saline in nature. Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture. After proper irrigation these soils become cultivatable as has been in the case of Rajasthan. Continued….
- 47. 6) Forest Soils: These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. The soils texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are formed. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. Continued….
- 48. STATES OF INDIA HAVING BLACK SOIL
- 51. STATES OF INDIA HAVING RED/YELLOW SOIL
- 54. STATES OF INDIA HAVING LATERITE SOIL LATRITE SOIL
- 56. STATES HAVING ARID SOIL
- 59. STATES HAVING FOREST SOIL