Understanding the self in philosophical perspective
Download as PPTX, PDF33 likes196,482 views
1. The document discusses different philosophical concepts of the self from thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Freud, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty. 2. Plato viewed the human soul as having three parts - rational, spirited, and appetitive - while Aristotle saw the soul as the essence of a person's being through intellect. 3. Descartes argued "I think therefore I am" and separated mind and body, while Hume believed there is no fixed self and it is simply a collection of perceptions.
Understanding the self in philosophical perspective
- 2. LESSON 1 NETFLI X • What is the role of philosophy in understanding the self? • What are the different concepts of the self from the philosophical view? • What are the various concepts of the self and identify their similarities? • How to develop your own philosophy of the self?
- 3. what is philosophy? PHILOSOPHY IS ABOUT Finding answers to serious questions about ourselves and about the world we live in: What is morally right and wrong? And why? What is a good life? Does God exist? What is the mind? And much, much more Questioning existing knowledge and intuitions to get closer to the truth.
- 4. What will you get out of philosophy? The skills are critical thinking skills, argument skills, communication, reasoning, problem solving, analysis and much more. You can justify your opinion and spot a bad argument what ever the topic is. You can explain to people why you are right and they are wrong. Lastly, philosophy basically teaches you to think.
- 6. PYTHAGORA OF SAMOS An Ionian Greek PHILOSOPHER The first to use the word philosopy
- 7. The origin of philosophy and logic The people tend to search for truth Search is to look for something Search for meaning Search for answers Search for importance Search for significance Search for value Search for relevance Philosophy tends to ask a lot of questions
- 8. PHILOSOPHY AND THE SELF HYPATIA OF ALEXANDRIA Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer
- 9. “KNOW THYSELF” Philosophers agree that self-knowledge is a prerequisite to a happy and meaningful life. “AN UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING”
- 10. EVERY MAN IS DUALISTIC WE ARE COMPOSED OF BODY AND A SOUL THERE ARE TWO IMPORTANT ASPECT OF PERSONHOOD THE BODY WHICH IS IMPERFECT AND IMPERMANENT AND THE SOUL, PERFECT AND PERMANENT.
- 11. SOCRATES’ TWO DICHOTOMOUS REALMS The Physical Realm Changeable, transient and imperfect The body belongs to this realm The Ideal realm Unchanging, eternal and immortal The soul belong to this realm
- 12. Socrates was the first thinker to focus on the full power of reason on the human self WHO WE ARE, WHO WE SHOULD BE, AND WHO WE WILL BECOME. The soul strives for wisdom and perfection, and reason is the soul’s tool to achieve an exalted state of life. Our preoccupation with bodily needs such as food, drink, sex, pleasure, material possessions, and wealth keep us from attaining wisdom. A person can have a meaningful and happy life only if he becomes virtuous and knows the value of himself that can be achieve through constant soul-searching. For him, this is best achieved when one tries to separate the body from the soul as much possible.
- 13. plato Plato: the human soul is immortal • He is a student of Socrates • The philosophy of the self can be explained as a process of self-knowledge and purification of the soul. • He believed that in the existence of the mind and soul • Mind and soul is given in perfection with God
- 14. plato Plato: the human soul has 3 parts 1. Rational Soul • reason and intellect • divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
- 15. plato Plato: the human soul has 3 parts 1. Spirited Soul • emotion and passion • basic emotions such as love, anger ambition, empathy, and aggressiveness.
- 16. plato Plato: the human soul has 3 parts 1. Appetitive Soul • basic needs • includes our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.
- 17. plato Plato: the human soul has 3 parts theses three elements of ourselves are in a dynamic relationship with one another, sometimes in conflict. When conflict occurs, Plato believes that it is the responsibility of our reason to sort things out and exert control, restoring a harmonious relationship among the three elements
- 18. plato Plato: the human soul has 3 parts Plato believes that genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their reason is in control of their spirits and appetites.
- 19. Aristotle: the soul is the essence of the self aristotle • A student of Plato • The body and soul are not two separate elements but are one thing • The soul is simply the form of the body and is not capable of existing without the body
- 20. Aristotle: the soul is the essence of the self aristotle • The soul is that which makes a person a person. The soul is the essence of the self • Aristotle suggest that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life. • Without the body, the soul cannot exist, the soul dies along with the body
- 21. Aristotle: the soul is the essence of the self aristotle The soul and the body, I suggest react sympathetically upon each other. A change in the state of the soul produces a change in the shape of the body and conversely, a change in the shape of the body produces a change in the state of the soul.
- 22. Aristotle: the soul is the essence of the self aristotle • Aristotle suggested that anything with life has soul • His discussion about the self centers on the kinds of soul possessed by a man • He introduced the three kinds of soul
- 23. Aristotle: the three kinds of soul aristotle 1. Vegetative Soul includes the physical body that can grow 2. Sentient Soul includes the sensual desires, feelings, and emotions. 3. Rational Soul is what makes a man human. It includes the intellect that makes man know and understand
- 24. Aristotle: the three kinds of soul aristotle 1. Vegetative Soul is for plant reproduction and growth 2. Sensitive Soul is for animals mobility and sensation 3. Rational Soul is for humans thought and reflection
- 25. St. Augustine: I am doubting, therefore I am ST. AUGUSTINE • Integrate the ideas of Plato and Christianity • Augustine’s view of the human person reflects the entire spirit of the medieval world • The soul is united with the body so that man may be entire and complete • Believed humankind is created in the image and likeness of God.
- 26. St. Augustine: I am doubting, therefore I am ST. AUGUSTINE • Therefore, the human person being a creation of God is always geared towards the good • The self is known only through knowing God • Self-knowledge is a consequence of knowledge of God
- 27. St. Augustine: I am doubting, therefore I am ST. AUGUSTINE “Knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us”
- 28. RENE DESCARTES: I think therefore, I am Cogito ergo sum “the act of thinking about self – of being self-conscious is in itself proof that there is self” Rene descartes
- 29. RENE DESCARTES’ two distinct entities Rene descartes 1. COGITO – The thing that thinks the mind 2. EXTENZA – The extension the body
- 30. JOHN LOCKE: THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS • The human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank slate, his theory of knowledge • He felt that the self is constructed primarily from sense experience JOHN LOCKE
- 31. JOHN LOCKE: THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS • Locke theorized that when a person is born, the baby know absolutely nothing • In essence, he a argued that the inside of a baby’s brain was empty and ready to learn everything JOHN LOCKE
- 32. JOHN LOCKE: THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS • CONSCIOUSNESS Necessary to have a coherent personal identity or knowledge of the self as a person. what makes possible our belief that we are the same identity in different situations JOHN LOCKE
- 33. DAVID HUME: THERE IS NO SELF • Self is simply a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidly are in a perpetual flux and movement • The idea of personal identity is a result of imagination • There is no self David hume
- 34. Sigmund Freud: The ego is not master in its own house • The ego is not master in its own house • Man is governed by 2 drives: Eros and Thanatos • Three provinces of the mind: Id, ego and superego
- 35. Immanuel kant : We construct the self Immanuel kant • Self is not just what gives one his personality but also the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons. • The self construct its own reality creating a world that is familiar and predictable. • Through our rationality, the self transcends sense experience.
- 36. GILBERT RYLE: THE SELF IS THE WAY PEO BEHAVE • Self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all the behaviors that people make. • “I act therefore, I am”, in short, the self is the same as bodily behavior • The self is the way people behave
- 37. Paul churchland: the self is the brain • Self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body • All we have is the brain and so, if the brain is gone, there is no self • The physical brain and not the imaginary mind, gives us our sense of self • The self is the brain Paul churchland
- 38. Maurice merleau- ponty: The self is embodied subjectivity • The mind-body bifurcation that has been going on for a long time is a futile endeavor and an invalid problem. • All knowledge of our selves and our world is based on subjective experience • The self can never truly objectified or known in a completely objective sort of way • The self is embodied