Unit 01 (1).pdf

Web Technology
Unit 01 - Web Essentials
and Markup Language
HTML
Prof J D Muley

Outline
Introduction to web technology, internet and www, Web site planning and
design issues,
HTML: structure of html document,HTML elements: headings, paragraphs,
line break, colors & fonts, links, frames, lists, tables, images and forms,
Difference between HTML and HTML5.
CSS: Introduction to Style Sheet,Inserting CSS in an HTML page, CSS
selectors,
XML: Introduction to XML, XML key component,Transforming XML into XSLT,
DTD: Schema, elements, attributes,
Introduction to JSON.

Web Technology
• The methods by which computers communicate with each
other through the use of markup languages and multimedia
packages is known as web technology.

 HTML
 XHTML
 CSS
 XML
 JavaScript
 VBSCRIPT
 DOM
 DHTML
 AJAX
 E4X
 WMLScript
Web Technologies
 SQL
 ASP
 ADO
 PHP
 .NET
 SMIL
 SVG
 FLASH
 Java applets
 Java servlets
 Java Server Page

Internet and WWW
• Inter-network and World Wide Web
• Interlinked hypertext documents accessed using HTTP
Protocol
• Client - Server architecture

What is Internet?
• The Internet is essentially a global network of computing
resources. You can think of the Internet as a physical collection
of routers and circuits as a set of shared resources.

Internet-Based Services
• Email − A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate
with other Internet users around the world.
• Telnet − Allows a user to log into a remote computer as
though it were a local system.
• FTP − Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that
can be stored on a computer from one Internet-connected
computer to another.
• UseNet news − A distributed bulletin board that offers a
combination news and discussion service on thousands of
topics.
• World Wide Web (WWW) − A hypertext interface to Internet
information resources.

What is WWW?
• WWW stands for World Wide Web.
• A technical definition of the World Wide Web is − All the
resources and users on the Internet that are using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging
information between computers on the Internet

What is HTTP?
• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. This is the
protocol being used to transfer hypertext documents that
makes the World Wide Web possible.
• A standard web address such as Google.com is called a URL
and here the prefix http indicates its protocol

What is URL?
• URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to
specify addresses on the World Wide Web.
• A URL will have the following format −
• protocol://hostname/other_information
• The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the
domain name. The domain name is the computer on which
the resource is located.

What is Website?
• which is a collection of various pages written in HTML markup
language.
• Each page available on the website is called a web page and
first page of any website is called home page for that site.

What is Web Server?
• Every Website sits on a computer known as a Web server.
• This server is always connected to the internet.
• Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given a
unique address. For example, 68.178.157.132
• When you register a Web address, also known as a domain
name, such as tutorialspoint.com you have to specify the IP
address of the Web server that will host the site.
• Examples of Web Servers
• Apache Tomcat
• IIS
• Glassfish

What is Web Browser?
• Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the
Web you need a web browsers.
• Examples of Web Browsers
• Netscape Navigator,
• Microsoft Internet Explorer
• Mozilla Firefox.

What is ISP?
• ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. They are the
companies who provide you service in terms of internet
connection to connect to the internet.
• You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet Service
Provider. This space will be used to host your Website.
• Examples of ISP Providers
• Reliance
• Airtel
• BSNL

Technologies- List of Technologies
• Client Side Technologies
• HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript
• XHTML, DHTML, WML, AJAX
• FLASH
• Server Side Technologies
• ASP, PHP, Perl, JSP
• ASP.NET, Java
• MySQL, SQL Server, Access
• Some More Advanced Technologies
• XML, XSLT, RSS, Atom
• X-Path, XQuery, WSDL
• XML-DOM, RDF
• Ruby on Rails, GRAIL Framework
• REST, SOAP

How to choose a Technology?
• Depends on:
• What is the type of content?
• Who is your audience?
• Who will modify your content?
• What are your Future Plans?
• Availability of technology?
• Your previous experience?
• Portability and Data sharing

What is HTML?
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
• This is the language in which we write web pages for any
Website.
• This is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language
(SGML) for electronic publishing, the specific standard used
for the World Wide Web.

What is Hyperlink?
• A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an
electronic document that serves as an access point to other
electronic resources.
• Typically, you click the hyperlink to access the linked resource.
• Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons, image maps, and
clickable text links.

Web - Domain Names & Extension Types
• A domain name is the part of your Internet address that
comes after "www". For example, in Tutorialspoint.com the
domain name is tutorialspoint.com.
• Some Domain Extensions are as mentioned below
• .com − Stands for company/commercial, but it can be used for
any website.
• .net − Stands for network and is usually used for a network of
sites.
• .org − Stands for organization and is supposed to be for non-profit
bodies.
• .us, .in − They are based on your country names so that you can
go for country specific domain extensions
• .biz − A newer extension on the Internet and can be used to
indicate that this site is purely related to business.

Website Designing steps
• Information Gathering
• Planning
• Design
• Development
• Testing and Delivery
• Maintenance

Website Planning
• Define your target audiences.
• Set goals and objectives.
• Create a sitemap.
• Request an estimate.
• Set a budget.
• Define roles and responsibilities.
• https://www.farreachinc.com/blog/far-reach/2014/08/14/6-
steps-how-to-plan-a-successful-website-redesign

Website Design Issues
• Simplicity –less animations, texts, visuals
• Identity –web apps through design
• Consistency –e.g. uniform style, color, etc.
• Robustness–required function should not miss
• Navigability –navigation should be simple
• Visual appeal–look & feel of content
• Compatibility –compatible to all browsers, internet connection
types, OS, etc.

How the Web Works?
25
Client running a
Web Browser
Server running Web
Server Software
(IIS, Apache, etc.)
• WWW use classical client / server architecture
• HTTP is text-based request-response protocol
HTTP
Page request
HTTP
Server response

HTML Basics
Text, Images, Tables, Forms

What is HTML?
• HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web
pages.
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup
• HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages
• HTML elements are represented by tags
• Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to
render the content of the page

A Simple HTML Document
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Explanation
• The <html> element is the root element
of an HTML page
• The <head> element contains meta
information about the document
• The <title> element specifies a title for
the document
• The <body> element contains the visible
page content
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph

HTML Tags
• HTML tags are element names surrounded by angle brackets:
• <tagname>content goes here...</tagname>
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end
tag
• The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a forward
slash inserted before the tag name

HTML Versions
Version Year
HTML 1991
HTML 2.0 1995
HTML 3.2 1997
HTML 4.01 1999
XHTML 2000
HTML5 2014

Creating HTML Page
Write HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
Save the file on your computer using .html or
.htm extension and set the encoding to UTF-8
View the HTML Page in Your Browser

First HTML Page
33
test.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
First HTML Page: Tags
34
Opening tag
Closing tag
An HTML element consists of an opening tag, a closing tag and the content inside.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
First HTML Page: Header
35
HTML header

First HTML Page: Body
36
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
HTML body

HTML Headings-
HTMLheadingsaredefinedwiththe<h1>to<h6>tags.<h1>definesthe
mostimportantheading.<h6>definestheleastimportantheading:
HTML Code Output

Headingsand Paragraphs
38
• Heading Tags (h1 – h6)
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
• Paragraph Tags
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
• Sections: div and span
<div style="background: skyblue;">
This is a div</div>

Text Formatting
• Text formatting tags modify the text between the opening tag and the
closing tag
• Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold
<b></b> bold
<i></i> italicized
<u></u> underlined
<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript
<sub></sub> Samplesubscript
<strong></strong> strong
<em></em> emphasized
<pre></pre> Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block
<del></del> Deleted text – strike through
39

Text Formatting Example
HTML Code Output

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
• Link to a document called cat.html on the same server in the
subdirectory stuff:
41
• Link to a document called form.html on the same server in the
same directory:
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>
• Link to a document called parent.html on the same server in the
parent directory:
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>
• Link to an external Web site:
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>

Links to the Same Document– Example
42
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />
...the rest of the table of contents...

<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>
... Section 2 follows here ...
<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...

Images: <img> tag
src Location of image file (relative or absolute)
alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
height Number of pixels of the height
width Number of pixels of the width
border Size of border, 0 for no border
⬥Inserting an image with <img> tag:
<img src="/img/basd-logo.png">
⬥
Image attributes:
⬥Example:
<img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" />
43

a. Apple
b. Orange
c. Grapefruit
Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag
• Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:
• Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i
44
1. Apple
2. Orange
3. Grapefruit
A. Apple
B. Orange
C. Grapefruit Grapefruit
i.
ii.
iii.
I. Apple
II.Orange
III.
Apple
Orange
Grapefruit
<ol type="1" >
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>

Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag
45
• Apple
• Orange
• Pear
o Apple
o Orange
o Pear
 Apple
 Orange
 Pear
• Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:
<ul type="disk" >
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
• Attribute values for type are:
• disc, circle or square

Definition lists: <dl> tag
46
• Create definition lists using <dl>
• Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in <dt> tag,
definition in <dd> tag
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup language …</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Language used to …</dd>
</dl>
• Renders without bullets
• Definition is indented

Lists – Example
47
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup lang…</dd>
</dl>
lists.html

HTML Table Tags
Tag Description
<table> Defines a table
<th> Defines a header cell in a table
<tr> Defines a row in a table
<td> Defines a cell in a table
<caption> Defines a table caption
<colgroup>
Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for
formatting
<col>
Specifies column properties for each column within a
<colgroup> element
<thead> Groups the header content in a table
<tbody> Groups the body content in a table
<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Tables (2)
• Start and end of a table
• Start and end of a row
• Start and end of a cell in a row
50
<table> ... </table>
<tr> ... </tr>
<td> ... </td>

Simple HTML Tables – Example
51
<html>
<body>
<table width=100% border = "1" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Simple HTML Tables – Example
52
<html>
<body>
<table width=50% border = "1" >
<tr>
<th colspan=2>Firstname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

⬥Defines how
many columns
the cell occupies
Column and Row Span
53
cell[1,1] cell[1,2]
cell[2,1]
colspan="2"
cell[1,1]
cell[1,2]
cell[2,1]
• Table cells have two important attributes:
⬥colspan ⬥rowspan
colspan="1" colspan="1" rowspan="2" rowspan="1"
rowspan="1"
⬥Defines how
many rows the
cell occupies

HTML Tables – colspan Example
54
<html>
<body>
<table width=50% border = "1" >
<tr>
<th colspan=2>Firstname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

HTML Tables – rowspan Example
55
<h2 align=center> Cell that spans two rows: </h2>
<table style="width:50%“ border=“1” align=center>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>55577854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>55577855</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

HTML Tables – rowspan
Example with <style>

Complete HTML Tables
• Table rows split into three semantic sections: header, body
and footer
• <thead> denotes table header and contains <th> elements,
instead of <td> elements
• <tbody> denotes collection of table rows that contain the very
data
• <tfoot> denotes table footer but comes BEFORE the <tbody>
tag
• <colgroup> and <col> define columns (most often used to set
column widths)
57

HTML Forms
Entering User Data from a Web Page

HTML Form
• The <form> Element
• The HTML <form> element defines a form that is used to
collect user input:
• Syntax
<form>
form elements
</form>
• Form elements are different types of input elements, like
• text fields,
• checkboxes,
• radio buttons,
• submit buttons, and more.

The <input> Element
• The <input> element is the most
important form element.
• Here are some examples:
• Input Type Text
• Input Type Password
• Input Type Submit
• Input Type Radio
• Input Type Reset
• Input Type Checkbox
• Input Type Button …etc
• HTML5 Input Types
• HTML5 added several new input
types
• color
• date
• datetime-local
• email
• month
• number
• range
• search
• tel
• time
• url
• week

Input Type Text
• <input type="text">
defines a one-line text
input field:
• Example
• This is how the HTML
code above will be
displayed in a browser:

Input Type Password
• <input type="password">
• defines a password field:
• Example
• This is how the HTML
code above will be
displayed in a browser:

Input Type Submit
• defines a button for submitting form data to a form-handler.
• The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute:
• Example
<form action="/action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey"> <br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

Input Type Reset
• <input type="reset"> defines a reset button that will reset all
form values to their default values:
• click the "Reset" button, the form-data will be reset.
• Example

Input Type Button
• <input type="button"> defines a button:
• Example
• <input type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')"
value="Click Me!">
• After clicking above button it shows output as below:

Input Type Radio
• <input type="radio"> defines a radio button.
• Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited number of
choices:
• <form>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male" checked> Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female"> Female<br>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="other"> Other
</form>
• This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Input Type Checkbox
• <input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox.
• Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited
number of choices.
• Example
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle1" value="Bike"> I have a bike
<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle2" value="Car"> I have a car
</form>
• This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

HTML Input Attributes
• The value Attribute
• The readonly Attribute
• The disabled Attribute
• The size Attribute
• The maxlength Attribute

The <select> Element
(Dropdown menus)
• The <select> element defines a drop-down list:
• <select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>

The <select> Element with
multiple selection
• <select name="cars" size="4" multiple>
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>

The <textarea> Element
• <textarea name="message" rows="10" cols="30">
The cat was playing in the garden.
</textarea>
• The rows attribute specifies the visible number of lines in a
text area.
• The cols attribute specifies the visible width of a text area.

HTML Forms – Example
72
<label for="fname">First Name</label>
<input type="text" name="fname" id="fname" />
<br />
<label for="lname">Last Name</label>
<input type="text" name="lname" id="lname" />
form.html
<form method="post" action="apply-now.php">
<input name="subject" type="hidden" value="Class" />
<fieldset><legend>Academic information</legend>
<label for="degree">Degree</label>
<select name="degree" id="degree">
<option value="BA">Bachelor of Art</option>
<option value="BS">Bachelor of Science</option>
<option value="MBA" selected="selected">Master of
Business Administration</option>
</select>
<br />
<label for="studentid">Student ID</label>
<input type="password" name="studentid" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset><legend>Personal Details</legend>

HTML Forms – Example (2)
73
Gender:
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gm" value="m" />
<label for="gm">Male</label>
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gf" value="f" />
<label for="gf">Female</label>
<br />
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="text" name="email" id="email" />
</fieldset>
<p>
<textarea name="terms" cols="30" rows="4"
readonly="readonly">TERMS AND CONDITIONS...</textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send Form" />
<input type="reset" value="Clear Form" />
</p>
</form>
form.html (continued)
<br />

HTML Forms – Example (3)
form.html (continued)
74

HTML Frames
<frameset>, <frame> and <iframe>

HTML Frames
• Frames provide a way to show multiple HTML documents in a
single Web page
• The page can be split into separate views (frames) horizontally
and vertically
• Frames were popular in the early ages of HTML development,
but now their usage is rejected
• Frames are not supported by all user agents (browsers, search
engines, etc.)
• A <noframes> element is used to provide content for non-
compatible agents.
76

HTML <frame> Tag.
• Example
• A simple three-framed page:
• <frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
<frame src="frame_c.htm">
</frameset>
• Each <frame> in a <frameset> can have different attributes, such as
border, scrolling, the ability to resize, etc.

Html Html5
Doctype declaration in Html is too longer
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML
4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org /TR /html4
/strict.dtd">
DOCTYPE declaration in Html5 is very
simple "<!DOCTYPE html>
character encoding in Html is also longer
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML
4.0 Transitional//EN">
character encoding (charset) declaration is
also very simple <meta charset="UTF-8">
Audio and Video are not part of HTML4
Audio and Videos are integral part of
HTML5 e.g. <audio> and <video> tags.
Vector Graphics is possible with the help of
technologies such as VML, Silverlight, Flash etc
Vector graphics is integral part of HTML5
e.g. SVG and canvas
It is almost impossible to get true GeoLocation of
user browsing any website especially if it comes
to mobile devices.
JS GeoLocation API in HTML5 helps identify
location of user browsing any website
(provided user allows it)
Html5 use cookies. It provides local storage in place of cookies.
Not possible to draw shapes like circle, rectangle,
triangle.
Using Html5 you can draw shapes like
circle, rectangle, triangle.
Does not allow JavaScript to run in browser. JS
runs in same thread as browser interface.
Allows JavaScript to run in background. This
is possible due to JS Web worker API in
HTML5

Outline
design issues,
CSS: Introduction to Style Sheet, Inserting CSS in an HTML page, CSS
selectors,
XML: Introduction to XML, XML key component,Transforming XML into XSLT,

Introduction of CSS
• Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple
design language intended to simplify the process of making
web pages presentable.
• CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page.
• Using CSS, you can control the color of the text, the style of
fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized
and laid out, what background images or colors are used,
layout designs,variations in display for different devices and
screen sizes as well as a variety of other effects.

Advantages of CSS
• CSS saves time
• Pages load faster
• Easy maintenance
• Superior styles to HTML
• Multiple Device Compatibility
• Global web standards
• Offline Browsing
• Platform Independence

CSS3 Modules
• Selectors
• Box Model
• Backgrounds and Borders
• Image Values and Replaced Content
• Text Effects
• 2D/3D Transformations
• Animations
• Multiple Column Layout
• User Interface

CSS - Syntax
• A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the
browser and then applied to the corresponding elements in
your document.
• Style rule is made of three parts −
• Selector − A selector is an HTML tag at which a style will be
applied. This could be any tag like <h1> or <table> etc.
• Property - A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put
simply, all the HTML attributes are converted into CSS
properties. They could be color, border etc.
• Value - Values are assigned to properties. For example, color
property can have value either red or #F1F1F1 etc.

CSS - Syntax
• Syntax:
• selector { property: value }
• Example:
• table{ border :1px solid #C00; }

CSS selectors (1)
• CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) HTML elements
based on their element name, id, class, attribute, and more.
• The element Selector
• The element selector selects elements based on the element
name.
• You can select all <p> elements on a page like this (in this case, all
<p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color):
• Example
• p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

Output
Example with output
HTML Code with CSS

CSS selectors (2)
• The id Selector
• The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to
select a specific element.
• The id of an element should be unique within a page, so the id
selector is used to select one unique element!
• To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#)
character, followed by the id of the element.
• The style rule below will be applied to the HTML element with
id="para1":
• Example
• #para1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

Example with output
HTML Code with CSS
Output

CSS selectors (3)
• The class Selector
• The class selector selects elements with a specific class
attribute.
• To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.)
character, followed by the name of the class.
• In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center"
will be red and center-aligned:
• Example
• .center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

CSS selectors (4)
• The class Selector continued….
• You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should
be affected by a class.
• In the example below, only <p> elements with class="center"
will be center-aligned:
• Example
• p.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

CSS selectors (5)
• Grouping Selectors
• If you have elements with the same style definitions, like this:
• h1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;}
h2 {
text-align: center;
color: red; }
p {
text-align: center;
color: red;}
• It will be better to group the selectors, to minimize the code.
• h1, h2, p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

Insert CSS in HTML
• Three Ways to Insert CSS
1. External style sheet
2. Internal style sheet
3. Inline style

External Style Sheet
• With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an
entire website by changing just one file!
• Each page must include a reference to the external style sheet
file inside the <link> element. The <link> element goes inside
the <head> section:
• Example
• <head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>

External Style Sheet - Example
HTML Code
CSS File named- mystyle.css

Internal Style Sheet
• An internal style sheet may be used if one single page has a
unique style.
• Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside
the <head> section of an HTML page:
• Example

Inline Styles
• An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single
element.
• To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant
element. The style attribute can contain any CSS property.
• The example below shows how to change the color and the
left margin of a <h1> element:
• Example

Text-related CSS Properties
• color – specifies the color of the text
• font-size – size of font: xx-small, x-small,
small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large,
smaller, larger or numeric value
• font-family – comma separated font names
• Example: verdana, sans-serif, etc.
• The browser loads the first one that is available
• There should always be at least one generic font
• font-weight can be normal, bold, bolder,
lighter or a number in range [100 … 900]
101

CSS Rules for Fonts (2)
• font-style – styles the font
• Values: normal, italic, oblique
• text-decoration – decorates the text
• Values: none, underline, line-trough,
overline, blink
• text-align – defines the alignment of text or
other content
• Values: left, right, center, justify
102

Shorthand Font Property
• font
• Shorthand rule for setting multiple font properties at
the same time
is equal to writing this:
103
font:italic normal bold 12px/16px verdana
font-style: italic;
font-variant: normal;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 16px;
font-family: verdana;

Backgrounds
104
• background-image
• URL of image to be used as background, e.g.:
background-image:url("back.gif");
• background-color
• Using color and image and the same time
• background-repeat
• repeat-x, repeat-y, repeat, no-repeat
• background-attachment
• fixed / scroll

Backgrounds (2)
105
• background-position: specifies vertical and horizontal
position of the background image
• Vertical position: top, center, bottom
• Horizontal position: left, center, right
• Both can be specified in percentage or other numerical values
• Examples:
background-position: top left;
background-position: -5px 50%;

Borders
• border-width: thin, medium, thick or numerical value
(e.g. 10px)
• border-color: color alias or RGB value
• border-style: none, hidden, dotted, dashed, solid,
double, groove, ridge, inset, outset
• Each property can be defined separately for left, top, bottom
and right
• border-top-style, border-left-color, …
106

Border Shorthand Property
107
• border: shorthand rule for setting border properties at once:
border: 1px solid red
is equal to writing:
border-width:1px;
border-color:red;
border-style:solid;
• Specify different borders for the sides via shorthand rules:
border-top, border-left, border-right, border-
bottom
• When to avoid border:0

Width and Height
• width – defines numerical value for the width of element,
e.g. 200px
• height – defines numerical value for the height of element,
e.g. 100px
• By default the height of an element is defined by its content
• Inline elements do not apply height, unless you change their
displaystyle.
108

Outline
design issues,
CSS: Introduction to Style Sheet,Inserting CSS in an HTML page, CSS
selectors,
XML: Introduction to XML, XML key component, Transforming XML into XSLT,

XML
• Introduction to XML
• XML is a software- and hardware-independent tool for storing
and transporting data.
• What is XML?
• XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language
• XML is a markup language much like HTML
• XML was designed to store and transport data
• XML was designed to be self-descriptive
• XML is a W3C Recommendation

XML Does Not DO Anything
• This note is a note to Tove from Jani, stored as XML::
• <note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
• The XML above is quite self-descriptive:
• It has sender information.
• It has receiver information
• It has a heading
• It has a message body.
• But still, the XML above does not DO anything. XML is just
information wrapped in tags.

The Difference Between XML
and HTML
• XML and HTML were designed with different goals:
• XML was designed to carry data - with focus on what data is
• HTML was designed to display data - with focus on how data
looks
• XML Does Not Use Predefined Tags like HTML tags

XML Used For (1)
• It simplifies data sharing
• It simplifies data transport
• It simplifies platform changes
• It simplifies data availability

XML Used For (2)
• Many computer systems contain data in incompatible formats.
Exchanging data between incompatible systems (or upgraded
systems) is a time-consuming task for web developers. Large
amounts of data must be converted, and incompatible data is
often lost.
• XML stores data in plain text format. This provides a software-
and hardware-independent way of storing, transporting, and
sharing data.
• XML also makes it easier to expand or upgrade to new
operating systems, new applications, or new browsers,
without losing data.

XML Example 1
• <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<note>
<to>Amit</to>
<from>Neha</from>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
• Save the file with .xml extension and when run o/p is like below

XML Example 2- Books.xml
<bookstore>
<book category="children">
<title lang="en">Harry Potter</title>
<author>J K. Rowling</author>
<year>2005</year>
<price>29.99</price>
</book>
<book category="web" cover="paperback">
<title lang="en">Learning XML</title>
<author>Erik T
. Ray</author>
<year>2003</year>
<price>39.95</price>
</book>
</bookstore>

XML Example 2- Books.xml
explanation
• XML uses a much self-describing syntax.
• A prolog defines the XML version and the character encoding:
• The next line is the root element of the document:
• <bookstore>
• The next line starts a <book> element:
• <book category="cooking">
• The <book> elements have 4 child elements: <title>,
<author>, <year>, <price>.
• The next line ends the book element:
• </book>

XSLT
• XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is the
recommended style sheet language for XML.
• XSLT is far more sophisticated than CSS.
• With XSLT you can add/remove elements and attributes to or
from the output file.
• You can also rearrange and sort elements, perform tests and
make decisions about which elements to hide and display, and
a lot more.
• XSLT uses XPath to find information in an XML document.

Displaying XML with XSLT
Create XML Page
Create XSLT Page according to your design criteria
Link XML page with XSLT Page
Get output on browser

Step 1 : Create XML Document:
students.xml
<?xml version = "1.0"?>
<class>
<student rollno = "393">
<firstname>Dinkar</firstname>
<lastname>Kad</lastname>
</student>
<firstname>Vaneet</firstname>
<lastname>Gupta</lastname>
</student>
</class>

Step 2: XSLT Conversion
criteria
• We need to define an XSLT style sheet document for the
above XML document to meet the following criteria −
• Page should have a title Students.
• Page should have a table of student details.
• Columns should have following headers:
• Roll No, First Name, Last Name
• Table must contain details of the students accordingly.

Step 2: Create XSLT document
accordingtodesign criteria:students.xsl
<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version = "1.0" xmlns:xsl = "http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match = "/">
<html> <body>
<h2>Students</h2>
<table border = "1">
<tr bgcolor = "#9acd32">
<th>Roll No</th>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select="class/student">
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select = "@rollno"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select = "firstname"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select = "lastname"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each> </table>
</body> </html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

Step 3: Link the XSLT Document to
the XML Document
• <?xml version = "1.0"?>
• <?xml-stylesheet type = "text/xsl" href = "students.xsl"?>
• <class>
• ...
• </class>

Step 4: View the XML Document in
Internet Explorer
<?xml version = "1.0"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type = "text/xsl" href = "students.xsl"?>
<class>
<firstname>Dinkar</firstname>
<lastname>Kad</lastname>
</student>
<firstname>Vaneet</firstname>
<lastname>Gupta</lastname>
</student>
</class>

Introduction to DTD
• A DTD is a Document Type Definition.
• A DTD defines the structure and the legal elements and
attributes of an XML document.
• With a DTD, independent groups of people can agree on a
standard DTD for interchanging data.
• An application can use a DTD to verify that XML data is valid.

An Internal DTD Example
• <?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend</body>
</note>

An Internal DTD Expalnation
• The DTD in previous slide is interpreted like this:
• !DOCTYPE note defines that the root element of this
document is note
• !ELEMENT note defines that the note element must contain
four elements: "to,from,heading,body"
• !ELEMENT to defines the to element to be of type "#PCDATA"
• !ELEMENT from defines the from element to be of type
"#PCDATA"
• !ELEMENT heading defines the heading element to be of type
"#PCDATA"
• !ELEMENT body defines the body element to be of type
"#PCDATA"

An External DTD Example
• <?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<body>Don't forget me this
weekend!</body>
</note>
• XML File • note.dtd
• <!ELEMENT note
(to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading
(#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>

Building Blocks of XML Documents
as per DTD
<body>some text</body>
<img src="computer.gif" />
< &
• Elements :
• Attributes :
• Entities :
• PCDATA :
•
PCDATA means parsed character data.
PCDATA is text that WILL be parsed by a parser.
Character data is the text found between the start tag
and the end tag of an XML element.
• CDATA:
•
CDATA means character data.
CDATA is text that will NOT be parsed by a parser.

Elements
• XML elements can be defined as building blocks of an XML
document.
• Elements can behave as a container to hold text, elements,
attributes, media objects or mix of all.
• Each XML document contains one or more elements, the
boundaries of which are either delimited by start-tags and
end-tags, or empty elements.
• Example
• <name>Tutorials Point</name>

Attributes
• Attributes are part of the XML elements.
• An element can have any number of unique attributes.
• Attributes give more information about the XML element or
more precisely it defines a property of the element.
• An XML attribute is always a name-value pair.
• Example
• <img src="flower.jpg"/>
• Here img is the element name whereas src is an attribute
name and flower.jpg is a value given for the attribute src.

Entities
• Entities are placeholders in XML. These can be declared in the
document prolog or in a DTD. Entities can be primarily categorized as:
• Built-in entities
• Character entities
• General entities
• Parameter entities
• There are five built-in entities that play in well-formed XML, they are:
• ampersand: &
• Single quote: '
• Greater than: >
• Less than: <
• Double quote: "

Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages of using DTD
• Documentation - You can define your own format for the XML
files.
• Validation - It gives a way to check the validity of XML files by
checking whether the elements appear in the right order,
mandatory elements and attributes are in place
• Disadvantages of using DTD
• It does not support the namespaces.
• It supports only the text string data type.
• It is not object oriented.

JSON-Introduction
• JSON: JavaScript Object Notation.
• JSON is a syntax for storing and exchanging data.
• JSON is text, written with JavaScript object notation.
• JSON is language independent *
• Why use JSON?
• Since the JSON format is text only, it can easily be sent to and
from a server, and used as a data format by any programming
language.
• JavaScript has a built in function to convert a string, written in
JSON format, into native JavaScript objects:
• JSON.parse()
• So, if you receive data from a server, in JSON format, you can
use it like any other JavaScript object.

JSON Syntax Rules
• JSON syntax is derived from JavaScript object notation syntax:
• Data is in name/value pairs
• Data is separated by commas
• Curly braces hold objects
• Square brackets hold arrays
• JSON Data - A Name and a Value
• JSON data is written as name/value pairs.
• A name/value pair consists of a field name (in double quotes),
followed by a colon, followed by a value:
• Example
• "name":"John"

JSON Values
• In JSON, values must be one of the following data types:
• a string
• a number
• an object (JSON object)
• an array
• a boolean
• null
• In JSON, string values must be written with double quotes:
• { "name":"John" }

Object Syntax
• Example
• { "name":"John", "age":30, "car":null }
• JSON objects are surrounded by curly braces {}.
• JSON objects are written in key/value pairs.
• Keys must be strings, and values must be a valid JSON data
type (string, number, object, array, boolean or null).
• Keys and values are separated by a colon.
• Each key/value pair is separated by a comma.

References
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-web-technology-
definition-trends.html
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/web_developers_guide/web_
basic_concepts.htm
• https://www.slideshare.net/vikramsingh.v85/introduction-to-
web-technology
• www.telerik.com
• https://www.w3schools.com/html/
• https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_intro.asp
• https://www.w3schools.com/xml/
• https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_json_intro.asp
• https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xml_dtd_intro.asp

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