Unit 1
- 2. LinguisticsLinguisticsLinguisticsLinguistics Language studies were made basically from a linguistic point of view MorphologyMorphologyMorphologyMorphology It focused only on the inner structure of the words (morphemes) SyntaxSyntaxSyntaxSyntax These branches couldn’t explain the use ofThese branches couldn’t explain the use ofThese branches couldn’t explain the use ofThese branches couldn’t explain the use of different utterances in real communicationdifferent utterances in real communicationdifferent utterances in real communicationdifferent utterances in real communication SemanticsSemanticsSemanticsSemantics It focused on the order of the words in a sentence: It focused on the meaning of the words Hungry? The telephone is crying for you! It’s raining cats and dogs… What was wrong with these analysis?
- 3. Pragmatics Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of language in communication. It takes into account aspects that were PragmaticsPragmaticsPragmaticsPragmatics PragmaticsPragmaticsPragmaticsPragmatics It takes into account aspects that were cast aside by the traditional branches How people use their background knowledge to interpret discourse How people use and understand speech acts How people’s relationship influence their discourse
- 4. The relationship between contextualized sentences PragmaticsPragmaticsPragmaticsPragmatics This branch helps us understand: How different texts are organized and used The cultural aspects that help or interfere with communication
- 5. ETHNOGRAPHY SOCIOLINGUISTICS LINGUISTICS PRAGMATICS Who speaks?, About what?, To Whom?, When?, Where? and with which purpose? PragmaticsPragmaticsPragmaticsPragmatics PSYCHOLINGUISTICS How people learn, understand and produce language Cultural information about the speech community Description of what people say or write
- 6. Discourse, CoDiscourse, CoDiscourse, CoDiscourse, Co----text and Contexttext and Contexttext and Contexttext and Context DiscourseDiscourseDiscourseDiscourse it refers to the use of language in real communication, within a specific context, with a given intention, for a determined audience. What matters is not its conformity to rules, but the factnot its conformity to rules, but the fact that it communicates and it’s recognized by its receivers as coherent
- 7. Through discourse, people can… Engage in actions and interaction with others Organize thoughts into communicative actions Convey their identities and relationships
- 8. CoCoCoCo----text and Contexttext and Contexttext and Contexttext and Context CoCoCoCo----texttexttexttext it refers to the relationship established among all the linguistic units within a discourse. That is why, one word can have different connotation, depending of the co- text that surrounds it: May I come in? I was born in May ContextContextContextContext it refers to the variables that surround the discourse, which help us understand the real message. May I come in? I was born in May
- 9. Contextual information relevant for discourseContextual information relevant for discourseContextual information relevant for discourseContextual information relevant for discourse understandingunderstandingunderstandingunderstanding Speakers’ characteristics: their sex, age or nationality Speakers’ relationship: father and son, two friends, two politicians… Social context: a party, a class, a TV interview… two politicians… The channel: speech, writing, signing, smoke signs The communicative purpose: to entertain, to teach… The speakers’ knowledge about the topic: totally unknown, very familiar
- 10. Tools users of the language need to considerTools users of the language need to considerTools users of the language need to considerTools users of the language need to consider USERUSERUSERUSER Language system GOALGOALGOALGOAL Contextual Knowledge
- 11. Discourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse Analysis it’s a subject that study how utterances in spoken or written language are used to form larger meaningful units such as conversations or interviews in real communicative situations. It’s the search for what gives discourse coherence. 1 I went to Caracas. My car is broke and the movie was bad. You have to study and the restaurant is closed 2 When I went to Caracas my car broke down. I couldn’t go to the movie so I stayed at The hotel studying. At 8:00 pm, I went to the restaurant but it was closed
- 12. Discourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse Analysis D.A. is a branch of linguistics that focuses on language use above and beyond the sentence… it’s a way of describing and understanding how language is used. IT IS NOT A METHOD FOR TEACHING LANGUAGE It serves from different approaches to analyze written, spoken or signed language use.
- 13. Cases for analysisCases for analysisCases for analysisCases for analysis Analyze the following cases in order to reach an agreement about the necessary information for giving them a convenient treatment: Alice speaks English very well in informal situations; the problem is that when she is supposed to speak formally, she keeps using colloquial expressions thatformally, she keeps using colloquial expressions that make her look uneducated. I don’t know how to explain my students why American and Venezuelan jokes are different.
- 14. ETHNOGRAPHY SOCIOLINGUISTICS LINGUISTICS PRAGMATICS Who speaks?, About what?, To Whom?, When?, Where? and with which purpose? PragmaticsPragmaticsPragmaticsPragmatics PSYCHOLINGUISTICS How people learn, understand and produce language Cultural information about the speech community Description of what people say or write
- 15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKbp4hEHV-s After watching the video, What aspects can youWhat aspects can you consider to be as some of the most important ones for language use and understanding?
- 16. Discourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse Analysis Aspects influencing language use and understanding The cooperation between the interlocutor The cognitive efforts Interlocutors do The background Knowledge Interlocutors have