Proposal semantics hyponim
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This document provides definitions and background information on semantics, linguistics, and language. It discusses semantics as the study of meaning in language and how it relates to other fields like phonology and syntax. Linguistics is defined as the systematic study of language, including its structures, uses, development, and acquisition. Key points made include: - Semantics studies the objective, conventional meanings of words, phrases, and sentences. - Linguistics examines all aspects of language from sounds to meanings to uses. - Language is an important tool for human communication and expression that contains cultural knowledge and experiences.
Proposal semantics hyponim
- 1. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. The Background of the Research Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language. This paper is an indtroduction to the theory and practice of semantics in modern linguistic. Although this is not an introduction to any single theory, we begin with a basic assumption, that a person‟s linguistic abilities are based on knowledge that they have. It is this knowledge that we are seeking to investigate. One of the insights of modern linguistic is that speakers of a language have different types of linguistic knowledge, including how to pronounce words, how to construct sentences, and about the meaning of individual words and sentences. To reflect this, linguistic description has different levels of analysis. So phonology is the study of what sounds a language has and how these sounds combine to form words, syntax is the the study of how words can be combined into sentences, and semantics is the study of the meanings of words and sentences. The intention of this study is to explore the feasibility to apply theory of hyponymy employed in English writing. Theory of hyponymy is a feasible way for English writing, for it can be applied to sort out and sum up words or things of the same category.
- 2. 2 Hyponymy is one reflection of semantic relationship, that is, relationship of semantic inclusion. No matter the semantic inclusion is broad or narrow, the inter-related hyponymous words have much to do with the English writing. Although the study of the hyponymous theory is a newly developing branch of linguistics, researchers at home and abroad pay more attention to its application. Without the theory of hyponymy, the input and output of the idea of an article thus maybe cannot be entitled to enjoy a logical analysis. It is well-known that the ultimate aim of an article, especially the variety of an argumentation, is to display the writer‟s opinion and makes the public know what is going on in the article. Undoubtedly, an article tends to the application of the theory of hyponymy that has won the good graces of the scholars all over the world. With the help of my supervisor, I have collected the relevant materials from academic journals and works, and I would like to touch more upon its application. The methods used in this study are basically explanatory and illustrative. The respective characteristics of hyponymous words can be seen in the role of guiding significance after the analysis of hyponymy in this paper. The thesis is composed of two major parts, hyponymy and its application in English writing. Firstly, analysis of the hyponymy and its ingredients are put forward. Secondly, the application of the theory of hyponymy in English writing is advanced.
- 3. 3 The following is the essence of the thesis from which we can see that analysis of hyponymy is indeed of great help to English writing. There are many ways used to organize one‟s train of thinking from, the point of generalization in the practice of writing, such as proper superordinates as title, superordinates in the topic sentence and the topic paragraph. Furthermore, the coherent semantic meaning and various kinds of junctions can compose a whole text. Actually, mostly made up of hyponym paragraphs, a discourse contains lower words in the semantic field of the whole context. Last but not least, theory of hyponymy applies to writing not only is considered into textual structure, but also semantic meaning of hyponymous words, such as words of emotion, connotation, stylistic characteristics, rhetorical features. Words are arbitrary symbols and independent identities so far as their outer facet--spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another. Structural Semantics holds the opinion that some words are inter-related to others, which can be called Implicational-Lexical Relations. Hyponymy is one branch of such Implicational-Lexical Relations. Generally speaking, hyponymy is the relation of semantic inclusiveness. No matter the semantic inclusion is broad or narrow, the inter-related hyponymous words have much to do with the English writing. Without the theory of hyponymy, the input and output of the idea of an article thus maybe cannot be entitled to enjoy a logical analysis. It is well-known that the ultimate aim of an article, especially an argumentation, is to display the writer‟s opinion and makes the public know what is going on in the article. Undoubtedly, an excellent article tends to the application of the theory of hyponymy.
- 4. 4 B. Scope of The Problem. The writer would like to formulate the purpose of the study in order to know whether applying hyponim in semantics can improve meanings in Cinderella short story. C. The Objective of The Research. The writer would like to know some objectives are achieved to answer the problem of the analysis about lexical relation and focuses on hyponim and meaning. The objectives of this research based on research problem above are: 1. To know the definition of Language and Morphology 2. To know the many processes in the Morphology 3. To know the relationship between Language and Morphology D. The Significant of the Research The purpose of writing this paper is : 1. The sufil one of the requirements to pass the program of strata ( S1 ) in STBA JIA. 2. To motivative students to learn semantics so they wil be confident in learning hyponim and meaning. 3. To make semantics so easy and fun learn. 4. This assignment can be used as an additional reference for teaching lexical relation, especially about hyponim.
- 5. 5 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION A. The Definition of Language Language is a tool of communication of people, in language there are many regulation, like how we make or construct a sentence from phrase and word, so that our language well and the other people understand what we say. If we do not use a good language of structure is wrong or we false use part of speech it also difficult to understand. In addition, language is important aspect in our life. Language has many functions to express inner thoughts and emotions, make sense of complex and abstract thought, to learn to communicate with others, to fulfill our wants and needs, as well as to establish rules and maintain our culture. Language is the armory of the human mind, and at once contains the trophies of its past and the weapons of its future conquests." (Samuel Taylor Coleridge). "Every individual is at once the beneficiary and the victim of the linguistic tradition into which he has been born the beneficiary inasmuch as language gives access to the accumulated records of other people's experience, the victim in so far as it confirms him in the belief that reduced awareness is the only awareness and as it bedevils his sense of reality, so that he is all too apt to take his concept for data his words for actual things. ( Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception, 1954 ).
- 6. 6 B. The Definition of Linguistic Linguistic has related to the people because it studies about language, it is mean that linguistic focus in language how the language formed, meaning and context. People must understand structure of language and can use it as well as possible; language is needed by people so far they need to interaction with each other. Therefore, we must understand it. People not only understand but also how the way uses a good language to commutate each other. As we see today, communication is very need by all people because first tool of interaction is language. Wedrana Mihalicek et al (2011: 7) said “when you use language, you use it to communicate an idea from your mind to the mind of some else”. The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is divided into a number of subfields: 1. Phonetics - the study of speech sounds in their physical aspects 2. Phonology - the study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspects 3. Morphology - the study of the formation of words 4. Syntax - the study of the formation of sentences 5. Semantics the study of meaning 6. Pragmatics - the study of language use Linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language--into its structures and uses and the relationship between them, as well as into its development through history and its acquisition by children and adults. The scope of linguistics includes both language structure and language use (and its underlying communicative competence). (Edward Finegan, Language: Its Structure and Use, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2012) C. The Definition of Semantics Semantics is a branch of linguistics dealing with the meaning of words, phrases and sentences, however, contrary to pragmatics it does not analyze the intended speaker meaning, or what words denote on a given occasion, but the objective, conventional meaning. Additionally, it is concerned with the conceptual meaning and not the associative meaning.
- 7. 7 The conceptual meaning is what a word in fact denotes, as for example Friday the 13 th is a day between Thursday the 12 th and Saturday the 14 th, and that is the conceptual meaning of the phrase Friday the 13 th. Yet, for many people the idea of that day brings to mind thoughts of bad luck and misfortune, which is the associative meaning. The meaning of words is analyzed in several different ways in order to account for as many aspects of meaning as possible. First of all, words are analyzed in terms of their semantic features that is basic elements which enable the differentiation of meaning of words. Apart from the semantic features of words also semantic roles (sometimes called „thematic roles‟) are examined. Semantic roles describe the way in which words are used in sentences and the functions they fulfill. Thus, the entity that performs an action is known as an agent, while the entity involved in an action is called the theme (or „patient). When an agent uses an entity in order to do something this entity is called an instrument. However, when a person in a sentence does not perform any action, but only has a perception, state of feeling then the role is described as experiencer. Finally there are roles connected with motion or position of entities. So, the location is where an entity is, the source is the initial position of the entity, the place where it moves from and the goal is where the entity moves to. One other issue investigated by semantics is the relationship between words, some of which are known to almost every language user, others very abstract and vague for a common speaker. To begin with the simplest relationship between words let us have a look at synonymy. Synonim are two words with very similar, almost identical meaning, such as buy and purchase, or cab and taxi. In some cases however, although the meaning seems nearly identical there is a difference in the word usage or the level of formality and therefore the words can not always be substituted. The next relationship between words is the case when two words have opposite meanings, the words such as male/female, old/new, interesting/boring are antonyms. What is interesting is that antonyms are
- 8. 8 divided into gradable and non-gradable antonyms. Gradable antonyms are opposites along a scale in that when someone says „I am not high’ it does not necessarily mean „I am short’. Non-gradable antonyms do not present such flexibility: when we say ‘I am married’ the only antonym available in this sentence would be ‘I am single’. Sometimes the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another, broader term. Then the relationship between words can be described as hyponymy as in the case of words: vegetable and carrot. A carrot is necessarily a vegetable, therefore the meaning of the word vegetable is included in the word carrot, so carrot is a hyponym of vegetable. In this relation the word vegetable is the superordinte (higher level term) of the word carrot. The relationship of hyponymy and superordination can be illustrated by the following diagram: D. The Definition of Lexical Relation In this Chapter we turn to the study of word meaning, or lexical semantics. The traditional description aims of lexical semantics have been to represent the meaning of each word in the language and to show how the meaning of words in language are interrelated.
- 9. 9 E. The Definition of Hyponim Linguistically, some words belong to the genus，like fruitfood; others carry the characteristics of the species，such as appleorangericemeat, etc. The meaning of a specific word is contained within another more general word. Such relationship of semantic inclusion is known as hyponymy. The general lexical item is called the superordinate or the upper term , and the specific item the hyponym or the lower term . For example, a cat is a hyponym of the superordinate animal. The same relationship obtains between flute and instrument, chair and furniture, etc. The set of terms which are hyponyms of the same superordinate term are called co-hyponyms. For instance, flute, clarinet, trumpet are the co-hyponyms of the superordinate instrument. The co-hyponyms are also known as semantic field. F. The Definition of Cinderella A fairy tale from the collection of Charles Perrault. Cinderella, a young girl, is forced by her stepmother and stepsisters to do heavy housework and relaxes by sitting among the cinders by the fireplace. One evening, when the prince of the kingdom is holding a ball, Cinderella's fairy godmother visits her, magically dresses her for the ball, turns a pumpkin into a magnificent carriage for her, warns her not to stay past midnight, and sends her off. Cinderella captivates the prince at the ball but leaves just as midnight is striking, and in her haste she drops a slipper; as the story is usually told in English, the slipper is made of glass. She returns home with her fine clothes turned back into rags and her carriage a pumpkin again. The prince searches throughout the kingdom for the owner of the slipper. Cinderella is the only one whom it fits, and the prince marries her
- 10. 10 CHAPTER III ANALYSIS A. Short Story of Cinderella One day, there was a beautiful girl named Cinderella. She lived with a wicked stepmother and her two stepsisters. They treated Cinderella very bad and did not appreciate her. Near from her home, there was a king‟s palace which was so beautiful and there would be held a big party. Her stepmother and her sisters were invited to attend the party. However, they did not allow her to go to the party. She was ordered to sew the party dresses that would be worn by her mother and sisters. While, she did not have time to sew her dress. Her mother and her sisters went to a party and left Cinderella alone at home. She felt very sad and cried. Between her tears, suddenly a fairy godmother appeared and said “do not cry, I can send you to the ball now!”, But she kept crying and looked so sad. She said, “I do not have a dress to wear in the ball”. The fairy godmother of course would not be worry and waved the wand to transform the Cinderella‟s old clothes into the new dress which was very beautiful. Furthermore, that fairy godmother touched Cinderella‟s foot with the wand and suddenly Cinderella had beautiful glass slippers. Cinderella was shocked and said, “wow, thank you, but how I could go to the ball?”. Fairy godmother then went into the kitchen and saw four rats. She turned it into golden four horses and into a beautiful buggy. Before leaving home, the Fairy Godmother said “Cinderella, you have to go home at middle of the night, because this magic will works only until midnight! ” When Cinderella entered the palace, everyone was stunned by her beautiful face. In fact, no one recognized her because she was so different. Cinderella was so pretty with the dress and the glass slippers. A handsome prince also saw Cinderella and he fell in love. He met Cinderella and asked, “Do you want to dance?” And she said, “yes, I want to dance with you”.
- 11. 11 Prince and Cinderella danced during the night and she was so happy at that night. She forgot the fairy godmother warning that she should go home in the middle of the night. At the last moment, Cinderella remembered her promise to the fairy godmother and went home. “I must go!”, said her. She ran quickly and one of her glass slippers left but she did not come back to pick it up. Cinderella arrived home a few minutes later. When she arrived, the clock struck in twelve. The horses and the buggy back into the previous shape and she did not wear the glass slippers and the beautiful dress anymore. After that, her stepmother and sisters came home and talked about the beautiful women who danced with the prince. They were very curious about the identity of the woman who suddenly appeared. In the palace, Prince kept thinking about Cinderella and he fell in love. Prince wanted to find out the identity of the girl, but he even did not know her name. Prince has only found the glass slipper, and he said, “I will find her, and I will marry the woman whose foot fits into this glass slipper!”. In the next day, the prince and his bodyguards went to all the existing home. They wanted to find a woman whose foot matched with the size of the shoe. Cinderella stepsisters also tried the glass slipper but their feet do not match. When Cinderella wanted to try, her stepmother prevented and forbidden her. However, the prince said, “let her trying!”. When Cinderella wore a glass slipper, she had a perfect leg for the shoe. The prince then recognized her and he was convinced that she was a woman who danced with him at the dance. He married Cinderella and they lived happily.
- 12. 12 B. The Analysis of Story Paragraph one is 1. One day, there was a beautiful girl named Cinderella. ( beautiful is hyponim of adjectiv ) 2. She was ordered to sew the party dresses that would be worn by her mother and sisters. ( sew is hyponim of work ) ( mother is hyponim of member of family ) 3. She was ordered to sew the party dresses that would be worn by her mother and sisters. ( sister is hyponim of member of family ) Paragraph two is 1. Fairy godmother then went into the kitchen and saw four rats. ( rats is hyponim of animal ) 2. She turned it into golden four horses and into a beautiful buggy. ( buggy is hyponim of transportation ) Paragraph three is 1. Prince and Cinderella danced during the night and she was so happy at that night. ( danced is hyponim of work ) 2. She ran quickly and one of her glass slippers left but she did not come back to pick it up. ( ran is hyponim of move ) C. Conclusion In conclusion, the writer found hyponim in that lexical meaning in the short story “ Cinderella “. All the proofs are presented in each chapter. Those kind of lexical meanings abridge us to understand defition of hyponim.
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