UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT.ppt
- 1. AX4092 - DISASTER MANAGEMENT Mr. R. SHANMUGASUNDARAM Assistant Professor Dept. of Civil Engineering, PSNACET
- 2. SYLLABUS UNIT I - INTRODUCTION Disaster: Definition, Factors and Significance; Difference between Hazard And Disaster; Natural and Manmade Disasters: Difference, Nature, Types and Magnitude. UNIT II - REPERCUSSIONS OF DISASTERS AND HAZARDS Economic Damage, Loss of Human and Animal Life, Destruction Of Ecosystem. Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanisms, Cyclones, Tsunamis, Floods, Droughts And Famines, Landslides And Avalanches, Man-made disaster: Nuclear Reactor Meltdown, Industrial Accidents, Oil Slicks And Spills, Outbreaks Of Disease And Epidemics, War And Conflicts
- 3. UNIT III - DISASTER PRONE AREAS IN INDIA Study of Seismic Zones; Areas Prone To Floods and Droughts, Landslides And Avalanches; Areas Prone To Cyclonic and Coastal Hazards with Special Reference To Tsunami; Post-Disaster Diseases and Epidemics UNIT IV - DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MANAGEMENT Preparedness: Monitoring Of Phenomena Triggering a Disaster or Hazard; Evaluation of Risk: Application of Remote Sensing, Data from Meteorological And Other Agencies, Media Reports: Governmental and Community Preparedness. UNIT V - RISK ASSESSMENT Disaster Risk: Concept and Elements, Disaster Risk Reduction, Global and National Disaster Risk Situation. Techniques of Risk Assessment, Global Co-Operation in Risk Assessment and Warning, People’s Participation in Risk Assessment. Strategies for Survival
- 4. UNIT I - INTRODUCTION • Disasters are serious disruptions to the functioning of a community that exceed its capacity to cope using its own resources • A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property. • The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the geographical location, climate and type of the earth surface/degree of vulnerability.
- 8. HAZARD: • Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. • They could be either naturally occurring or manmade. • Extent of damage in a disaster depends on – Impact, intensity and characteristics of the phenomenon. – How people, environment and infrastructures are affected by the phenomenon.
- 9. VULNERABILITY: The extent to which a community, structure, service and / or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area. RESILIENCE: The capacity to prevent, mitigate, prepare for, respond to and recover from the impacts of disasters.
- 11. RISKS: • It is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazardous event of a particular event of a particular magnitude occurring in a given area over a specific time period. • It is a function of probability of particular occurrences and losses each would cause. • The level of risks depends on Nature of Hazard Vulnerability of elements which are affected. Economic value of those elements.
- 12. Types of Disaster Based on Nature of Hazardous Event: 1. Natural Disaster: A disaster caused by natural factors called as a natural disaster e.g., earthquake, flood, , cyclone etc. 2. Man-made disaster: A disaster caused due to the human activities e.g., epidemics, fire accidents, industrial accidents etc. 3. Armed Conflict Related disaster: Eg. War, Genocide, social violence
- 13. Natural Disaster Major Natural Disaster: Minor Natural Disaster Flood Cold Wave Cyclone Thunderstorms Drought Heat waves Earthquakes Mud slides Storm Manmade Disaster Major Manmade Disaster: Minor Manmade Disaster Setting of Fires Accidents Epidemic Riots Deforestation Industrial Disaster Wars Environmental Pollution
- 14. Based on the duration of hazardous event: 1. Acute Disaster: Rapid onset event with immediate destruction and death. Eg: Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, flood, hurricanes. 2. Chronic Disasters: Slow onset process with impacts not perceived or experienced physically for a longer period. Eg. Drought, famines, environmental breakdowns, pollutions, toxic exposures. Based on extent of impact: 1. Major disaster: Wider impact and higher intensity of damage. 2. Minor disaster: Localized impact and less intense damage.
- 15. NATURAL DISASTER • A natural disaster is "the negative impact following an actual occurrence of natural hazard in the event that it significantly harms a community". • A natural disaster can cause loss of life or damage property, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake. • The severity of the damage depends on the affected population's resilience and on the infrastructure available.
- 16. There are 5 major types of natural disasters. Geological disaster • Changes in the above or underneath the earth's surface cause geological disasters. • Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, avalanches, etc., are examples of geological disasters. Hydrological disaster • Hydrological disasters are caused due to sudden changes in the quality or distribution of water below the earth’s surface or atmospheric conditions. • Limnic eruption, Tsunami, Volcano, etc., are examples of Hydrological disasters.
- 17. Meteorological disaster • Meteorological disasters are mainly caused by extreme weather conditions such as drought, snow, and rain. • Examples of meteorological disasters include blizzards, drought, cold waves, tornadoes, cyclonic storms, etc. Space disaster • This includes disasters caused due to asteroids, meteors, and solar flares. Wildfires • Natural disasters like drought and lightning can lead to wildfires.
- 18. Major Causes of Natural Disaster • Natural phenomenon • Moon activities • Tectonic movement • Soil erosion • Deforestation • Ocean currents • Air pressure • Seismic waves • Pollution • Global warming • Mining
- 19. The common effects of natural disasters include • Damages to infrastructure • Food and water scarcity • Public health issues and diseases • Environmental issues • Economic impact • Fatalities • Injuries and emotional impact
- 20. Preventive Measures: • Preparing emergency measures- medical kits, keeping a tab over weather updates • Reforestation • Risk reduction methods- building shelters and stocking food supplies • Information sharing • Investing in technology for accurate weather predictions • Economic support • Evacuating areas closer to disaster
- 21. • Don’t Move around or outruns a disaster • Don’t Go near-live wire or debris • Don’t take shelter under a flimsy structure • Avoid standing under the trees • Stay away from river or sea areas during cyclones and floods • Avoid using gas stoves or electronic gadgets during a disaster.
- 22. These are some insurance policies individuals residing in natural disaster-prone areas should check. • Home Insurance: Insuring a house can be helpful during disasters. The policy covers the damage caused by natural events like floods, cyclones and storms. Additionally, it also gives coverage against theft and burglary. • Life Insurance: A life insurance policy is a contract between a policyholder and insurance company that promises to pay a sum after the death of an insured person. It offers an insured and his/her family financial protection during unforeseen events. You can also find some policies that offer additional add on options like accidental death benefit, critical ill benefit, etc.
- 23. • Vehicle Insurance: Vehicle insurance gives protection against natural calamities and disasters. It also covers accidents and theft. Individuals can avail the policy against their vehicle and get compensation for damages caused by natural disasters.
- 24. Man Made Disaster • Man-made disasters have an element of human intent, negligence, or error involving a failure of a man-made system, as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards. • Such man-made disasters are crime, arson, civil disorder, terrorism, war, biological/chemical threat, cyber-attacks, etc. • Anthropogenic hazards can be grouped into Societal hazards (criminality, civil disorder, terrorism, war, industrial hazards, engineering hazards, power outage, fire; Hazards caused by transportation and environmental hazards.
- 25. • Man-made disasters can be divided into 3 categories: • Technological Disasters: Examples include industrial accidents like chemical spills, transportation accidents, and mining accidents. • Social Disasters: Examples include warfare, genocide, civil unrest, hyperinflation, and terrorism. • Environmental Disasters: Examples include deforestation and climate change.
- 26. List of Man-Made Disasters by Type • Chemical & Oil Spills • Structural Collapse • Drinking Water Contamination • Transport Disasters / Accidents • Mining Accidents • Explosions and Fires • Nuclear and Radiation Accidents • Electric Failures • War, Riots, Strikes • Genocide
- 27. Terrorism • Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom. • Terrorists often use threats to create fear among the public to try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent terrorism and to get immediate publicity for their causes. • Acts of terrorism range from threats of terrorism, assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, bomb scares and bombings, and cyber attacks (computer-based), to the use of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons.
- 28. KEY TERMS • Hazard: a threat (natural or human) that has the potential to cause loss of life, injury, property damage, socio-economic disruption or environmental degradation. • Hazard event: the occurrence of a hazard eg. an earthquake • Disaster: a major hazard event that causes widespread disruption to a community or region, with significant demographic, economic and/or environmental losses, and which the affected community is unable to deal with adequately without outside help. • Vulnerability: the geographical conditions that increases the susceptibility of a community to a hazard or to the impact of a hazard event. • Risk: the probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences (loss of life, injuries damage)
- 29. WHAT DETERMINES THE SEVERITY OF A HAZARD? • Duration: The length of time that a hazard lasts for. As a general rule the longer the hazard the more severe it is likely to be. • For example and earthquake that lasts 1 minute is likely to be more severe than one that last two seconds and a drought that lasts ten years is likely to be more severe than one that last three months. • Magnitude: This is the strength of a hazard. Most hazards are measured on a scale e.g. the Richter scale or the volcanic explosivity index (VEI). • Generally speaking, the stronger the hazard the more severe the hazard is.
- 30. • Predictability: Some hazards are easier to predict than others. • For example, volcanoes normally give warning signs before they erupt and tropical storms can be tracked from development to landfall. However, others like earthquakes are much harder to predict. • Generally speaking hazards that hit with no warning are going to be more serious. • Regularity: If hazards happen often and in quick succession e.g. a earthquake followed by multiple aftershocks then then the severity is likely to be greater. • During hurricane seasons, countries can be hit by repeated storms each causing greater damage because it has not been possible to recover from previous damage.
- 31. • Frequency: The return interval of hazards of certain sizes. If the hazard is a less frequent strong event, then it is going to have a bigger impact. • Speed of onset: If the peak of the hazard arrives first or arrives quickly e.g. an earthquake, then the affects are likely to be worse than one that arrives slowly e.g. a drought. • Spatial concentration: Where hazards are located or centred. • For example earthquakes tended to be focused along plate boundaries, whereas tropical storms tend to be located in coastal areas in the tropics. • Hazards that are located in known areas can be better prepared for and managed better.
- 32. • Areal extent: If a hazard covers a large area e.g. a drought covering the whole of East Africa, then the severity of the hazard is likely to be more severe, than a flood hitting just one village. • Number of hazards: If a location is hit by multiple hazards that the affects can be more severe. • For example hazard hotspots like Indonesia can be hit by earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and flooding all simultaneously. • As a general rule as the magnitude of a hazard increases, the frequency of the hazard happening actually decreases.