Unit 17b Domains and kingdoms
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Molecular clocks use mutation rates in DNA to estimate evolutionary time between species. Different molecules, like mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA, mutate at different rates and are useful for studying closely or distantly related species. As scientific understanding advanced, the classification of life changed from two kingdoms to the current three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Unit 17b Domains and kingdoms
- 1. KEY CONCEPT Molecular clocks provide clues to evolutionary history.
- 2. Mutations add up at a fairlyconstant rate in the DNA of species that evolved from a common ancestor.Ten million years later—one mutation in each lineageAnother ten million years later—one more mutation in each lineageMolecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time.Mutations add up at a constant rate in related species.This rate is the ticking of the molecular clock.As more time passes, there will be more mutations.The DNA sequences from twodescendant species show mutationsthat have accumulated (black).The mutation rate of thissequence equals one mutationper ten million years.DNA sequence from ahypothetical ancestor
- 3. Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking molecular data and real time.an event known to separate species
- 4. the first appearance of a species in fossil recordMitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks.Different molecules have different mutation rates.
- 5. higher rate, better for studying closely related species
- 6. lower rate, better for studying distantly related speciesgrandparentsmitochondrialDNAnuclear DNAparentsMitochondrial DNA ispassed down only from the mother of each generation,so it is not subject to recombination.childNuclear DNA is inherited from bothparents, making it more difficult totrace back through generations.Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species.
- 7. mutation rate ten times faster than nuclear DNA
- 8. passed down unshuffled from mother to offspringRibosomal RNA is used to study distantly related species. What would you expect the mutation rate to be – high or low?
- 10. lower mutation rate than most DNAKEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains.
- 11. PlantaeAnimaliaClassification is always a work in progress. Why? The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae
- 12. ProtistaClassification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and PlantaePlantaeAnimalia1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista PlantaeAnimaliaProtistaMoneraClassification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
- 13. 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom MoneraPlantaeAnimaliaProtistaFungiClassification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
- 14. 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
- 15. 1959: fungi moved to own kingdomMonera
- 16. PlantaeAnimaliaProtistaArcheaBacteriaFungiClassification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
- 17. 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
- 18. 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom
- 19. 1977: kingdom Monerasplit into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.Domains are above the kingdom level. proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotesdomain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity
- 20. Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria.
- 21. one of largest groups on Earth
- 22. classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases causedDomain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea.
- 23. cell walls chemically different from bacteria
- 24. differences discovered by studying RNA
- 25. known for living in extreme environments. What advantage(s) is there to living in an extreme environment?Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
- 26. kingdom ProtistaDomain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
- 27. kingdom Protista
- 28. kingdom PlantaeDomain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
- 29. kingdom Protista
- 30. kingdom Plantae
- 31. kingdom FungiDomain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
- 32. kingdom Protista
- 33. kingdom Plantae
- 34. kingdom Fungi
- 35. kingdom Animaliabridge to transfer DNABacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify.
- 36. transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction
- 37. blurs the linebetween “species”
- 38. more researchneeded tounderstand prokaryotesWhich of the following is not a feature of a cladogram? A. nodes B. derived characters C.cladesD.taxons
- 39. Which of the following is not a feature of a cladogram? A. nodes B. derived characters C.cladesD.taxonsCorrect Answer = DWhat is true about two organisms that share the same common ancestor? A. They have no common derived characters. B. They are in the same clade. C. They are not closely related. D. They evolved at the same time.
- 40. Which of the following is not a feature of a cladogram? A. nodes B. derived characters C.cladesD.taxonsCorrect Answer = DWhat is true about two organisms that share the same common ancestor? A. They have no common derived characters. B. They are in the same clade. C. They are not closely related. D. They evolved at the same time. Correct Answer = B
- 41. ReviewDNA mutations give clues to evolutionary time and relationshipsNuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA mutate at different ratesAs scientific discoveries were made, the number of kingdoms changed and domains were added