Unit 10 natural selection
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The document discusses key concepts and evidence related to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes how Darwin observed adaptations in species on the Galapagos Islands and how this insight, combined with evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology and anatomy, led him to propose natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Natural selection acts on inherited variation in traits, with those conferring greater fitness being passed on to more offspring over generations of descent with modification.
Unit 10 natural selection
- 1. KEY CONCEPT There were theories of biological and geologic change before Darwin.
- 2. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution. Evolution is the biological change process by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors.A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring. Give an example of a species.
- 3. What is an example of two animals that are similar, can breed, but the offspring are not fertile?There were many important naturalists in the 18th century.Linnaeus: classification system from kingdom to species
- 4. Buffon: species shared ancestors rather than arising separately
- 5. E. Darwin: more-complex forms developed from less-complex forms
- 6. Lamarck: environmental change leads to use or disuse of a structure Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory.There were three theories of geologic change in place before Darwin did his studying.
- 8. gradualism
- 9. uniformitarianismUniformitarianism is the prevailing theory of geologic change. How much time would it take to form layers of rock such as this?KEY CONCEPT Darwin’s voyage provided insight on evolution.
- 10. Darwin observed differences among island species. Variation is a difference in a physical trait.Galápagos tortoises that live in areas with tall plants have long necks and legs. Why would that be an advantage?Galápagos finches that live in areas with hard-shelled nuts have strong beaks. Why would that be an advantage?
- 11. An adaptation is a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment.Species are able to adapt to their environment. Why is this important?
- 12. Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a population.Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence supporting an ancient Earth. Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that resemble modern animals.
- 13. Darwin found fossil shells high up in the Andes mountains.He saw land move from underwater to above sea level due to an earthquake.Darwin extended his observations to the evolution of organisms.
- 14. We say this like it is a small thing but consider all the variety of studies that he had to consider…Multiple disciplines had to be considered…Geologic time scaleFossil evidenceSpecies diversitySpecies dispersalPangeaObservationsNow we can add radiometric dating and DNA evidence to the list.
- 15. What term describes the theory that natural disasters shaped Earth's landforms and caused species to become extinct? A. Gradualism B.UniformitarianismC.CatastrophismD. Evolution
- 16. What term describes the theory that natural disasters shaped Earth's landforms and caused species to become extinct? A. Gradualism B.UniformitarianismC.CatastrophismD. Evolution Correct Answer = CWhat must be true of two individuals of the same species? A. They can reproduce and have fertile offspring. B. They must live in the same environment. C. They can reproduce, but their offspring are not fertile. D. They can pass acquired characteristics to their offspring.
- 17. What term describes the theory that natural disasters shaped Earth's landforms and caused species to become extinct? A. Gradualism B.UniformitarianismC.CatastrophismD. Evolution Correct Answer = CWhat must be true of two individuals of the same species? A. They can reproduce and have fertile offspring. B. They must live in the same environment. C. They can reproduce, but their offspring are not fertile. D. They can pass acquired characteristics to their offspring. Correct Answer = A
- 18. ReviewEvolution is the process of change resulting in descendents that are different from their ancestors.A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce to form viable offspring.Variation is difference in a physical trait.Adaptation is a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environmentAdaptations can lead to a genetic change in a population.Fossil evidence and observation of adaptations led to Darwin’s understanding of life’s evolution.
- 19. KEY CONCEPT Darwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.
- 20. Natural selection is a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. Heritability is the ability of a trait to be passed down. Give an example of a trait that is heritable.
- 21. There is a struggle for survival due to overpopulation and limited resources.
- 22. Darwin proposed that adaptations arose over many generations due to the slight advantage given by variation of traits. neck featherscroptail feathersSeveral key insights led to Darwin’s idea for natural selection. Darwin noticed a lot of variation in domesticated plants and animals.Artificial selection is the process by which humans select traits through breeding. What are some animals we have selectively bred?
- 23. VARIATIONOVERPRODUCTIONADAPTATIONDESCENT withMODIFICATIONNatural selection explains how evolution can occur. There are four main principles to natural selection.
- 24. variationFitness is the measure of survival ability and ability to produce more offspring. overproduction
- 25. adaptation
- 26. descent with modificationfive digitswrist boneNatural selection acts on existing variation. Natural selection can act only on traits that already exist. Why?
- 27. Structures take on new functions in addition to their original function.KEY CONCEPT Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources.
- 28. Evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time came from several sources.Fossils provide evidence of evolution.Fossils in older layers are more primitive than those in the upper layers. If this were NOT true, what would we expect to find?The study of geography provides evidence of evolution.island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species. If geography did NOT provide evidence of evolution, what would you expect to see among birds in different parts of the world?
- 29. populations can show variation from one island to another. If evolution were not continuing to happen, what would you expect to see among populations on neighboring islands?LarvaAdultbarnacleAdult crabEmbryology provides evidence of evolution.identical larvae, different adult body forms
- 30. similar embryos, diverse organisms
- 31. If organisms were NOT related, what would you expect when you compared their embryos?BatwingMolefootHuman handThe study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution.Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function.
- 32. Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor. Why?Human handMole footBat wingFly wingThe study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution.
- 33. Analogous structures have a similar function.Analogous structures are not evidence of a common ancestor. Why?
- 34. Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species. Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor.
- 35. Ostrich wings are examples of vestigial structures. What is an example of a vestigial structure in humans?What adaptations did Darwin see in the tortoises of the Galapagos Islands? Shape of beak B. Length of neck and legs C. Shape of head D. Kind of shell
- 36. What adaptations did Darwin see in the tortoises of the Galapagos Islands? Shape of beak B. Length of neck and legs C. Shape of head D. Kind of shell Correct Answer = BWhat did the variations in the Galapagos finches seem to be well suited to? The animals' size B. The animals' age C. The island the animals lived on D. The animals' environment and diet
- 37. What adaptations did Darwin see in the tortoises of the Galapagos Islands? Shape of beak B. Length of neck and legs C. Shape of head D. Kind of shell Correct Answer = BWhat did the variations in the Galapagos finches seem to be well suited to? The animals' size B. The animals' age C. The island the animals lived on D. The animals' environment and diet Correct Answer = D
- 38. ReviewNatural selection occurs when an adaptation that is a heritable trait makes survival more likely. When there is a struggle for survival, the trait is passed on to more offspring in a population until, over time, the adaptation is present in the general population.
- 39. There are four principles of natural selection
- 40. Variation
- 41. Overproduction
- 42. Adaptation
- 44. Fitness is the measure of ability to survive and produce offspring that will survive.ReviewFossil evidence shows more simplistic organisms in lower, older, layers and more complex organisms in higher, more recent layers of rock
- 45. Embryology shows evidence of evolution
- 46. Anatomy shows evidence of evolution
- 47. Homologous structures – similar structure, different function. Suggests common ancestor
- 48. Analogous structures – similar function. Does not suggest common ancestor
- 49. Vestigial structures give hints to ancestry and history of species