UNIT 2: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
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This document provides notes on business communications and intercultural communication. It discusses key topics like business communication in context, cultural variables, and ethics in business communication. Specific sections cover national cultural variables such as education, laws and regulations, economics, politics, religion, social norms and language. Individual cultural variables discussed include perceptions of time, space, food, decision making, communication styles, manners and acceptable dress. The document emphasizes understanding differences in cultural variables to improve intercultural business communications.
UNIT 2: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
- 1. BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS(3456) BSCS SEMESTER 3 Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 2. UNIT–2: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT • 2.1. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND THE GLOBAL CONTEXT • 2.1.1. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION • 2.1.2. NATIONAL CULTURAL VARIABLES • 2.1.3. INDIVIDUAL CULTURAL VARIABLES • 2.2. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS • 2.2.1. INFLUENCES ON PERSONAL ETHICS • 2.2.2. ETHICS IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 3. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IS ANY COMMUNICATION USED TO PROMOTE A PRODUCT, SERVICE, OR ORGANIZATION – WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF MAKING SALE. IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION, MESSAGE IS CONVEYED THROUGH VARIOUS CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION INCLUDING INTERNET, PRINT (PUBLICATIONS), RADIO, TELEVISION, OUTDOOR, AND WORD OF MOUTH. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 4. DIVERSITY IN WORK PLACE Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 5. “BUSINESS COMMUNICATION & THE GLOBAL CONTEXT” 5 Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 6. CONCEPT OF CULTURE WHAT IS CULTURE? 1. “THE WORD CULTURE, IS TAKEN FROM THE LATIN COLO, -ERE, WITH ITS ROOT MEANING "TO CULTIVATE", GENERALLY REFERS TO PATTERNS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY AND THE SYMBOLIC STRUCTURES THAT GIVE SUCH ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANCE.” (WIKIPEDIA) 2. “THE SYSTEM OF SHARED BELIEFS, VALUES, CUSTOMS, BEHAVIORS THAT THE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY USE TO COPE WITH THEIR WORLD AND WITH ONE ANOTHER, AND THAT ARE TRANSMITTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION THROUGH LEARNING” Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 7. INTERCULTURAL DIFFERENCES CULTURE IS EVERYDAY LIFE ACTIVITIES. CULTURE IS: • WHAT WE WEAR • HOW WE ‘GREET’ OTHER PEOPLE • HOW WE COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER PEOPLE (VERBALLY OR NON-VERBALLY) • WHAT WE PLAY • WHAT WE EAT, ETC. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 8. DIFFERENCE OF CULTURE IN TERMS OF CLOTHING Sub-Continent Clothing (male) Arabian Clothing (male) Afghan Dressing (male) Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 9. DIFFERENCE OF CULTURE IN TERMS OF FOOD Hot Dog; The most popular American Food One of the most popular Chinese foods; Crab Mantu; The most popular Afghan Food Palao; Traditional Afghan Food Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 10. DIFFERENCE OF CULTURE IN TERMS OF GREETING Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 11. OBJECTIVE TWO: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PEOPLE OF THE DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUND. INTRACULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PEOPLE OF THE SAME CULTURAL BACKGROUND. NOTE: STUDIES HAVE LONG DETERMINED THAT ALL OF US ARE MORE COMFORTABLE WITH PERSONS WE KNOW AND WHO HOLD SIMILAR BELIEFS AND INTERESTS. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 12. ATTITUDE TOWARD CULTURAL VARIATION ETHNOCENTRISM ◦ WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER REFERS TO THE TENDENCY TO ASSUME THAT ONE’S CULTURE AND WAY OF LIFE ARE SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHERS ◦ THE ETHNOCENTRIC PERSON SEES HIS OR HER OWN GROUP AS THE CENTER OF DEFINING POINT OF CULTURE AND VIEWS ALL OTHER CULTURES AS DEVIATIONS FROM WHAT IS “NORMAL” ◦ ETHNOCENTRISM SERVES TO MAINTAIN A SENSE OF SOLIDARITY BY PROMOTING GROUP PRIDE. YET THIS TYPE OF SOCIAL STABILITY IS ESTABLISHED AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER PEOPLES ◦ DENIGRATING( CRITICIZING UNFAIRLY) OTHER NATIONS AND CULTURES CAN ENHANCE OUR OWN PATRIOTIC FEELINGS AND BELIEF THAT OUR WAY OF LIFE IS SUPERIOR Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 13. CULTURAL RELATIVISM • IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO VIEW ALL CULTURAL VARIATIONS WITH AN ASSUMPTION THAT ONE’S OWN CULTURE IS MORE HUMANE, MORE “CIVILIZED”. AND ,MORE ADVANCED THAN OTHERS • WHILE ETHNOCENTRISM EVALUATES FOREIGN CULTURES USING THE FAMILIAR CULTURE OF THE OBSERVER AS A STANDARD OF CORRECT BEHAVIOR, CULTURAL RELATIVISM VIEW PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEIR OWN CULTURE • IT PLACES A PRIORITY ON UNDERSTANDING OTHER CULTURES, RATHER THAN DISMISSING THEM AS “STRANGE” OR “EXOTIC” Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 14. XENOCENTRISM (ANTONYM OF ETHNOCENTRISM) • IT IS THE BELIEF THAT THE PRODUCTS, STYLES, OR IDEAS OF ONE'S SOCIETY ARE INFERIOR TO THOSE THAT ORIGINATE ELSEWHERE • IN A SENSE, IT IS REVERSE ETHNOCENTRISM • CONSUMERS IN DEVELOPING NATIONS FREQUENTLY TURN THEIR BACKS ON LOCALLY PRODUCED GOODS AND INSTEAD PURCHASE ITEMS IMPORTED FROM EUROPE OR NORTH AMERICA Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 15. NATIONAL CULTURAL VARIABLES National Cultural Variables EducationLaws & RegulationsEconomics Religion Social NormsPolitics Language Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 16. PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS EDUCATION a. WHAT IS THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF MIDDLE MANAGERS? b. TO WHAT DEGREE IS EDUCATION OF WOMEN SUPPORTED IN THE COUNTRY? MANAGEMENT EDUCATION- INCLUDING TRAINING IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION- IS MORE PREVALENT (WIDE SPREAD IN A PARTICULAR AREA IN A PARTICULAR TIME) IN THE UNITED STATES THAN IN OTHER COUNTRIES. SOME COUNTRIES HAVE NO ACADEMIC COURSES IN COMMUNICATING TRAINING. Education Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 17. EDUCATION LEVELS OF CHINESE, ASIAN AND U.S MANAGERS Highest Level of Education Chinese, % Asian, % U.S, % Less than High School 5.4 2.5 0.1 High School Graduate 31.8 12.4 3.2 Some College 34.6 19.4 16.9 Undergraduate Degree 27.6 65.4 79.8 Postgraduate Degree 0.7 25.0 30.0 Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 18. A QUICK ASSUMPTION MIGHT BE THAT ASIANS, PARTICULARLY CHINESE ARE LESS INTERESTED IN EDUCATION. IF YOU MADE SUCH AN ASSUMPTION, YOU WILL BE WRONG. WE MUST GO BEYOND SURFACE CONCLUSIONS AND ASSES THE REASONS THAT CHINESE MANAGERS LACK EXECUTIVE EDUCATION. 1. IN RELATION TO ITS SIZE, CHINA DOES NOT HAVE MANY INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONS, BY 1985 THERE WERE ONLY 1016 INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION. 2. CHINA IS AN AGRARIAN ECONOMY. OVER 800 MILLION PEOPLE STILL LIVE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE; 69 % OF THE LABOR FORCE IS AGRICULTURAL. SOME EARLY CHINESE LEADERS FELT THAT EDUCATION WAS NOT NEEDED IN SUCH AN ENVIRONMENT. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 19. Laws & Regulations ➢ Laws & Regulations; Degree of formality ❖ To what extend are the laws of the country codified (organized)? ❖ Is there uniform enforcement of the laws & the regulations of the country? ❖ Are the laws & regulations of your country accepted and enforced? Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 20. IN BOTH THE DEVELOPED AND UNDER DEVELOPING NATIONS, VARIOUS GOVERNMENTS REGULATIONS AFFECT BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS AND THE SALES OF PRODUCTS. FOR EXAMPLE ❖ Advertising directed at children is restricted in USA & Canada. ❖ Advertisement of Cigarettes is restricted in Europe. ❖ Countries like France, Mexico have restriction on the use of foreign languages in advertisements. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 21. CAN YOU FIND ADVERTISEMENT OF LIQUOR IN ANY NEWSPAPER IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES LIKE THIS? No! Because Laws and Regulations in Muslim countries restrict such an advertisement in any newspapers. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 22. ECONOMICS ➢ ECONOMICS; PAST HISTORY AND PROJECTIONS a) WHICH ECONOMIC CHANGES HAVE ACCURRED IN THE PAST 5 YEARS THAT WILLAFFECT THE FUTURE? b) IS THE GOVERNMENT SUPPORTIVE OF THE ECONOMIC CHANGES ACCURRING? c) HOW WELCOME ARE OUTSIDE INVESTORS IN YOUR HOST COUNTRY? Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 23. SOME EXAMPLES OF THE ECONOMIC VARIATIONS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES/CULTURES ❑ UNDER THE U.S FREE-ENTERPRISE SYSTEM, COMPETITORS USUALLY SET THEIR OWN PRICES. ❑ OPEC (ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES) AS A CARTEL, SETS OIL PRICES. ❑ ISRAELI AGRICULTURAL COMPETITORS MUTUALLY AGREE ON A PRICE. ❑ JAPANESE BUSINESSES HAVE TO CHECK WITH THE GOVERNMENT BEFORE INITIALING MAJOR PRODUCTION AND TRADING CHANGES. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 24. POLITICS ➢POLITICS; PAST HISTORYAND PROJECTIONS FOR FUTURE ❖WHICH POLITICAL CHANGES HAVE ACCRUED WITHIN PAST 5 YEARS? ❖HOW SUPPORTIVE IS THE GOVERNMENT OF OUTSIDE INVESTORS? FOR EXAMPLE ❖IF YOU ARE INTENDING TO DO JOB OR BUSINESS IN NORTH KOREA, YOU NEED TO BE CAUTIOUS OF SAYING/WRITING ANYTHING DIRECTED AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT OTHERWISE YOU MIGHT NEED TO FACE SEVER CONSEQUENCES. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 25. RELIGION: DIVERSITY OF BELIEF STRUCTURE ➢ ARE YOU AWARE OF THE MAJOR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS THAT COULD AFFECT YOUR BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS? ➢ WILL THE RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS AFFECT YOUR RHYTHM OF CONDUCTING BUSINESS? ➢ WHAT PERSONAL BEHAVIOR IS ACCEPTABLE AND NONACCEPTABLE? FOR EXAMPLE • BE ESPECIALLY CAREFUL OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS WITHIN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. THERE ARE MAJOR DIFFERECES, IF NOT UNDERSTOOD, CAN RESULT EVEN IN PERSONAL HARM. • FOR INSTANCE; MUSLIMS FORBID CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL; THUS NO LIQUOR IS SERVED AT BUSINESS AFFAIRS. • BE AWARE OF RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS AS THEY AFFECT INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION, INTERRUPTING WORK SCHEDULES OR DELAYING RESPONSES TO REQUESTS. Religion Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 26. SOCIAL NORMS: IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY SOCIAL NORMS ARE CUSTOMARY RULES OF BEHAVIOR THAT COORDINATE OUR INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS. ❖ ARE YOU AWARE OF THE SOCIAL HIERARCHIES OF THE COUNTRY? ❖ IS THERE A RANK ORDER OF IMPORTANCE FOR PARTICIPANTS AT MEETINGS? ❖ WHO WILL REALLY MAKE THE BUSINESS DECISIONS? ❖ IN MANY COUNTRIES A MALE LINE OF THE FAMILY PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCE SOME BUSINESS DECISIONS. Social Norms Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 27. EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL NORMS: • SMILE WHEN YOU ARE BEING INTRODUCED TO SOMEONE YOU DONT KNOW. • YOU SAY PLEASE WHEN YOU ASK FOR SOMETHING. • CHEWING FOOD WITH NO SOUND. • YOU OFFER AN ELDER MAN/WOMAN TO BE FIRST AT ANYTHING LIKE STANDING IN LINE, HAVING YOUR SEAT...ETC. • WHEN YOU HAVE GUESTS AT HOME YOU MUST, OFFER THEM DRINKS OR FOOD. • TREAT MANAGERS, PROFESSORS OR ANYONE ABOVE YOU "DIFFERENTLY“. • WEARING SPECIFIC CLOTHES FOR EACH OCCASION OR TIMING, FOR NOT TO "FEEL ODD“. • MEN PAY FOR DINNER MOST OF THE TIME. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 28. ➢LANGUAGE: ENGLISH, AND OTHER LANGUAGES ARE USED IN BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS ❖IS IT NECESSARY TO HAVE AN INTERPRETER AT BUSINESS SESSIONS? ❖IS ENGLISH UNDERSTOOD AT THE ORAL OR WRITTEN LEVEL? ❖ALL AGREE THAT KNOWING THE LANGUAGE OF YOUR HOST COUNTRY IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATION, ON PERSONAL AND BUSINESS LEVEL. Language Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 29. WHY TO STUDY AND ANALYZE ALL THESE FACTORS? “FAILURE TO PREPARE IS PREPARING TO FAIL” (COACH JOHN WOODEN) Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 30. INDIVIDUAL CULTURAL VARIABLES Thursday, February 20, 2020 30 Individual Cultural Variables TimeSpaceFood Decision Making Verbal CommunicationManners Nonverbal CommunicationAcceptable Dress Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 31. Time ➢Prescriptions of Time Persons in Latin America and Middle East treat time more casually than do Americans, who usually prefer promptness. In some cultures, arriving late is a socially accepted custom. It should not take you long to recognize which is the time- conscious culture and which is less concerned with the precision of time. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 32. ➢PERCEPTION OF SPACE WHAT IS THE AVERAGE ACCEPTABLE PERSONAL SPACE BETWEEN NATIVE AND THE HOST COUNTRY? • HOW CLOSE MAY STRANGERS STAND TO YOU? • MOST AMERICANS FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE IF A STRANGER COMES CLOSER THAN 18 INCHES. • TO SOME CULTURES (ARABS, LATIN AMERICANS), WHO DO NOT STAND CLOSE SEEM UNFRIENDLY. • ON THE OTHER HAND, SOME CULTURES CONSIDER THOSE WHO STAND CLOSE TO YOU AS RUDE. Space Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 33. ➢Perceptions of Food ❖Are you aware of the eating habits of your host? ❖Are their table conventions you should be aware of? ❖Are there foods you might find disagreeable? • It may be a good idea to know the food of your host country before visiting it. • Pork is forbidden in middle eastern countries and beef is hard to find in India. • In Asia, dark and light tea are national drinks. French workers enjoy a glass of wine with lunch. • You may get into trouble by carrying liquor into some countries. Food
- 34. ➢PERCEPTION OF MANNERS ❖WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL REGARDING THE INTRODUCTION OF PERSONS IN A BUSINESS SITUATION? ❖WHAT ARE THE RULES OF GIFT GIVING? ❖IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO KNOW THE MANNERS OF THE INDIVIDUALS OF THE HOST COUNTRY YOU ARE VISITING. Manners Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 35. ➢ PERCEPTION OF DRESS ❖ HOW MUCH SKIN MAY BE EXPOSED IN THE BOTH AN INFORMAL AND IN A FORMAL SITUATION? ❖ ARE CERTAIN COLORS DISTURBING? ❖ WILL WESTERN DRESS BE ACCEPTED? ❖ IT IS BETTER TO ASK ABOUT THE MODE OF DRESS OF AN OCCASION IN YOUR HOST COUNTRY THAN TO RISK MAKING AN EMBARRASSING MISTAKE. FOR EXAMPLE Acceptable Dress Hijab may be believed decent in Muslim countries but will people accept this as a business dress code in USA, Europe or any other western country?
- 36. Decision Making ➢Perceptions of Decision Making Patience above all is needed in Intercultural communication, in doing business with other countries. American are too quick in asking for a decision. Chinese, Japanese, and Italians take time in making decisions. Thus patience – and your understanding of the decision process – add to your success in dealing with a foreign environment. Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 37. ❖VOLUME VARIES CULTURE TO CULTURE AND COUNTRY TO COUNTRY. ❖DIFFERENT VOICE VOLUME SHOWS DIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR. Verbal Communication Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 38. THEY SAY: “ACTION SPEAKS LOUDER THAN THE WORDS” NONVERBAL SYMBOLS EXIST FOR EVERY CULTURE, EVEN IN SUBCULTURES. KNOWING THESE NONVERBAL SYMBOLS HELPS US AVOID MAKING MISTAKES WHILE COMMUNICATING. Nonverbal Communication Business Communications notes by Awais Javed Satti
- 39. ETHICS • A MAJOR BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY, IS THE STUDY OF VALUES AND CUSTOMS OF A PERSON OR GROUP. • IT COVERS THE ANALYSIS AND EMPLOYMENT OF CONCEPTS SUCH AS RIGHT AND WRONG, GOOD AND EVIL, AND RESPONSIBILITY. …
- 40. ETHICS…… ♦ THE APPLICATION OF GENERAL ETHICAL CONCEPTS TO THE UNIQUE SITUATIONS CONFRONTED IN BUSINESS. IT ASKS WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG BEHAVIOR IN BUSINESS AND WHAT PRINCIPLES OR RULES CAN BE USED AS GUIDANCE IN BUSINESS SITUATIONS.
- 41. ETHICS IN CORPORATIONS – A HISTORICAL VIEW • COMPANIES HAVE LONG FOUGHT THE BATTLE OF CORPORATE CORRUPTION. BECAUSE CORPORATIONS ARE RUN BY PEOPLE AND NO HUMAN BEING IS MORALLY PERFECT, ETHICAL ISSUES ARE BOUND TO ARISE. HOW THESE ISSUES ARE HANDLED IS THE BEST INDICATOR OF A CORPORATION’S ETHICAL COMMITMENT. ESTABLISH ETHICALLY MORAL BEHAVIOR IN YOUR CORPORATION BY TAKING THE TASK SERIOUSLY. • WHEN COMPANY EXECUTIVES BEHAVE UNETHICALLY, THAT BEHAVIOR OFTEN ENDS UP IN THE NEWS. WHILE MOST COMPANIES HAVE ETHICS POLICIES, THEY DON'T NECESSARILY ENFORCE OR EVEN FOLLOW THEM. BY INCORPORATING ETHICS INTO THE VERY HEART OF THE BUSINESS AND REINFORCING THE IDEA OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR, BUSINESSES CAN RUN EFFICIENTLY, LEGALLY AND ETHICALLY.
- 42. ETHICAL SITUATIONS • A PERSON CAN MAKE ETHICAL DECISIONS EVERY DAY AND THE DECISIONS BUILD ON A CONCEPT OF RIGHT AND WRONG. • CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS. HOW WOULD YOU REACT?
- 43. • DURING AN ON CAMPUS INTERVIEW A RECRUITER ASK YOU WHY HE SHOULD HIRE YOU OVER ANOTHER CANDIDATE (A CLASSMATE OF YOURS). YOU HAVE SOME NEGATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PERSON. DO YOU SHARE IT WITH THE RECRUITER? • YOU WITNESS ANOTHER STUDENT CHEATING DURING AN IMPORTANT ACCOUNTING EXAM. DO YOU CONFRONT THE STUDENT? DO YOU TELL OTHER STUDENTS OR A PROFESSOR ABOUT THE INCIDENT?
- 44. • A FIRM INVITES YOU FOR A SECOND INTERVIEW AT ITS CORPORATE OFFICE. YOU ARE NOT ESPECIALLY INTERESTED IN THIS COMPANY, BUT YOU ARE CONSIDERING TAKING THE TRIP BECAUSE YOU HAVE A GOOD FRIEND YOU WOULD LIKE TO VISIT IN A DISTANT CITY AND YOU COULD USE THE FREQUENT FLYER MILEAGE. DO YOU ACCEPT THE INTERVIEW?? • A QUICK RESPONSE TO THESE QUESTIONS IS THAT YOU WOULD ALWAYS MAKE THE RIGHT AND MORAL DECISION.
- 45. ETHICS AS A COMMUNICATION ISSUE • WE COMMUNICATE OUR VALUES AND BELIEFS TO OTHERS VIA VERBAL AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR. • WE ARE DEFINED IN THE EYES OF OTHERS ACCORDING TO THE WAY WE BEHAVE. • WE ALSO NEED TO COMMUNICATE TO OTHER THE IMPORTANT AND NECESSITY OF GOOD ETHICS. • ETHICAL LEADERS SPEAK OUT WHEN SOMETHING IS WRONG; ETHICAL PEOPLE INFLUENCE OTHER BY ACTING IN LINE WITH THEIR PERSONAL VALUES.
- 46. INFLUENCES ON PERSONAL ETHICS • THERE ARE FIVE MAJOR INFLUENCES SHAPE IN OUR PERSONAL ETHICS 1.INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE IN OUR LIFE(FAMILY, CLOSE FRIENDS, OR A ROLE MODEL) 2.CULTURAL NORMS 3.PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION 4.LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS THAT GOVERN INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR 5.PERSONAL REGIONS VIEW
- 48. •INFLUENCES ON PERSONAL ETHICS PEOPLE ♦FAMILY AND FRIENDS FIRST OF ALL OUR FAMILY MEMBER AND FRIENDS EXERT STRONG INFLUENCE ON OUR ETHICS. ♦ PARENTS THE PARENTS AND OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS SHAPED OUR ETHICAL VALUE SYSTEM EARLY ON. ♦TEACHERS TEACHERS ARE ALSO INFLUENTIAL, ESPECIALLY WHEN A PERSON IS YOUNGER, MAY HAVE LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR ETHICAL DECISIONS.
- 49. INFLUENCES ON PERSONAL ETHICS CULTURE “ ALL THAT HUMAN BEINGS LEARN TO DO, TO USE, TO PRODUCE, TO KNOW, AND TO BELIEVE AS THEY GROW TO MATURITY AND LIVE OUT THEIR LIVES IN THE SOCIAL GROUPS TO WHICH THEY BELONG. ♦MYTHS(A TRADITIONAL TALE, ESPECIALLY ONE CONCERNING THE EARLY HISTORY OF A PEOPLE OR EXPLAINING A NATURAL OR SOCIAL PHENOMENON, AND TYPICALLY INVOLVING SUPERNATURAL BEINGS OR EVENTS. ♦STORIES ♦LEGENDS ♦ CULTURAL DANCES
- 50. • INFLUENCES ON PERSONAL ETHICS PHILOSOPHY • THEORIES OF PHILOSOPHY HAVE LONG BEEN CONCERNED WITH ETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES. • WITH BUSINESS ETHICS WE ARE PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH WHAT IS MORAL AND RIGHT AND CONTRIBUTES POSITIVELY TO THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE. ♦DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS(ALSO KNOWN AS COMPARATIVE ETHICS, IS THE STUDY OF PEOPLE'S BELIEFS ABOUT MORALITY) ♦ NORMATIVE ETHICS(NORMATIVE ETHICS IS THE STUDY OF ETHICAL ACTION. IT IS THE BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS THAT INVESTIGATES THE SET OF QUESTIONS THAT ARISE WHEN CONSIDERING HOW ONE OUGHT TO ACT, MORALLY SPEAKING)
- 51. PHILOSOPHY ➢THEORIES OF PHILOSOPHY HAVE LONG BEEN CONCERNED WITH ETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES. ➢PHILOSOPHY IS THE STUDY OF GENERAL AND FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING MATTERS SUCH AS EXISTENCE, KNOWLEDGE, TRUTH, JUSTICE, BEAUTY, VALIDITY, MIND AND LANGUAGE. ➢A PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY STATEMENT SERVES AS AN INTRODUCTION TO YOU, FOCUSING MORE ON YOUR BELIEFS AND VALUES THAN ON LIFE EXPERIENCES AND BIOGRAPHICAL DATA.
- 52. THE 4 CONCEPTS OF ETHICS IN PHILOSOPHY • THEOLOGISM • TELEOLOGY • UTILITARIANISM • DEONTOLOGISM
- 53. • PHILOSOPHY…… THEOLOGISM ♦A MORAL PERSPECTIVE THAT ATTEMPT TO PATTERN ACTIONS ACCORDING TO GOD’S WILL“ • “WHAT WOULD GOD HAVE ME DO IN THIS SITUATION?”
- 54. • PHILOSOPHY…… DEONTOLOGY ♦DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR DUTY ♦ACTIONS ARE NOT JUSTIFIED BY THEIR CONSEQUENCES. FACTORS OTHER THAN GOOD OUTCOMES DETERMINE THE RIGHTNESS OF ACTIONS “THEY BELIEVE THAT YOU SHOULD ALWAYS TELL TRUTH”
- 55. • PHILOSOPHY……. TELEOLOGY ♦CONSEQUENCE DRIVEN APPROACH • “THEY BELIEVE THAT THE SINGULAR DUTY IS TO MAXIMIZE GOOD CONSEQUENCES”
- 56. • PHILOSOPHY….. UTILITARIANISM ♦THE MORALITY OF AN ACTION CAN BE DETERMINED BY ITS CONSEQUENCES ♦AN ACTION IS ETHICAL IF IT PROMOTES THE GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER
- 57. • PHILOSOPHY…… • EXAMPLE: A DERANGED GUNMAN IS HOLDING FIVE PEOPLE HOSTAGE AT GUNPOINT IN A LOBBY OF BANK. HE ASKS IF ANY OTHER CUSTOMERS OR EMPLOYEES ARE IN BANK YOU KNOW THAT THREE CUSTOMERS ESCAPED TO BACKROOM ALONG TELLER. DO YOU TELL THEM TRUTH?
- 58. • DEONTOLOGISM ♦DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR DUTY ♦ACTIONS ARE NOT JUSTIFIED BY THEIR CONSEQUENCES. FACTORS OTHER THAN GOOD OUTCOMES DETERMINE THE RIGHTNESS OF ACTIONS
- 59. LAW • SOME INDIVIDUALS VIEW ETHICS FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE: ACTING ETHICALLY MEANS FOLLOWING THE LAW. • CODES OF ETHICS FOR VARIOUS PROFESSIONS, SUCH AS ACCOUNTING, LAW, AND MEDICINES REQUIRE STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR THAT EXCEED THE LAW.
- 60. COMMUNICATION & ETHICAL ISSUES………. LEGAL ISSUES ♦DEFAMATION AND PRIVACY -AN EMPLOYEES PERSONAL DISABILITIES -AN EMPLOYEES PERSONAL IDENTITY AND PRIVATE FACTS -AN EMPLOYEES RECORDS, REPORTS, LETTERS, ELECTRONIC DATA ♦DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT ♦PLAGIARISM ♦COPYRIGHTING
- 61. LEGAL ISSUES • COMMUNICATING ETHICALLY IN THE BUSINESS ARENA CHALLENGES YOU ON SEVERAL LEVELS. • LEGAL ISSUES HAVE AN IMPACT ON YOU PERSONALLY AND ON THE ORGANIZATION TO WHICH YOU BELONG. • LEGAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS BECOME MORE COMPLEX WITH THE ADVANCING IMPROVEMENT TO TECHNOLOGY. USE OF NEW DEVICES INCREASES EFFICIENCY AND ALLOWS FOR MORE PRODUCTIVITY, BUT IT ALSO RAISES LEGAL CONCERNS AS A BUSINESS WORRIES ABOUT THE EROSION OF PRIVILEGE, INTERCEPTION OF DATA OR STORAGE OF COMMUNICATIONS.
- 62. RELIGION • RELIGION IS BELIEF IN SUPER NATURAL AND DIVINE POWER OR POWERS AND HOW WE RELATE TO THEM. IT COMPRISES OF BELIEF AND PRACTICE. • RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS GIVE INSTRUCTIONS TO FOLLOWERS ABOUT WHAT'S RIGHT AND WRONG. THAT IS, BELIEF SYSTEMS DEFINE WHAT IS OR ISN'T ETHICAL. IN SOME RELIGIONS, UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR IS PUNISHED AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOR IS REWARDED. IN OTHER RELIGIONS, TEACHINGS PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR ETHICS, BUT LEAVE LATITUDE FOR THE BELIEVER TO INTERPRET WHAT IS ETHICAL AND WHAT ISN'T. • RELIGIONS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ARE MAJOR FOUNDATIONS FOR ETHICAL BEHAVIOR AMONG FOLLOWERS. • USING RELIGION AS THE GROUNDING FOR YOUR ETHICAL BEHAVIOR MEANS YOU AT ACCORDING TO WHAT YOU BELIEVE GOD WANTS YOU TO DO.
- 63. • KEY AREA FOR ETHICAL COMMUNICATION • YOUR MESSAGES, BOTH WRITTEN AND SPOKEN, DEMONSTRATED NOT ONLY THE MESSAGE, YOU INTENDED BUT ALSO A MESSAGE REGARDING YOUR VALUES AND INTEGRITY. • USE THE GUIDELINES TO EVALUATE YOUR PURPOSE AND MOTIVES IN EACH SITUATIONS. PERSONAL WRITTEN AND SPOKEN MESSAGES 1.MESSAGE PURPOSE 2.RESEARCH METHODS 3.SELECTION MATERIAL 4.DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS 5.USE OF LANGUAGE 6.ETHICAL CONTEXT 7.SELF-ANALYSIS
- 64. KEY AREA FOR ETHICAL COMMUNICATION • NEVER BEFORE HAVE SO MANY PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES LIVED AND WORKED TOGETHER. • THE WORLD HAS BECOME A GLOBAL VILLAGE, AND THE WORK FORCE REFLECTS THAT DIVERSITY. BECAUSE WE HAVE SUCH DIFFERENT CUSTOMS AND WAYS OF COMMUNICATING, IT IS NATURAL THAT MISUNDERSTANDINGS OCCUR IN THE WORKPLACE. • THE CROSS-CULTURAL ETHICAL OUTLINE WILL HELP YOU ASSESS YOUR ETHICALITY IN MULTICULTURAL SITUATIONS. CROSS-CULTURAL MESSAGES 1.CULTURAL CONTEXT 2.MISUNDERSTANDINGS 3.LANGUAGE 4.ACCOUNTABILITY
- 65. KEY AREA FOR ETHICAL COMMUNICATION • IT IS ETHICALLY WRONG TO ADVERTISE PRODUCTS IN WAYS THAT CONFUSE. WHETHER PROMOTING A COLLEGE JAZZ EVENT, A GATEWAY WEEKEND, OR A LINE OF PRODUCTS FOR A MULTIMILLION DOLLAR COMPANY, THE RULE FOR ETHICAL ADVERTISING IS CONSISTENT: • TELL THE TRUTH, DON’T MISREPRESENT , AND DON’T MANIPULATE LANGUAGE TO CREATE A FALSE IMPRESSION. • ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR ADVERTISING: ADVERTISING MESSAGES 1.LANGUAGE 2.GRAPHICS/PRINT 3.OMISSION 4.TRUTH 5.ACCOUNTABILITY
- 66. ETHICS AND ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY • BUSINESS CORPORATIONS EXISTS FOR ONE REASON: TO MAKE MONEY . TODAY, HOWEVER, CORPORATIONS ARE MINDFUL OF THEIR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, OR CSR (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY), ALSO KNOWN AS THEIR "TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE," WHICH INCLUDES A CONCERN FOR PROFITS, BUT ALSO AN ETHICAL TREATMENT OF PEOPLE AND THE WORLD IN WHICH WE LIVE. PROPONENTS OF CSR MODELS SAY THAT BUSINESSES ARE ACTUALLY MORE PROFITABLE WHEN THEY EMPLOY HIGH CSR STANDARDS, BUT THAT IDEA IS STILL DISPUTED BY SOME CORPORATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSTS. ➢ ENVIRONMENT ➢ HUMAN RIGHTS ➢ COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ➢ EMPLOYEE WELFARE
- 67. ETHICS & ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FORMAL COMMUNICATION ♦PUBLIC MESSAGES ♦EMPLOYEES MANUALS AND POLICY STATEMENTS ♦MISSION STATEMENT AND ETHICAL CODES INFORMAL COMMUNICATION • OVERTIME, THROUGH WORKERS AND MANAGERS OR THROUGH ORGANIZATION ITSELF.