Unit 2 types of research
- 1. Educational Research and Statistics Course Code 6461 Asima shahzadi asimashahzadi7@gmail.com
- 3. Educational Research may be classified under two categories 1. Types by Purpose 2. Types by Method Types of Research
- 4. Types of Research Types by Purpose 1. Basic Research 2. Applied Research 3. Action Research Types by Method 1. Historical Research 2. Descriptive Research 3. Experimental Research
- 6. Basic research is a type of research approach that is aimed at gaining a better understanding of a subject, phenomenon or basic law of nature. This type of research is primarily focused on the advancement of knowledge rather than solving a specific problem. According to L.R Gay----- Basic research is conducted solely for the purpose of theory development and refinement. Basic Research
- 7. In education, basic research is used to develop pedagogical theories that explain teaching and learning behaviors in the classroom. Examples of basic research in education include the following: 1. How does the Language Acquisition Device work on children? 2. How does the human retentive memory work? 3. How do teaching methods affect student's concentration in class? Basic Research Example in Education
- 8. 1. Interview ( Interview can be structured, unstructured or semi-structured ) 2. Observation (structured or unstructured ) 3. Questionnaire 4. Case Studies Basic Research Method
- 9. Laboratory approach Animal as subject Control and precision Research worker Basic Research
- 10. 1. Basic research is analytical in nature. 2. It is primarily concerned with the expansion of knowledge and not with the applicability of the research outcomes. 3. Basic research is carried out without any primary focus on possible practical ends. 4. It improves the general knowledge and understanding of different fields of study. Characteristics of Basic Research
- 11. Applied research is a type of research design that seeks to solve a specific problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual, group or society. It is often referred to as a scientific method of inquiry or contractual research because it involves the practical application of scientific methods to everyday problems. Applied Research
- 12. Field approach Humans as subject Control and precision Research worker
- 13. Applied research is relevant in different fields of study; especially science and social science-related fields. Examples of applied research can be seen in medicine, education, business, engineering, psychology and health Examples of Applied Research
- 14. It clearly highlights generalizations and hypotheses that inform the research findings. It relies on empirical evidence. It is set at providing solutions to a defined problem. It requires accurate observation and description. Characteristics of Applied Research in Education
- 15. 1. Interviews 2. Surveys/Questionnaires 3. Observation 4. Focus Groups Applied Research Methods
- 16. Action research refers to a wide variety of evaluative, investigative, and analytical research methods designed to diagnose problems or weaknesses—whether organizational, academic, or instructional—and help educators develop practical solutions to address them quickly and efficiently. Action Research
- 17. Classroom approach Pupils as subjects Control and precision Research workers
- 18. 1. It focused on immediate problems 2. It is applicable of local setting 3. It aims at improving classroom and school practices 4. Its aims at the improvement of professional efficiency of the teacher 5. It involves little finances Characteristics of Action Research
- 19. 1. Poor quality 2. No applicability 3. Teachers are busy Limitations of Action Research
- 20. 1. Identification of problem area 2. Selection of the problem 3. Problem analysis 4. Action hypothesis 5. The experiment 6. Tools to be used 7. Action program 8. Evaluation Action Research Design
- 21. Types by Method
- 22. It involves collecting of data in order to test hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study. It explores what is happening? Why is something happening? & how is something happening Descriptive data are usually collected through questionnaire , survey, interviews and observation. Descriptive research
- 23. Survey research Survey research involves collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people opinion on some topic of issues. Surveys represent one of the most common types of quantitative, social science research. In survey research, the researcher selects a sample of respondents from a population and administers a standardized questionnaire to them. The questionnaire, or survey, can be a written document that is completed by the person being surveyed, an online questionnaire, a face- to-face interview, or a telephone interview. Using surveys, it is possible to collect data formal rage or small populations Types Of descriptive research
- 24. Cross sectional study Is one in which data are collected from selected individuals at a single point in time Longitudinal survey Data are collected at two or more time survey study design
- 25. Relatively easy to administer Can be developed in less time (compared to other data- collection methods) Cost-effective, but cost depends on survey mode Can be administered remotely via online, mobile devices, mail, email, or telephone. Advantages of Survey research
- 26. Provides information about behavior that can’t be observed directly Relies on self-report data, which can be misleading Doesn’t allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships Disadvantages of Survey research
- 27. It describes conditions that already exists , however it also attempts to determine reasoned or causes for the existing condition. The basic casual comparative approach involves starting with an effect & seeking possible causes . The major difference between the experiment & casual comparative research is that in experimental research the independent variable, is manipulated and in casual comparative research it is not it has already occurred, groups are already formed and already different on the independent variable. The basic casual comparative design involves selecting two groups on some independent variable and comparing them on some dependent variable. Causal Comparative
- 28. Involved collecting data to determine whether & to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantitative variables. The purpose of the co-relational study may be to determine relations among variables or to use there relations to make predictions. 1. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation. 2. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is known as a negative correlation. 3. A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between variables. Co-relational Research
- 29. A case study is a study involving descriptive information about one person. Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Typically, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). The research may also continue for an extended period of time, so processes and developments can be studied as they happen. Case study
- 30. Identification of the problem Development of hypothesis Sampling Development, administration, and scoring of instrument. Analysis and interpretation of data Steps & procedure Of Descriptive Research
- 31. What is experiment? Experiment is a situation in which the relationship between cause & effect is determined. JohnW Best ‘’Experiment research is the description and analysis of what will be ‘ or what will be occur’ under controlled situation’’ This is the most objective way of studying the behavior. In this method, experiments are conducted in the laboratories under controlled conditions. In experiments, usually the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable is studied. Experiment Research
- 32. Experiments may also be conducted by using two groups called experimental group and control group. In such experiments, independent variable is operated only on experimental group and the control group is kept constant. Otherwise, the experiment may be conducted on the same group under two conditions, viz., experimental and controlled conditions. Example of Experiment Research
- 33. 1. Trail & error experiment 2. Ex Post Facto 3. Laboratory experiments Types of experiment research
- 34. Randomization(of assigning participants to conditions) Consist of using random assignment to ensure that all participants in the study have an equal probability of being assigned to a group. 2. Manipulation(of variables that operate in an experiment) To do the random assignment , researcher must be able to manipulate the levels of an independent variable to create the groups. 3. Comparison(or a control group) Involves the use of a control group that does not receive the manipulation believed to cause changes in a dependent variable. This allows us to compare the control group to the group that received the manipulation , thereby allowing us to determine whether the manipulation is actually causing changes in the dependent variable. Conditions for the ExperimentalResearch
- 35. 1. Identification of the problem 2. Formulation of hypothesis 3. Designing the experiment 4. Testing the hypothesis by experiment 5. Analysis of results 6. Interpretation of results Steps are followed in an Experiment
- 36. The advantage of this method is that, the results of the experiment may be verified by repetition of the same experiment. But this method has some demerits also. The disadvantage of this method, Conducting experiment is very expensive and time consuming; another feature is that the experiments cannot be conducted outside the laboratory. Advantages & disadvantages
- 37. The systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and understand actions or events that occurred sometime in the past. There is no manipulation or control of variables as in experimental research. An attempt is made to reconstruct what happened during a certain period of time as completely and accurately as possible. Historical Research
- 38. To make people aware of what has happened in the past in order to: 1. Learn from past failures and successes 2. Apply them to present-day problems 3. Make predictions 4. Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends 5. Understand present educational practices and policies more fully The Purposes of Historical Research
- 39. 1) Definitionof a problem 2) Collection of data Primary sources Secondary sources 3) Analysis of data External criticism Internal criticism 4) Drawing conclusion 5) Report writing Steps Involved in Historical Research
- 40. 1. Bibliographical Research 2. Legal Research 3. Studying the History of ideas 4. Studying the history of institutions and organizations Types of Historical Research
- 41. Advantages Permits investigation of topics and questions that can be studied in no other fashion Disadvantages Cannot control for threats to internal validity Limitations are imposed due to the content analysis Researchers cannot ensure representation of the sample Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical Research