Unit 3-ME8691 & COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING
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This document discusses various CAD standards including: 1. Graphical standards like GKS and OpenGL that define graphics primitives and device independence. 2. Data exchange standards like IGES and STEP that define neutral formats for transferring geometric and non-geometric CAD data between systems. 3. Communication standards like LAN and WAN that define how CAD data is transferred over networks between systems. The goals of CAD standards are to enable interoperability and portability of CAD data across different software and hardware platforms. They aim to support the complete transfer of product description data.
Unit 3-ME8691 & COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING
- 2. Content • Standards for computer graphics • Graphical Kernel System (GKS) • Standards for exchange image • Open Graphics Library (open GL) • Data exchange standards • IGES, STEP, CALS, etc • Communication standards
- 3. Purpose of CAD standard • The transfer of data between dissimilar CAD/CAM system must embrace the complete description of a product stored in its database. • Four types of modeling data make up this description Shape data – consists of geometrical and topological data Non-shape data – include shaded image and measuring units of data base Design data – FEM/FEA, engineering analysis Manufacturing data – include tolerencing and bill of materials
- 4. Types of translators i) Direct Translators It entails translating the modeling data directly from one native format to another. It require a knowledge of both native formats Direct translator convert data directly in one step.
- 5. Types of translators i) Indirect Translators It converts the modeling data directly from one native format to neutral format that all CAD/Cam system can interpret and understand. Each translation system has its own pair of translator to translate data to and from the neutral format
- 7. Organization of a typical CAD/CAM structure with graphics standards
- 8. DATABASE MANAGEMENT • Database is a collection of data at a single location to be used by various people for different applications.
- 9. OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE • It provides security • It shares the data among users • It incorporates the changes quickly and effectively • It improves accuracy and integrity of data • It reduces the cost of storage and retrieval of data • It reduces or eliminates the redundant data
- 12. STANDARDS FOR COMPUTER GRAPHICS • Need for graphic standards • There is a need for portability of the geometric model among different hardware platforms. • Where there is a situation to exchange drawing database among software packages. • There is a need for exchanging graphic data between different computer systems. • There is a need for the requirement of graphic data exchange formats and their details such as IGES, DXF and STEP.
- 13. CLASSIFICATION OF CAD STANDARDS • Graphic and computing standards • Data exchange standards • Communication standards
- 14. GRAPHIC AND COMPUTING STANDARDS • Aim for graphics standardisation • To allow the transfer of graphic data between two or more different companies which may have completely different CAD systems. • To control all types of graphic devices such as plotters and display devices in a consistent manner. • To provide the complete range of graphical facilities in 2D including the interactive capabilities. • To be small enough for a variety of programs.
- 17. Types of Graphics standards • GKS-GRAPHICS KERNEL SYSTEM • PHIGS-Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard • CORE • GKS-3D • IGES- Initial Graphics Exchange Specification
- 19. GKS (GRAPHICS KERNEL SYSTEM) • Series of commands used for graphical operations. • Number of elements that may be drawn in an image is known as graphical primitives.
- 21. Representation of levels in graphics standards CAD entities Graphics primitives Image bitmap CAD data exchange standards – IGES, STEP Device independent picture description – Metafile, e.g, CGM Bitmap standards – e.g, GIF, TIFF CAD representation Level Equivalent standards
- 22. Features of GKS • It is an independent device. So it can work with all types of input and output devices. • All text and annotation can be prepared and stored natural languages. • Graphic functions are defined for both 2D and 3D. • It includes all types of display elements. • GKS supports picture data into two routines. • GKS defines an international coordinate system called normalized device coordinates.
- 27. STANDARDS FOR EXCHANGE IMAGES • The purpose of GKS and other similar standards is to allow graphics to be drawn on a display device by an application program. • The model is converted by the series of graphics primitives, and these are then displayed on the screen using the graphics procedures, typically by setting the values of the pixels in a rectangular raster array. • The raster array is represented by a region of computer memory is known as bitmap.
- 30. PHIGS - Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard • PHIGS is an improved version of GKS. It offers the extended set of primitives for graphical elements from which models may be generated. • It is mainly used in high functional systems.
- 31. Features of PHIGS • It has very high interactivity • It has a real time modification of graphical data • Data input is in hierarchical structure • It supports geometric animation
- 33. OPEN GRAPHICS LIBRARY • OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a cross-language, multi- platform application programming interface (application program interface-API) for rendering2D and 3D vector graphics. • The API is typically used to interact with a graphics processing unit (GPU), to achieve hardware-accelerated rendering. • Silicon Graphics Inc.,(SGI) started developing OpenGL in 1991.
- 34. • Open GL does not require high performance display hardware to be present, but it require a frame buffer memory that stores the raster display bitmap. • Open GL draws directly in to the frame buffer but also allows the use of multiple buffer where for e.g., one buffer is displayed while second is being updated. • It is extensively used in the fields of CAD, virtual reality, scientific visualization, information visualization, flight simulation and video games.
- 35. Features of OpenGL • Based on IRIS GL (Integrated raster imaging system graphics library) • Low level • Fine grained control • Modal • Frame Buffer • Not programmable • Geometry and images
- 37. Advantages of OpenGL • Industry standard • Stable • Reliable and portable • Evolving • Scalable • Easy to use
- 38. Data exchange standards • CAD data exchange involves a number of software technologies and methods to translate data from one Computer-aided design system to another CAD file format. • The recent decades, the data transfer of data between the system has been made possible by the neutral format of data exchange.
- 40. The following reasons for exchanging the data are that • All use the same cad package • Special translator applications are used to change the data from one format to another format needed. • A neutral format is used for data exchange.
- 42. Requirements of data exchange • Shape data • Non shape data • Design data • Manufacturing data
- 43. Methods for data exchange • Direct CAD system export/import • Direct translation software • Neutral data exchange format
- 47. Development of Data Exchange Format • The significant work in data exchange was started in 1979 of an Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) which was supported by US national Bureau of standards. • Boeing and GE were chosen due to their prior experience in developing data exchange formats – Boeing with its CIIN (CAD Integrated Information Network) • IGES owned very good support among the CAD users and vendors.
- 49. IGES has three types of entity: • Geometric – it defines the product shape and include curves, surface and solids • Annotation – it included various types of dimensions (linear, angular, ordinate), centre line , notes, general labels, symbols and cross hatching • Structure – it includes views, drawing , attributes( such as line and text fonts, colors and layers), properties (mass), subfigures and external cross reference entities (for surface and assemblies)
- 55. Error handling • While importing IGES file, error handling is very important • There are two major error sources when processing IGES files Program errors in the processors Misinterpretation of the IGES standard itself. • The way an IGES processor report error is – the processor should report the entity type, number of unprocessed entries, reason for un- processing and other relevant database information of these unprocessed entities. • IGES should also report any invalid or missing data encountered in reading IGES files especially those that were edited.
- 56. STEP • STEP ( standard for Exchange of Product Data) is an exchange for product data in support of industrial automation
- 59. CALS • Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle support is CALS. • CALS was originally called Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support.
- 60. COMMUNICATION STANDARDS • Data exchange depends not only on the compatibility of the applications data formats between the communicating systems. • LAN (Local area networks) • WAN (Wide area networks)
- 61. LAN
- 62. WAN