Unit-3 -Personality.pdf for BSN Generic first and third semester
- 1. Unit-III. Biological and Psychological basis of Behavior Prepared By: AMBREEN SABA MSN*, MSc. PSY
- 2. OBJECTIVES Principles of Psychology; 1. Learning 2. Memory 3. Thinking 4. Perception 5. Motivation 6. Personality 7. Intelligence 8. Emotions 9. Stress
- 4. Concept of Personality: The word personality originates from the Latin persona”, which means mask. Personality can be defined as the deeply ingrained and relatively enduring patterns of characteristics, behavior, motives, beliefs, attitudes, and cognitions that an individual possesses. Awareness of our personality and our ability to recognize ourselves separately from the environment is the only thing that separates us from artificial intelligence. Aspects of personality start to develop during childhood and are then strengthened and molded till adulthood. As all children develop differently and each has complex cognitions and characteristics, no single theory can account for it. Thus, it is helpful to have a broader appreciation of personality development than any one theory.
- 5. a. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • The Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget believed that all children pass through a series of distinct stages in intellectual development. • He believed children construct knowledge for themselves as ‘little scientists’. • His theory hypothesised that children advance through four stages of cognitive development with each stage building on the previous one.
- 7. b. Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality Development • Sigmund Freud • An individual’s personality develops through a series of five stages stretching from infancy to adulthood. These are called psychosexuals. • Each is characterized by efforts to obtain on one of several parts of the body called zones. • According to Freud, the five stages of psychosexual are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
- 9. Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory criticism Although Freud’s psychosexual stage theory of personality development was fascinating and audacious given the conservative era of its conception, it was based upon case studies and hence lacked repeatability and reliability. The theory was based predominantly on male development and there was little mention of the psychosexual development of females. It can also not be verified through empirical research, as constructs utilized in the theory cannot be measured.
- 10. c. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson added to Freud’s theory by concentrating on human development beyond puberty. He concluded that human personality is determined not only by childhood experiences but also those of adulthood.
- 12. Determinants of Personality The study of personality cannot only be based on how it is manifested and changed over time but rather on what factors determine, or affect personality. Charles Darwin in his ‘Origin of Species’ proposed that a person’s personality originates in the mother’s womb with genetic and hereditary factors contributing to our primal personality traits. Scholars like John Locke argued that the human psyche and psychological traits are formed primarily due to the environment and surroundings in the person is raised in. Angyal (1941) believed that the determinants of personality are neither exclusively organismic nor environmental but rather a combination of both.
- 14. Personality Types Many readers would have observed that it is a common tendency for people to categorize others, based on their characteristics. Even in your class, there are bound to be ‘shy’ students and the ‘sociable outgoing’ type. Classifying people into types is one device by which we try to make sense out of others’ behavior and anticipate how they will act in the future. The notion that people can be classified into certain types is one of the oldest ideas about personality. Personality classifications date back to 400 BC. Hippocrates, a Greek physician grouped people into four types, based on their temperaments. These were sanguine (cheerful, vigorous, optimistic), melancholic (depressed, choleric (hot-tempered) and phlegmatic (slow-moving. unexcitable).
- 15. Personality Types According to the Type theory of personality, people can be divided into extroverts and introverts. Extroverts share a tendency to be outgoing, friendly, and talkative, whereas introverts can be described as people who share characteristics such as shyness, social withdrawal, and a preference to spend time alone. Type A persons are driven and competitive. They live under constant pressure, which is usually self-created. They also take on multiple activities with rigid deadlines to meet. These people may function well. most of the time and maybe competent and efficient. Under stress, however, they are likely to become hostile, anxious, and disorganized. They may feel jittery and irritable before examinations and are constantly in a hurry. Type B persons are easy-going, non-competitive, placid, and cool. They
- 16. Personality Types Given a task to do, Type-A’s usually perform near their maximum capacity no matter what the situation is. Type B persons only work hard when given a deadline. Interestingly, when placed in long-lasting stressful situations over which they have little control. Type A personalities tend to give up. They exhibit helplessness and become less responsive than Type B personalities.
- 17. Personality types that can influence health personnel • manipulative behaviour • superficial charm • loud in their expression (both in language as well as dressing and demeanor), • tell fantastic stories (mostly false) • exaggerate their symptoms, • take advantage of naive medical students (asking for uncalled- for investigations, petty cash, small-time favors, drugs. cigarettes). • prefer to be treated by junior doctors (for fear of being