Unit 6 inter processor communication and synchronization
- 1. Unit VI Multiprocessors by: Er. Dipesh Vaya Head & Asst. Prof. Department of CSE SSCE, Udaipur, Rajasthan
- 2. Contents Characteristics of Multiprocessors Interconnection Structure Interprocessor Arbitration Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization Cache Coherence Shared Memory Multiprocessors SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 2
- 3. Inter-processor Communication and Synchronization by: Er. Dipesh Vaya Head & Asst. Prof. Department of CSE SSCE, Udaipur, Rajasthan SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 3
- 4. Introduction The various processors in a multiprocessor system must be provided with a facility for communicating with each other. A communication path can be established through a portion of memory or a common input-output channels. The sending processor structures a request, a message, or a procedure, and places it in the memory mailbox. Status bits residing in common memory The receiving processor can check the mailbox periodically. The response time of this procedure can be time consuming. A more efficient procedure is for the sending processor to alert the receiving processor directly by means of an interrupt signal. SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 4
- 5. Introduction(cont.) In addition to shared memory, a multiprocessor system may have other shared resources. e.g., a magnetic disk storage unit. To prevent conflicting use of shared resources by several processors there must be a provision for assigning resources to processors. i.e., operating system. There are three organizations that have been used in the design of operating system for multiprocessors: master-slave configuration, separate operating system, and distributed operating system. SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 5
- 6. Introduction(cont.) In a master-slave mode, one processor, master, always executes the operating system functions. In the separate operating system organization, each processor can execute the operating system routines it needs. This organization is more suitable for loosely coupled systems. In the distributed operating system organization, the operating system routines are distributed among the available processors. However, each particular operating system function is assigned to only one processor at a time. It is also referred to as a floating operating system. SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 6
- 7. Loosely Coupled System There is no shared memory for passing information. The communication between processors is by means of message passing through I/O channels. The communication is initiated by one processor calling a procedure that resides in the memory of the processor with which it wishes to communicate. The communication efficiency of the interprocessor network depends on the communication routing protocol, processor speed, data link speed, and the topology of the network. SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 7
- 8. Interprocessor Synchronization The instruction set of a multiprocessor contains basic instructions that are used to implement communication and synchronization between cooperating processes. Communication refers to the exchange of data between different processes. Synchronization refers to the special case where the data used to communicate between processors is control information. Synchronization is needed to enforce the correct sequence of processes and to ensure mutually exclusive access to shared writable data. SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 8
- 9. Interprocessor Synchronization(cont.) Multiprocessor systems usually include various mechanisms to deal with the synchronization of resources. Low-level primitives are implemented directly by the hardware. These primitives are the basic mechanisms that enforce mutual exclusion for more complex mechanisms implemented in software. A number of hardware mechanisms for mutual exclusion have been developed. A binary semaphore SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 9
- 10. Mutual exclusion with a semaphore A properly functioning multiprocessor system must provide a mechanism that will guarantee orderly access to shared memory and other shared resources. Mutual exclusion: This is necessary to protect data from being changed simultaneously by two or more processors. Critical section: is a program sequence that must complete execution before another processor accesses the same shared resource. A binary variable called a semaphore is often used to indicate whether or not a processor is executing a critical section. SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan 10