Unit II CC .pptx hello sirf this is Utkarsh mi
- 1. Unit-II Introduction To Cloud Computing
- 2. What is Cloud Computing IBM Cloud computing is on-demand access, via the internet, to computing resources—applications, servers (physical servers and virtual servers), data storage, development tools, networking capabilities, and more—hosted at a remote data center managed by a cloud services provider (or CSP). The CSP makes these resources available for a monthly subscription fee or bills them according to usage. Merriam Wester The practice of storing regularly used computer data on multiple servers that can be accessed through the Internet Microsoft Azure Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale as your business needs change.
- 3. According to the official NIST definition, "cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.“ The NIST definition lists five essential characteristics of cloud computing: on-demand self- service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity or expansion, and measured service. It also lists three "service models" (software, platform and infrastructure), and four "deployment models" (private, community, public and hybrid) that together categorize ways to deliver cloud services.
- 4. Cloud Paradigm GRID COMPUTING Grid computing enables aggregation of distributed resources and transparently access to them. Most production grids such as TeraGrid and EGEE seek to share compute and storage resources distributed across different administrative domains, with their main focus being speeding up a broad range of scientific applications, such as climate modeling, drug design, and protein analysis. A key aspect of the grid vision realization has been building standard Web services-based protocols that allow distributed resources to be ―discovered, accessed, allocated, monitored, accounted for, and billed for, etc., and in general managed as a single virtual system. The Open Grid Services Archi- tecture (OGSA) addresses this need for standardization by defining a set of core capabilities and behaviors that address key concerns in grid systems. UTILITY COMPUTING In utility computing environments, users assign a ―”utility” value to their jobs, where utility is a fixed or time-varying valuation that captures various QoS constraints (deadline, importance, satisfaction). The valuation is the amount they are willing to pay a service provider to satisfy their demands. The service providers then attempt to maximize their own utility, where said utility may directly correlate with their profit. Providers can choose to prioritize
- 6. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING This is a field of computer science/engineering that studies distributed systems. A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers, each having its own private memory, communicating through a computer network. Information exchange in a distributed system is accomplished through message passing. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is known as a distributed program. The process of writing distributed programs is referred to as distributed programming. CLUSTER COMPUTING A cluster computer refers to a network of same type of computers whose target is to work as a same unit. Such a network is used when a resource hungry task requires high computing power or memory. Two or more same types of computers are clubbed together to make a cluster and perform the task. CLOUD COMPUTING An Internet cloud of resources can be either a centralized or a distributed computing system. The cloud applies parallel or distributed computing, or both. Clouds can be built with physical or virtualized resources over large data centers that are centralized or distributed. Some authors consider cloud computing to be a form of utility computing or service computing
- 7. History Of Cloud Computing
- 8. EARLY 1960S The computer scientist John McCarthy, come up with concept of timesharing, and enabling Organization to simultaneously use an expensive mainframe. This computing is described as a significant contribution to the development of the Internet, and a pioneer of Cloud computing. IN 1969 The idea of an “Intergalactic Computer Network” or “Galactic Network” (a computer networking concept similar to today’s Internet) was introduced by J.C.R. Licklider, who was responsible for enabling the development of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). His vision was for everyone on the globe to be interconnected and being able to access programs and data at any site, from anywhere. IN 1970 Using virtualization software like VMware. It become possible to run more than one Operating System simultaneously in an isolated environment. It was possible to run a completely different Computer (virtual machine) inside a different Operating System. IN 1997 The first known definition of the term “Cloud Computing” seems to be by Prof. Ramnath Chellappa in Dallas in 1997 – “A computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits alone.”
- 9. IN 1999 The arrival of Salesforce.com in 1999 pioneered the concept of delivering enterprise applications via simple website. The services firm covered the way for both specialist and mainstream software firms to deliver applications over the Internet. IN 2003 The first public release of Xen, which creates a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) also known as a hypervisor, a software system that allows the execution of multiple virtual guest operating systems simultaneously on a single machine. IN 2006 In 2006, Amazon expanded its cloud services. First was its Elastic Compute cloud (EC2), which allowed people to access computers and run their own applications on them, all on the cloud. Then they brought out Simple Storage Service (S3). This introduced the pay-as-you-go model to both users and the industry as a whole, and it has basically become standard practice now. IN 2013 The Worldwide Public Cloud Services Market totalled £78bn, up 18.5 per cent on 2012, with IaaS (infrastructure- as-a-service) the fastest growing market service. IN 2014 In 2014, global business spending for infrastructure and services related to the cloud will reach an estimated £103.8bn, up 20% from the amount spent in 2013 (Constellation Research).
- 10. Cloud Computing • Defination -This aspect is also reflected in the definition given by Armbrust et al: • Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in the data centers that provide those services. According to the official National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) definition, "cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.“ Cloud computing is clearly expressed by Buyya et al. : A cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamic ally provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers.
- 12. Essential Characteristics On Demand Self Service Cloud Computing services are available on-demand and do not require much human interaction. The user himself can provision, manage, and monitor the resources as per his requirement. This is done through a web-based self-service management console. Broad Network Access Cloud computing is accessible from a network, generally over the internet. Similarly, private cloud services can be accessed from anywhere within the enterprise. The services are provided over heterogeneous devices such as mobile phones, laptops, tablets, office computers, etc. Resource Pooling and Multi-tenancy Computing resources like networks, servers, storage, applications, and service can be pooled to serve multiple consumers by securely separating the resources on a logical level. This is done using a multi- tenant model, which allows multiple customers to share the same application or physical infrastructure while retaining data security and privacy.
- 13. • Advantage and Disadvantage of Cloud Computing Advantage • Cost Saving • Reliability • Strategic Edge • Security • Unlimited Storage Capital • Collaboration • Quick Development • High Speed • Backup and restore data Disadvantage • Downtime • Limited Control and Flexibility • Vendor Lock In • Security
- 14. Advantage Of Cloud Computing 1. Cost Savings Cost saving is one of the biggest Cloud Computing benefits. It helps you to save substantial capital cost as it does not need any physical hardware investments. Also, you do not need trained personnel to maintain the hardware. The buying and managing of equipment is done by the cloud service provider. 2. Reliability Most cloud service providers assure guaranteed assistance round the clock. When you opt for cloud computing, all the service-related technicalities are taken care of by the cloud service provider. In the case of a disaster, even if the host server fails, the data can easily be transitioned to other available servers. The cloud service providers abide by the signed Service Level Agreements (SLAs) to ensure timely assistance to your business needs. 3. Strategic Edge Cloud computing offers a competitive edge over your competitors. It is one of the best advantages of Cloud services that helps you to access the latest applications any time without spending your time and money on installations.
- 15. 4. Security With the advancements in technology, every cloud service provider offers more advanced security features to their clients with full backup and recovery. A The key to this is the encryption of all data that is transmitted over networks and stored in databases. This is much more efficient and reliable than a conventional in-house system, where a high percentage of data thefts can occur. A study by Rapid Scale shows that 94 percent of businesses saw major security improvements after switching to the cloud. 5. Unlimited storage capacity The cloud offers almost limitless storage capacity. At any time you can quickly expand your storage capacity with very nominal monthly fees. 6. Collaboration The cloud computing platform helps employees who are located in different geographies to collaborate in a highly convenient and secure manner. 7. Quick Deployment Last but not least, cloud computing gives you the advantage of rapid deployment. So, when you decide to use the cloud, your entire system can be fully functional in very few minutes. Although, the amount of time taken depends on what kind of technologies are used in your business.
- 16. 8. High Speed Cloud computing allows you to deploy your service quickly in fewer clicks. This faster deployment allows you to get the resources required for your system within fewer minutes. 9. Back-up and restore data Once the data is stored in a Cloud, it is easier to get the back-up and recovery of that, which is otherwise very time taking process onpremise. 10. Automatic Software Integration In the cloud, software integration is something that occurs automatically. Therefore, you don't need to take additional efforts to customize and integrate your applications as per your preferences. 11. Mobility Employees who are working on the premises or at the remote locations can easily access all the could services. All they need is an Internet connectivity.
- 17. Disadvantage Of Cloud Computing 1. Downtime Since cloud computing systems are all internet-based, there is no way to avoid downtime. Moreover, if you are in a place with no connectivity, you will not be able to access the data, software, or applications on the cloud. No organization is immune to downtime. On 20th August 2020, Google suffered a mass outage that lasted for over an hour. It became one of the most talked-about topics last year and ultimately sent panic waves to several businesses around the world. 2. Limited Control and Flexibility Since the cloud service providers own, manage and monitor the entire cloud infrastructure, most companies have minimal control over their data. The end-user license agreement (EULA) and management policies might differ among the service providers. The most common case is that it hands over minimal control to the customer, and their access is limited to the applications, tools, and data that is loaded on the server. The customer may not have access to the key administrative services. The worst-case scenario is when they impose limits on what customers can do with their deployments.
- 18. 3. Vendor Lock-In Although most cloud service providers assure that it is a breeze to use the cloud and integrate your business needs with them, disengaging and moving to the next vendor is still a huge problem. The applications that work fine with one platform may not be compatible with another. The transition might pose a risk and the change could be inflexible due to synchronization and support issues. 4. Security It is important to note that there are conflicting arguments when it comes to security in cloud services. There are both advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing when it comes to storing company data. T he most obvious disadvantage is that data is vulnerable to cyber attacks when stored in the cloud. However, a study by Gartner shows that by 2025, 99 percent of data breaches and cyberattacks will be due to the customer's mistakes and human error.
- 19. Cloud Computing Reference Model The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that characterizes and standardizes a cloud computing environment by partitioning it into abstraction layers and cross-layer functions.
- 20. Cloud Service Model • There are the following three types of cloud service models – 1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) 3. Software as a Service (SaaS
- 21. 1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers. Characteristics of IaaS There are the following characteristics of IaaS - • Resources are available as a service • Services are highly scalable • Dynamic and flexible • GUI and API-based access • Automated administrative tasks Example: Digital Ocean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.
- 22. 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the applications. • Characteristics of PaaS There are the following characteristics of PaaS – •Accessible to various users via the same development application. •Integrates with web services and databases. •Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per the organization's need. •Support multiple languages and frameworks. •Provides an ability to "Auto-scale". Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.
- 23. 3. Software as a Service (SaaS) SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and web browser. Characteristics of SaaS There are the following characteristics of SaaS - • Managed from a central location • Hosted on a remote server • Accessible over the internet • Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied automatically. • The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis Example: Big Commerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, Zen Desk, Cisco WebEx, ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.
- 26. Deployment Model Of Cloud 1. Public Cloud 2. Private Cloud 3. Hybrid Cloud 4. Community Cloud
- 27. 1. Public Cloud Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-per-usage method. In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
- 28. 2. Private Cloud Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party. It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus. Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts- • On-premise private cloud • Outsourced private cloud
- 29. 3. Hybrid Cloud Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds. Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a unified, automated, and well- managed computing environment. In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public cloud and critical activities are performed by the private cloud. Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities. The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Cisco, and NetApp.
- 30. 4. Community Cloud Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them. Example: Health Care community cloud.
- 31. Cloud Storage Cloud Storage is a way of storing data online instead of your local computer. It requires an internet connection in order to upload, modify, and share documents, presentations, spreadsheets, images, audio, video, etc. with others. Online storage service providers don't store any data on the hard disk of your PC. Cloud storage tools help you to access your data from any device.
- 32. • Key Takeaways • Cloud storage allows individuals and businesses to store and retrieve computer files via an internet- connected device. • Cloud storage has grown increasingly popular among individuals who need larger storage space and for businesses seeking an efficient off-site data back-up solution. • Because of cloud storage's increasing popularity and use, cloud security has become a major concern to protect data integrity, prevent hacking attempts, and avoid file or identity theft. • More about Cloud Storage: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/cloud-storage .