Unit1..
- 1. Introduction to Software Engineering B.Tech CSE/II Sem-II Term: 2016-2017 Text Books:Software Engineering, A practitioner’s approach Roger s. Pressman 6th edition McGraw-Hill Introduction to Software Engineering by P.Bharath Kumar Chowdary is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1
- 2. • Introduction to Software Engineering : The evolving role of software, Changing Nature of Software, Software myths. • A Generic view of process : Software engineering- A layered technology, a process framework, The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) 2
- 3. INDEX Unit-1 S.No Topic Lecture No PPTSlides 1 Introduction to software Engineering: Evolving role software L1 4 2 The changing nature of software & legacy software L2 10 3 Software myths L3 15 4 A generic view of process: Software Engineering-A layered technology L4 19 5 A Process Framework L5 21 5 The Capability maturity model Integration(CMMI) L6 25 3
- 4. Introduction to software Engineering The Evolving role of software • Dual role of Software A Product - Information transformer- producing, managing and displaying A Vehicle for delivering a product - Control of computer(operating system),the communication of information(networks) and the creation of other programs 4
- 5. Introduction to software Engineering • Software is defined as 1. Instructions - Programs that when executed provide desired function 2. Data structures -Enable the programs to adequately manipulate information 3. Documents -Describe the operation and use of the programs. 5
- 6. Introduction to software Engineering • Definition of Engineering -Application of science, tools and methods to find cost effective solution to problems Definition of SOFTWARE ENGINEERING - SE is defined as systematic, disciplined and quantifiable approach for the development, operation and maintenance of software 6
- 7. Introduction to software Engineering Characteristics of software • Software is developed or engineered, it is not manufactured in the classical sense. • Software does not wear out. However it deteriorates due to change. • Software is custom built rather than assembling existing components. -Although the industry is moving towards component based construction, most software continues to be custom built 7
- 8. CHARACTERISTICS OF HARDWARE Failurerate Time “Infant mortality” “Wear out” Fig: FAILURE CURVE FOR HARDWARE 8
- 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWARE Fig: FAILURE CURVE FOR SOFTWARE 9
- 10. THE CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE • Seven Broad Categories of software are challenges for software engineers System software Application software Engineering and scientific software Embedded software Product-line software Web-applications Artificial intelligence software 10
- 11. THE CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE • System software. System software is a collection of programs written to service other programs • Embedded software -- resides in read-only memory --is used to control products and systems for the consumer and industrial markets. • Artificial intelligence software. Artificial intelligence (AI) software makes use of nonnumeric algorithms to solve complex problems that are not amenable to computation or straightforward analysis • Engineering and scientific software. Engineering and scientific software have been characterized by "number crunching" algorithms. 11
- 12. LEGACY SOFTWARE • Legacy software are older programs that are developed decades ago. • The quality of legacy software is poor because it has inextensible design,convoluted code,poor and nonexistent documentation,test cases and results that are not achieved. 12
- 13. • As time passes legacy systems evolve due to following reasons: The software must be adapted to meet the needs of new computing environment or technology. The software must be enhanced to implement new business requirements. The software must be extended to make it interoperable with more modern systems or database The software must be rearchitected to make it viable within a network environment. 13
- 14. Software Evolution • Software evolves due to changes • Changes occur due to correction,adaption and enhancement • 8 Laws of unified theory The Law of Continuing Change. The Law of Increasing Complexity. The Law of Self-Regulation The Law of Conservation of Organizational Stability. The Law of Conservation of Familiarity The Law of Continuing Growth The Law of Declining Quality The Feedback System Law 14
- 15. SOFTWARE MYTHS • Widely held but false view • Propagate misinformation and confusion • Three types of myth - Management myth - Customer myth - Practitioner’s myth 15
- 16. MANAGEMENT MYTHS • Myth(1) -The available standards and procedures for software are enough. • Myth(2) -Each organization feel that they have state-of-art software development tools since they have latest computer. • Myth(3) -Adding more programmers when the work is behind schedule can catch up. • Myth(4) -Outsourcing the software project to third party, we can relax and let that party build it. 16
- 17. CUSTOMER MYTH • Myth(1) - General statement of objective is enough to begin writing programs, the details can be filled in later. • Myth(2) -Software is easy to change because software is flexible 17
- 18. PRACTITIONER’S MYTH • Myth(1) -Once the program is written, the job has been done. • Myth(2) -Until the program is running, there is no way of assessing the quality. • Myth(3) -The only deliverable work product is the working program • Myth(4) -Software Engineering creates voluminous and unnecessary documentation and invariably slows down software development. 18
- 19. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING-A LAYERED TECHNOLOGY 19 Fig: Software Engineering-A layered technology
- 20. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING-A LAYERED TECHNOLOGY • Quality focus - Bedrock that supports software Engineering. • Process - Foundation for software Engineering • Methods - Provide technical How-to’s for building software • Tools - Provide semi-automatic and automatic support to methods 20
- 21. A PROCESS FRAMEWORK • Establishes the foundation for a complete software process • Identifies a number of framework activities applicable to all software projects • Also include a set of umbrella activities that are applicable across the entire software process. 21
- 22. A PROCESS FRAMEWORK Common process frameworkCommon process framework Umbrella activitiesUmbrella activities Framework activities TTTasks Milestones,delierables SQA points 22
- 23. A PROCESS FRAMEWORK • Used as a basis for the description of process models • Generic process activities Communication Planning Modeling Construction Deployment 23
- 24. A PROCESS FRAMEWORK • Generic view of engineering complimented by a number of umbrella activities – Software project tracking and control – Formal technical reviews – Software quality assurance – Software configuration management – Document preparation and production – Reusability management – Measurement – Risk management 24
- 25. CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL INTEGRATION(CMMI) • Developed by SEI(Software Engineering institute) • Assess the process model followed by an organization and rate the organization with different levels • A set of software engineering capabilities should be present as organizations reach different levels of process capability and maturity. • CMMI process meta model can be represented in different ways 1.A continuous model 2.A staged model Continuous model: -Lets organization select specific improvement that best meet its business objectives and minimize risk -Levels are called capability levels. -Describes a process in 2 dimensions -Each process area is assessed against specific goals and practices and is rated according to the following capability levels. 25
- 26. CMMI • Six levels of CMMI – Level 0:Incomplete – Level 1:Performed – Level 2:Managed – Level 3:Defined – Level 4:Quantitatively managed – Level 5:Optimized 26
- 27. CMMI • INCOMPLETE -Process is adhoc.Objective and goal of process areas are not known • Performed -Goal,objective,work tasks,work products and other activities of software process are carried out • Managed -Activities are monitored, reviewed, evaluated and controlled • Defined -Activities are standardized, integrated and documented • Quantitatively Managed -Metrics and indicators are available to measure the process and quality • Optimized - Continuous process improvement based on quantitative feed back from the user -Use of innovative ideas and techniques, statistical quality control and other methods for process improvement. 27
- 28. CMMI Staged model - This model is used if you have no clue of how to improve the process for quality software. - It gives a suggestion of what things other organizations have found helpful to work first - Levels are called maturity levels 28
- 29. LEVEL FOCUS PROCESS AREA Optimizing Continuous process Improvement -Organizational Innovation and Deployment -Causal Analysis and Resolution Quantitatively managed Quantitative management -Organizational process performance -Quantitative project management Defined Process standardized Requirements Development Technical Solution Product Integration Verification Validation Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training Integrated Project Management Risk Management 29
- 30. −Integrated Teaming −Integrated Supplier Management −Decision Analysis and Resolution −Organizational Environment for Integration Managed Basic project management Requirements Management Project Planning Project Monitoring and Control Supplier Agreement Measurement and Analysis Process and Product Quality Assurance Configuration Management Performed 30