Unit_1_Introduction to Computers.ppt
- 1. 1 Unit 1 Introduction to Computers:
- 2. Contents 2 Definition Basics of Computer Characteristics of computers, Evolution of Computer Block Diagram Of a computer Generations of Computer, Classification Of Computers, Applications of Computer, Capabilities and limitations of computer
- 3. Definition The word compute is derived from the Latin word ‘computare’, was meaning “arithmetic, accounting”. The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, "to calculate” Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed The Computer meaning is the digital device that stores information in memory using input devices and manipulate information to produce output according to given instructions. 3
- 4. A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired. An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations. Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format 4
- 5. Computer Meaning in general term Technically, a computer means to calculate or electronic programmable machine. Computer is used to perform some sequence of instructions in fast and accurate manner. Computer receives input in the form of digitized data, using input devices like keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner etc. It process based on a program instructions to give output. 5
- 7. Speed The computer can calculate or perform any task very fast as compared to the human brain. It can perform or execute millions of instructions within a second. The computer has the capability to solve complex computations within a fraction of a second, whereas the same calculation may take hours of time for the human. 7
- 8. you will be surprised to know that computer can perform millions of instructions and even more per second. 8
- 9. Accuracy Computers present a high degree of accuracy. Whatever may be the input or instruction given to it by the user; it will calculate the same and give a meaningful result accurately. The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data. 9
- 10. Diligence A human may get tired after continuous hours of work. But, the computer can work for hours without fatigue or tiredness. It never loses concentration for hours of continuous work. It can calculate millions of instructions for hours without making any errors. 10
- 11. Versatility Versatility is another very important characteristic of computers. The computer can work in almost every field of modern human civilization. The computer is used at home for surfing the internet and multimedia applications such as gaming, watching movies or online videos, listening to your favorite audio track, and so on. 11
- 12. The same computer is used at the office of any organization for the front office, reception center, preparing presentations for meetings, or managing payrolls of the employees Computers are used on a large scale in the e-commerce industry for efficient business operation worldwide. The versatile use of computers in every field makes it an inevitable component of the modern digital world. 12
- 13. Reliability Another characteristic of computers is their reliability. The computer delivers a high degree of reliability. That is why almost everything in this world is computer-driven. Today, all the major industries’ business operations all across the world are performed efficiently using the computer because of its reliability. 13
- 14. The company business is more profitable with the use of a computer. Because computer helps to perform any task in a very short time and in a reliable manner. 14
- 15. Multitasking Multitasking capability of computer is also the major characteristics of a computer. It can have the capacity to perform different types of tasks at the same time. You can surf the internet, at the same time, you prefer to listen to your favorite music. Simultaneously, you can make a document in MS word. 15
- 16. Storing data Computers can store any amount of information after processing them. The stored information can be used by the user in the future. The storage media like hard disk, floppy disk, optical disc are used for storing the data. The computer can store a huge collection of data and information for future reference. 16
- 17. Nowadays, the concept of cloud computing has made things simpler and easier. You do not need to bother about the local hard drive capacity of your computer to store a large amount of data. The online storage facility provided by the biggest IT companies like Google, Microsoft, Amazon, etc. provides the facility for online cloud storage. 17
- 18. No IQ The computer doesn’t have its own intelligence. It performs its task only when some input is given by the human (user). The computer is dependent on humans to perform any task. It always receives instruction or input from the user to execute the given task efficiently and correctly. 18
- 19. It waits for the user input and processes the result based on the input given to it. 19
- 20. No feeling The human being has feelings and emotions. Because of this nature, the performance or working capacity of humans varies from person to person. Unlike a human being, the computer doesn’t have such feelings or emotions that reflect the performance capability of the computer. Also, the computer does not recognize its user’s mood, whether he/she is happy or sad. 20
- 21. Evolution of Computer Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers He designed "Difference engine "in 1822 He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions. His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer. 21
- 22. Block Diagram Of a computer 22
- 23. Computer Block Diagram System: Mainly computer system consists of three parts, that are central processing unit (CPU), Input Devices and Output Devices. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is divided into two parts again: arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU). The set of instruction is in the form of raw data. A large amount of data is stored in the computer memory with the help of primary and secondary storage devices. 23
- 24. The CPU is like the heart/brain of the computer. The user does not get the desired output, without the necessary option taken by the CPU. The Central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for the processing of all the instructions which are given by the user to the computer system. The data is entered through input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, etc. 24
- 25. This set of instruction is processed by the CPU after getting the input by the user, and then the computer system produces the output. The computer can show the output with the help of output devices to the user, such as monitor, printer, etc. 25
- 26. CPU (Central Processing Unit) Storage Unit ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) Control Unit 26
- 27. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The computer system is nothing without the Central processing Unit so, it is also known as the brain of computer. The CPU is an electronic hardware device which can perform different types of operations such as arithmetic and logical operation. 27
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- 29. Control Unit The control unit (CU) controls all the activities or operations which are performed inside the computer system. It receives instructions or information directly from the main memory of the computer. When the control unit receives an instruction set or information, it converts the instruction set to control signals then; these signals are sent to the central processor for further processing. The control unit understands which operation to execute, accurately, and in which order. 29
- 30. Arithmetic and Logical Unit The arithmetic and logical unit is the combinational digital electronic circuit that can perform arithmetic operations on integer binary numbers. It presents the arithmetic and logical operation. The outputs of ALU will change asynchronously in response to the input. The basic arithmetic and bitwise logic functions are supported by ALU. 30
- 31. Storage Unit The information or set of guidelines are stored in the storage unit of the computer system. The storage unit provides the space to store the data or instruction of processed data. The information or data is saved or hold in computer memory or storage device. The data storage is the core function and fundamental of the computer components. 31
- 32. Components of Computer System The hardware and software exist on the computer. The information which is stored through the device is known as computer software. The hardware components of the computer system are related to electronic and mechanical parts, and the software component is related to data and computer programs. Many elements are connected to the main circuit board of the computer system called a “motherboard.” 32
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- 34. These are mainly five components of the computer system. Processor. Main Memory. Secondary Memory. Input Devices. Output Devices. 34
- 35. Processor The processor is an electric circuitry within the computer system. The Central processing unit is the central processor or main processor of the computer system. The processor carries out the instructions of the computer program with the help of basic arithmetic and logic, input/output operations. 35
- 36. Main Memory The Random Access Memory is the main memory of the computer system, which is known as RAM. The Ram is one of the fastest memory, and it allows the data to be readable and writeable. 36
- 37. Secondary memory We can store the data and programs on a long-term basis in the secondary memory. The hard disks and the optical disks are the common secondary devices. It is slow and cheap memory as compare to primary memory. This memory is not connected to the processor directly. 37
- 38. Input Devices The user provides the set of instruction or information to the computer system with the help of input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc. The data representation to the computer system is in the form of binary language after that the processor processes the converted data. The input unit implements the data which is instructed by the user to the system. 38
- 39. We can enter the data from the outside world into the primary storage as the input through input devices. The input devices are the medium of communication between the outside world and the computer system. 39
- 40. There are some important features of input devices which are given below: 1. The input devices receive or accept the data or instruction from the user, who exist in the outside world. 2. These devices convert the data or instruction into the machine- readable form for further processing. 3. The input device performs like the connection between the outside world and our computer system. 4. The keyboard and mouse are common examples of input devices. 40
- 41. Output Devices The output devices produce or generate the desired result according to our input, such as a printer, monitor, etc. All the information sent to the computer once processed is received by the user through the output unit. The output unit displays the data either in the form of a soft copy or hard copy. The printer is for the hard copy. 41
- 42. The monitor is for the display. The output unit accepts the data in binary form from the computer. It then converts it into a readable form for the user. 42
- 43. Generations of Computer, Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are five computer generations known till date. 43
- 44. Following are the main five generations of computers. 44 Sr.No Generation & Description 1 First Generation : The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2 Second Generation: The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation: The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation: The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation: The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
- 45. First Generation Computers The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. 45
- 46. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. 46
- 47. The main features of the first generation are: Vacuum tube technology. Supported machine language only. Very costly Generates lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Need of AC Non-portable Consumes lot of electricity 47
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- 49. Second Generation Computers The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. 49
- 50. The main features of second generation are: Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generates less heat as compared to first generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly AC required Supported machine and assembly languages 50
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- 52. Third Generation Computers The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi- programming operating system were used. 52
- 53. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. 53
- 54. The main features of third generation are: IC used More reliable in comparison to previous two generations Smaller size Generated less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Costly AC required Consumed lesser electricity Supported high-level language 54
- 55. Fourth Generation Computers The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980 Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation. 55
- 56. The main features of fourth generation are: VLSI technology used Very cheap Portable and reliable Use of PCs Very small size Pipeline processing No AC required Concept of internet was introduced Great developments in the fields of networks Computers became easily available 56
- 57. Fifth Generation Computers In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. 57
- 58. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation. 58
- 59. The main features of fifth generation are: ULSI technology Development of true artificial intelligence Development of Natural language processing Advancement in Parallel Processing Advancement in Superconductor technology More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates 59
- 61. The computer systems can be classified on the following basis: 1. On the basis of size. 2. On the Type 3. On the purpose. 61
- 62. On the basis of size Super computers : Mainframe computers Mini computers Micro computers 62
- 63. Super computers : The super computers are the most high performing system A supercomputer is the giant of the computer world. It is usually the most expensive and can be afforded by very few bodies like an organization, countries and research institutions. It is used for a lot of mathematical calculations 63
- 64. It is an extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second. For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated)graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic desi.gn, and analysis of geological data . 64
- 65. Applications: The uses of supercomputers are dedicated to – In research and study of energy and nuclear weapons and designing the aircraft, airplanes, and flight simulators. Climate research and Weather Forecasting and Prediction of Natural Disasters. Spaceship and Satellite Launching. Used in scientific research laboratories. Used in Chemical and Biological research and for highly calculation complex tasks. 65
- 66. Diagram of Super computer 66
- 67. Mainframe computers Mainframe computers are large computers that have a variety of networks terminals making it possible for more than one user to operate on it at the same time. Mainframe computers are very expensive to purchase and maintain. These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing 67
- 68. Applications: Uses of Mainframe Computer – Mainframe computers are mainly used by departmental and commercial organizations like Banks, Companies, Scientific research centers, and governmental departments like railways. These computers can work for 24 hours. Hundreds of users can work on these computations simultaneously. Using the mainframe completes the tasks, Such as keeping details of payments, research centers, advertising, sending bills and notices, paying employees, ticket booking, maintaining details of purchases by users, keeping detailed tax details, etc. 68
- 69. Diagram of Mainframe computers 69
- 70. Mini computers Minicomputers are medium sized computers developed in the 1960s. It lies in between mainframe and microcomputers. they were actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution. 70
- 71. It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously. 71
- 72. Applications: The uses of Minicomputers – The minicomputers are used as real-time applications in Industries, bookings, and Research Centers. Banks also use minicomputers for preparing payroll for employees’ salaries, records, tracking of financial accounts, etc. As well as in the field of Higher Education and Engineering. 72
- 74. Micro computers This is the commonest computer seen everywhere in Schools for learning purposes, Offices and homes. The Microcomputer derives its name from its use of a microprocessor (CPU) memory located in one integrated microchip or circuit. Unlike large computers that use more than one chip for its processing activities. 74
- 75. Microcomputers are the smallest in size and they come in different forms such as Laptop computer, Desktop, Palm Top computer, Notebook etc. Generally, they use one central Processing unit and are usually used by one person at a time. 75
- 76. Applications: The uses of Microcomputer – PC is being widely used in many fields like home, office, data collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing, etc. It keeps the details and prepares letters for correspondence in small businesses, creating bills, accounting, word processing, and operation of the filing systems in a large company. 76
- 77. Classifications of computer-based on data handling and by type Digital computer Analog computer Hybrid computer 77
- 78. Digital computer A digital computer deals with the data that can be stored in binary format i.e. in the form of 0s and 1s. The data or information in this computer is stored in voltage pulses which represent either 0 or 1. Any type of data whether it may be a text document, music files, or graphic images, all are converted into binary format before it can be stored into a computer’s memory. 78
- 79. It is a device that manipulates discrete data and performs arithmetic and logical functions. 79
- 80. Analog computer Analog computer is used to process the analog data. The analog data is continuously changing or varying data. The analog computer is used to measure the continuous varying aspects of physical quantities like an electrical current, voltages, hydraulic pressure, or other electrical and mechanical properties. Analog computer does not measure the discrete values. 80
- 81. Hybrid computer A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form. he hybrid computer has the capability to process the input in both the analog and digital formats. 81
- 82. The analog portion of the system can handle the continuous varying aspects of complex mathematical computation, whereas the digital portion handles the numerical and logical operation. hybrid computers are used in medical science to measure the heartbeat of the patient, also used in controlling industrial processes and scientific applications. 82
- 83. On the Basis of Purposes, General Purpose Special Purpose 83
- 84. General Purpose theses computer can store different programs and can thus be used in countless application. A General Purpose Computer can perform any kind of jobs with equal efficiency simply by changing the application program stored in main memory. 84
- 85. Special Purpose A Special Purpose Computer is the one that is designed to perform only one special task. The program or instructions set is permanently stored in such a machine. It does its single task very quickly and it cannot be used for any other purpose. These computers are often used to perform specific function such as controlling a manufacturing process or directing communications. 85
- 86. Applications of Computer Home Medical Field Entertainment Industry Education Government Banking Business Arts Science and Engineering 86
- 87. Home Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for corporate employees. Computers help the student community to avail online educational support. 87
- 88. Business A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Computer is used in business organizations for: Payroll calculations, Sales analysis, Budgeting, Financial forecasting, Managing employees database and Maintenance of stocks etc. 88
- 89. Education Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can significantly enhance performance in learning. Even distance learning is made productive and effective through internet and video-based classes. Researchers have massive usage of these computers in their work from the starting to till the end of their scholarly work. 89
- 90. Banking Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide the facilities of: Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records. ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. 90
- 91. Insurance Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns. 91
- 92. Communication Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main areas in this category are: Chatting, E-mail, FTP, Video-conferencing and Telnet. 92
- 93. Health Care Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports. Computation in the field of medicine allows us to offer varied miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible without computers. 93
- 94. Military Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in the deference system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through computers. Computer builds the links between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite. 94
- 95. Construction of weapons and controlling their function is not possible without the aid of computers. The list of the criminals and the records of the cops are maintained regularly in the system. 95
- 96. Entertainment Computers help to watch movies online, play games online; act as a virtual entertainer in playing games, listening to music, etc. MIDI instruments greatly help people in the entertainment industry in recording music with artificial instruments. Videos can be fed from computers to full screen televisions. Photo editors are available with fabulous features. 96
- 97. limitations of computer No Self-Intelligence. Computer does not have intelligence of its own to complete the tasks. They give wrong output if the input given by humans are wrong. No Thinking and Decision Making Power. The computer cannot think itself. No Feeling. Lack of feeling is another limitation of computer. It does not hold intelligence of its own. Its IQ level is zero, till date. They have to be told what to do. It has to be instructed on what it must do and in what sequence. A Computer cannot take decisions on its own. 97
- 98. Human beings can make certain judgments in our day to day life based on our feelings, taste, knowledge and experience. It also lack of emotions, so it will not make certain judgments like human. They cannot perform anything outside the defined scope. 98
- 99. Thank you 99