United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC-2009)

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
United Nations Framework Classification
for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves
and Resources 2009
incorporating Specifications for its Application
ECE ENERGY SERIES No. 42
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2013

NOTE
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Mention of any firm, licensed process or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the
United Nations.
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Sales No. 14.II.E.4
ISBN 978-92-1-117073-3
eISBN 978-92-1-056516-5
ISSN 1014-7225
Copyright © United Nations, 2013
All rights reserved worldwide
ECE/ENERGY/94

FOREWORD
Establishing a complete picture of the current and future supply base of fossil energy and minerals
is necessary for effective resource management. Accurate and consistent estimates of fossil
energy and mineral reserves and resources, coherent with other scientific and social/ economic
information, are the foundation for such assessments. A number of different standards have
evolved over time in response to local or industry-specific requirements, but we are now called to
serve the needs of a globalized economy. As a result, there has been growing interest in re-
expressing earlier work in the form of common and universally-applicable standards.
During the 1990s, ECE took the initiative to develop a simple, user-friendly and uniform system for
classifying and reporting reserves and resources of solid fuels and mineral commodities in
response to the wishes of member countries to develop a standard reporting system. The result of
these efforts was the creation of the United Nations Framework Classification for Reserves and
Resources of Solid Fuels and Mineral Commodities (UNFC-1997) that was endorsed by the United
Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 1997. In 2004, the Classification was extended to
also apply to petroleum (oil and natural gas) and uranium and renamed the UNFC for Fossil Energy
and Mineral Resources 2004 (UNFC-2004). In its Decision 2004/33, ECOSOC then invited the
Member States of the United Nations, international organizations and the United Nations regional
commissions to consider taking appropriate measures for ensuring its worldwide application. This
Decision offered an opportunity to harmonize existing reserves and resources classifications, in
response to the integration of financial and extractive activities worldwide.
In order to facilitate worldwide application of the Classification, the ECE Committee on Sustainable
Energy directed the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Harmonization of Fossil Energy and Mineral
Resources Terminology (now the Expert Group on Resource Classification) to prepare and submit a
revised United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources (UNFC)
for consideration by the Extended Bureau of the Committee. In response to that request a
stronger, simpler version of the Classification was prepared. This version is the United Nations
Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC-
2009).
Specifications or rules of application are needed to provide more details on how UNFC-2009
should be applied in practice in order to ensure consistency and comparability. The specifications
that allow UNFC-2009 to be fully operational were developed by the Expert Group on Resource
Classification between 2010 and April 2013 through an equally inclusive, transparent and robust
process as that followed for the development of UNFC-2009. These specifications were agreed
upon by the Expert Group and subsequently by the Committee on Sustainable Energy at the end of
2013.
UNFC-2009 and the Specifications for its Application were developed by ECE, under the global
mandate given by ECOSOC, and through the cooperation and collaboration of both ECE and non-
ECE member countries, other United Nations agencies and international organizations,
intergovernmental bodies, professional associations, the private sector and many individual
experts. The rigorous development process, which included a survey of stakeholders’
iii

PREFACE
The United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and
Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009) is a universally acceptable and internationally applicable scheme for
the classification and reporting of fossil energy and mineral reserves and resources and is currently
the only classification in the world to do so. The specifications for its application make UNFC-2009
operational. The specifications set out the basic rules that are considered necessary to ensure an
appropriate level of consistency in application. They importantly provide additional instructions
on how UNFC-2009 should be applied in specific circumstances.
As with extractive activities, UNFC-2009 reflects conditions in the economic and social domain,
including markets and government framework conditions, technological and industrial maturity
and the ever present uncertainties. It provides a single framework on which to build international
energy and mineral studies, analyze government resource management policies, plan industrial
processes and allocate capital efficiently.
UNFC-2009 is a generic principle-based system in which quantities are classified on the basis of the
three fundamental criteria of economic and social viability (E), field project status and feasibility
(F), and geological knowledge (G), using a numerical and language independent coding scheme.
Combinations of these criteria create a three-dimensional system. UNFC-2009, which can either be
applied directly or used as a harmonizing tool, is the successor to the UNFC of 2004. The revision
process has resulted in a simplified and user-friendly version of the Classification with generic
high-level definitions. These are designed to ensure alignment with other widely used systems in
the extractive industries – such as the Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting
Standards (CRIRSCO) Template and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)/World Petroleum
Council (WPC)/American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)/Society of Petroleum
Evaluation Engineers (SPEE) Petroleum Resource Management System (PRMS) – and to facilitate
mapping with other classification systems. The definitions of the UNFC-2009 categories and sub-
categories have been simplified and the most commonly-used classes are defined using plain
language, providing harmonized generic terminology at a level suitable for global communications.
The use of commonly-used words that are widely misunderstood by non-experts and which do not
have a unique meaning is avoided; most importantly, the word “reserves” is not used other than in
a general sense - “reserves” is a concept with different meanings and usage, even within the
extractive industries, where the term is carefully defined and applied by technical experts.
Today’s globalized world has resulted in an increasing number of multi-resource companies
operating in many different countries and jurisdictions. In addition, the development of new types
of resources, such as the mining of bitumen to produce synthetic crude oil, demonstrates that the
historic boundaries between the minerals and petroleum sectors, which are reflected in different
resource classification systems, public reporting requirements and accounting rules, is no longer
sustainable. By covering all extractive activities, UNFC-2009 captures the common principles and
provides a tool for consistent reporting for these activities, regardless of the commodity. It is a
strong code that paves the way for improved global communications which will aid stability and
security of supplies, governed by fewer and more widely understood rules and guidelines. The
efficiencies to be gained through the use of UNFC-2009 are substantial.
v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
UNFC-2009 and the specifications for its application have been developed through the
cooperation and collaboration of ECE and non-ECE member countries, other United Nations
agencies and international organizations, intergovernmental bodies, professional associations and
the private sector.
This document builds on the work of a Task Force that mapped key classifications to one another,
the UNFC Mapping Task Force. The Task Force was led by Mücella Ersoy (Turkish Coal Enterprises)
and Per Blystad (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate) with Niall Weatherstone (CRIRSCO),
Ferdinando Camisani-Calzolari (CRIRSCO), John Etherington (SPE Oil and Gas Reserves Committee),
Kirill Kavun (Research Institute for Economics of Mineral Resources and Use of the Subsoil (VIEMS)
Russian Federation), James Ross (Ross Petroleum Limited), and Andrej Subelj (Slovenia).
The diligent efforts made in preparing the ground for the revision of the UNFC have been
commendable and are greatly appreciated, in particular the work of the UNFC Revision Task Force,
which consisted of the Extended Bureau of the Group of Experts, plus selected experts.
The development of the specifications was undertaken by the Specifications Task Force of the
Expert Group on Resource Classification, a group of experts led by James Ross (Chair) with
Ferdinando Camisani-Calzolari, Daniel DiLuzio, Roger Dixon (supported by Paul Bankes from mid-
2012), David Elliott, Timothy Klett, Kjell Reidar Knudsen, Ian Lambert replaced by Leesa Carson in
mid-2012 (supported by Yanis Miezitis), David MacDonald, Yuri Podturkin (supported by the
Russian Working Group) and Daniel Trotman.
vi

CONTENTS
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................iii
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................vi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................x
PART I
United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves
and Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009)
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................3
I. APPLICATION ........................................................................................................................3
II. CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES ..............................................................................3
III. CLASSES ................................................................................................................................4
IV. SUB-CLASSES .......................................................................................................................7
V. HARMONIZATION OF RESOURCE INVENTORIES .............................................................7
VI. ADAPTING TO NATIONAL OR LOCAL NEEDS ....................................................................7
ANNEX I
DEFINITION OF CATEGORIES AND SUPPORTING EXPLANATIONS ...........................................9
ANNEX II
DEFINITION OF SUB-CATEGORIES ...............................................................................................12
PART II
Specifications for the Application of the United Nations Framework Classification
for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009)
I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................15
II. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................16
III. COMMODITY-SPECIFIC SPECIFICATIONS AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH
OTHER RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS ...........................................................17
IV. NATIONAL RESOURCE REPORTING ................................................................................19
V. DISCLOSURE .......................................................................................................................19
VI. GENERIC SPECIFICATIONS ...............................................................................................19
A. Use of numerical codes .................................................................................................20
B. Bridging document .........................................................................................................20
C. Effective date .................................................................................................................20
D. Commodity or product type ...........................................................................................20
E. Basis for estimate ..........................................................................................................21
F. Reference point .............................................................................................................21
G. Classification of projects based on level of maturity .....................................................21
H. Distinction between E1, E2 and E3 ...............................................................................21
I. Confidence levels for G1, G2 and G3 ...........................................................................22
J. Distinction between recoverable quantities and in situ (in-place) quantities ................22
K. Aggregation of quantities ...............................................................................................23
vii

L. Economic assumptions ..................................................................................................23
M. Evaluator qualifications ..................................................................................................23
N. Units and conversion factors .........................................................................................24
O. Documentation ...............................................................................................................24
P. Expansion of G4 to account for uncertainty ..................................................................24
Q. Optional labels for estimates .........................................................................................24
R. Classification of quantities associated with Exploration Projects ..................................25
S. Classification of additional quantities in place ...............................................................25
T. Extracted quantities that may be saleable in the future ................................................25
ANNEX I
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ....................................................................................................................27
ANNEX II
GUIDELINES ON THE APPLICATION OF KEY INSTRUCTIONS IN UNFC-2009 ..........................30
ANNEX III
BRIDGING DOCUMENT BETWEEN THE CRIRSCO TEMPLATE AND UNFC-2009 ....................31
I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................31
II. OVERVIEW OF THE CRIRSCO TEMPLATE (2006) ...........................................................31
III. DIRECT MAPPING OF CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES ......................................32
A. Application of the G-axis ................................................................................................32
B. Detailed mapping of the E and F axes ..........................................................................33
C. Exploration results .........................................................................................................36
ANNEX IV
BRIDGING DOCUMENT BETWEEN PRMS AND UNFC-2009 ........................................................37
I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................37
II. OVERVIEW OF PRMS .........................................................................................................37
III. DIRECT MAPPING OF CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES ......................................38
A. Application of the G-axis ................................................................................................38
B. Detailed mapping of the E and F axes ..........................................................................39
C. Exploration prospects ....................................................................................................41
D. Additional Quantities in Place ........................................................................................41
IV. SUB-DIVISION OF PRMS PROJECT MATURITY CLASSES TO
MULTIPLE UNFC-2009 SUB-CATEGORIES .......................................................................42
A. Commercial projects sub-categorization .......................................................................42
B. Potentially commercial and non-commercial project sub-categorization ......................43
V. IDENTIFICATION OF QUANTITIES DEFINED BUT NOT CLASSIFIED IN PRMS ............45
VI. DESCRIPTION OF RESERVES STATUS IN PRMS ...........................................................45
ANNEX V
GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF PROJECT MATURITY TO SUB-CLASSIFY
PROJECTS USING UNFC-2009 .......................................................................................................46
(a) Commercial Projects ......................................................................................................47
(b) Potentially Commercial Projects ....................................................................................47
(c) Non-commercial Projects ..............................................................................................48
(d) Additional Quantities in Place ........................................................................................48
viii

PART III
Explanatory Note to the United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil
Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009)
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................51
I. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS ...............................................................51
II. MAINTENANCE OF THE CLASSIFICATION .......................................................................52
III. NORMATIVE REFERENCES ...............................................................................................52
IV. COMMENTS TO UNFC-2009 ...............................................................................................53
To Section I (UNFC-2009) ....................................................................................................53
To Section II (UNFC-2009) ...................................................................................................53
To Section III (UNFC-2009) ..................................................................................................53
To Sections IV and V (UNFC-2009) .....................................................................................55
To Section VI (UNFC-2009) ..................................................................................................55
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 56
Table of Figures
Figure 1
UNFC-2009 Categories and Examples of Classes ............................................................................................ 4
Figure 2
Abbreviated Version of UNFC-2009, showing Primary Classes ......................................................................... 5
Figure 3
UNFC-2009 Classes and Sub-classes defined by Sub-categories .................................................................... 8
Figure III.1
General Relationship between Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, as set out
in the CRIRSCO Template ............................................................................................................................... 32
Figure III.2
Mapping of CRIRSCO Template to UNFC-2009 Classes and Categories ....................................................... 33
Figure III.3
Mapping of CRIRSCO Template to E-F Axes of UNFC-2009 .......................................................................... 35
Figure IV.1
Mapping of PRMS Range of Uncertainty Categories to UNFC-2009 G Axis ................................................... 38
Figure IV.2
Mapping of PRMS and UNFC-2009 Classes and Categories .......................................................................... 39
Figure IV.3
Mapping of the E-F Matrix to the PRMS Project Maturity Sub-classes ............................................................ 40
Figure IV.4
Mapping of UNFC-2009 Exploration Projects to PRMS Prospective Resources ............................................. 41
Figure IV.5
Mapping of UNFC-2009 Additional Quantities in Place to PRMS Unrecoverable Quantities ........................... 42
Figure IV.6
Mapping of PRMS Contingent Resource Sub-classes to UNFC-2009 Sub-classes
using E and F Axis Categories and Sub-categories ......................................................................................... 43
ix

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AAPG American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Ad Hoc Group of Experts ECE Ad Hoc Group of Experts on the Harmonization of Fossil Energy
and Mineral Resources Terminology
CMMI Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions
CRIRSCO Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards
ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Expert Group ECE Expert Group on Resource Classification
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ISO International Organization for Standardization
NEA Nuclear Energy Agency of OECD
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PRMS SPE/WPC/AAPG/SPEE Petroleum Resources Management System of
2007 which has been endorsed by SPE, WPC, AAPG, SPEE and SEG
SEG Society of Exploration Geophysicists
SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers
SPEE Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers
UNFC United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral
Resources
UNFC-2009 United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral
Reserves and Resources 2009
VIEMS Institute for Economics of Mineral Resources and the use of the
Subsoil, Russian Federation
WPC World Petroleum Council
x

PART I
United Nations Framework Classification for
Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and
Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009)*
*
The text of UNFC-2009 is as contained in the publication ECE Energy Series No. 39 and ECE/ENERGY/85 issued
in 2010.

INTRODUCTION
At its sixteenth session in November 2007, the Committee on Sustainable Energy of the Economic
Commission for Europe directed the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Harmonization of Fossil Energy
and Mineral Resources Terminology (now the Expert Group on Resource Classification) to submit
any revised United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources
(UNFC) for consideration by the Extended Bureau of the Committee on Sustainable Energy in 2008
in order to facilitate worldwide application of the UNFC. In response to that request a simplified
revised version of the Classification (United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and
Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009)) was prepared by the UNFC Revision Task
Force, which consisted of the Extended Bureau of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, plus selected
experts. The Explanatory Note to UNFC-2009 (as contained in Part III) explains in some detail the
issues contained in the revised Classification, but does not form part of the Classification itself.
The programme of work for 2009/10 of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts (ECE/ENERGY/GE.3/2009/2),
as agreed at its sixth session, notes that the text of the revised draft UNFC-2009 should be
prepared for its seventh session.
I. APPLICATION
UNFC-2009 applies to fossil energy and mineral reserves and resources located on or below the
Earth’s surface. It has been designed to meet, to the extent possible, the needs of applications
pertaining to energy and mineral studies, resources management functions, corporate business
processes and financial reporting standards.
II. CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES
UNFC-2009 is a generic principle-based system in which quantities are classified on the basis of the
three fundamental criteria of economic and social viability (E), field project status and feasibility
(F), and geological knowledge (G), using a numerical coding system. Combinations of these criteria
create a three-dimensional system. Categories (e.g. E1, E2, E3) and, in some cases, sub-categories
(e.g. E1.1) are defined for each of the three criteria as set out and defined in Annexes I and II.
The first set of categories (the E axis) designates the degree of favourability of social and economic
conditions in establishing the commercial viability of the project, including consideration of market
prices and relevant legal, regulatory, environmental and contractual conditions. The second set
(the F axis) designates the maturity of studies and commitments necessary to implement mining
plans or development projects. These extend from early exploration efforts before a deposit or
accumulation has been confirmed to exist through to a project that is extracting and selling a
commodity, and reflect standard value chain management principles. The third set of categories
3

(the G axis) designates the level of confidence in the geological knowledge and potential
recoverability of the quantities.
The categories and sub-categories are the building blocks of the system, and are combined in the
form of “classes”. UNFC-2009 can be visualized in three dimensions, as shown in Figure 1, or
represented in a practical two-dimensional abbreviated version as shown in
Figure 2.
III. CLASSES
A class is uniquely defined by selecting from each of the three criteria a particular combination of
a category or a sub-category (or groups of categories/sub-categories). Since the codes are always
quoted in the same sequence (i.e. E; F; G), the letters may be dropped and just the numbers
retained. The numerical code defining a class is then identical in all languages using Arabic
numerals.
Figure 1
UNFC-2009 Categories and Examples of Classes
4

Figure 2
Abbreviated Version of UNFC-2009, showing Primary ClassesTotalCommodityInitiallyinPlace
Extracted
Sales Production
Non-Sales Productiona
Class
Categories
E F Gb
Future recovery by
commercial
development projects or
mining operations
Commercial
Projectsc 1 1 1, 2, 3
Potential future recovery
by contingent
development projects or
mining operations
Potentially Commercial
Projectsd 2e
2 1, 2, 3
Non-Commercial
Projectsf 3 2 1, 2, 3
Additional quantities in place associated with
known depositsg 3 4 1, 2, 3
Potential future recovery
by successful exploration
activities
Exploration
Projects
3 3 4
Additional quantities in place associated with
potential depositsg 3 4 4
a
Future non-sales production is categorized as E3.1. Resources that will be extracted but not sold can exist for
all classes of recoverable quantities. They are not shown in the figure.
b
G categories may be used discretely, particularly when classifying solid minerals and quantities in place, or in
cumulative form (e.g. G1+G2), as is commonly applied for recoverable fluids.
c
Commercial Projects have been confirmed to be technically, economically and socially feasible. Recoverable
quantities associated with Commercial Projects are defined in many classification systems as Reserves, but there are
some material differences between the specific definitions that are applied within the extractive industries and hence
the term is not used here.
d
Potentially Commercial Projects are expected to be developed in the foreseeable future, in that the
quantities are assessed to have reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, but technical and/or
commercial feasibility has not yet been confirmed. Consequently, not all Potentially Commercial Projects may be
developed.
e
Potentially Commercial Projects may satisfy the requirements for E1.
f
Non-Commercial Projects include those that are at an early stage of evaluation in addition to those that are
considered unlikely to become commercially feasible developments within the foreseeable future.
g
A portion of these quantities may become recoverable in the future as technological developments occur.
Depending on the commodity type and recovery technology (if any) that has already been applied, some or all of
these quantities may never be recovered due to physical and/or chemical constraints.
5

While there are no explicit restrictions on the possible combinations of E, F and G categories or
sub-categories, only a limited number will generally be applicable. For the more important
combinations (classes and sub-classes), specific labels are provided as a support to the numerical
code, as illustrated in Figure 2.
As shown in Figure 2, the total commodity initially in place is classified at a given date in terms of
the following:
(a) Extracted quantities that have been sold – Sales Production.
(b) Extracted quantities that have not been sold – Non-sales Production.
(c) Quantities associated with a known deposit that may be recovered in the future by
extractive activities. Technical and commercial evaluation studies based on defined
development projects or mining operations constitute the basis for the classification.
(d) Additional quantities in place associated with a known deposit that will not be
recovered by any currently defined development project or mining operation.
(e) Quantities associated with a potential deposit that may be recovered in the future
provided that the deposit is confirmed.
(f) Additional quantities in place associated with a potential deposit that would not be
expected to be recovered even if the deposit is confirmed.
Material balance of total quantities can be maintained by full application of the classification. For
this purpose a reference point shall be established where the quantity, quality and sales (or
transfer1
) price of recovered quantities are determined.
With the exception of past production that may be measured, quantities are always estimated.
There will be a degree of uncertainty associated with the estimates. The uncertainty is
communicated either by quoting discrete quantities of decreasing levels of confidence (high,
moderate, low) or by generating three specific scenarios or outcomes (low, best and high
estimates). The former approach is typically applied for solid minerals, while the latter method is
commonly used in petroleum. A low estimate scenario is directly equivalent to a high confidence
estimate (i.e. G1), whereas a best estimate scenario is equivalent to the combination of the high
confidence and moderate confidence estimates (G1+G2). A high estimate scenario is equivalent to
the combination of high, moderate and low confidence estimates (G1+G2+G3). Quantities may be
estimated using deterministic or probabilistic methods.
Where relevant, discovered quantities that may be recovered in the future are subdivided into
quantities that are forecast to be sold and quantities that are forecast to be extracted but not sold.
1
In large integrated projects, it may be necessary to determine an internal “transfer” price between
“upstream” operations and “midstream” or “downstream” operations based on a netback calculation.
6

Potentially recoverable quantities may be recovered in the future through projects that are
contingent on one or more conditions yet to be fulfilled. Contingent projects are classified into
projects for which the social and economic conditions are expected to be acceptable for
implementation and those where they are not. In the former case, contingency is caused by the
recovery project not being sufficiently matured to confirm technical and/or commercial feasibility,
which can then provide the basis for a commitment to extract and sell the commodity at a
commercial scale. In the latter case, neither the project nor the economic and social conditions are
sufficiently matured to indicate a reasonable potential for commercial recovery and sale in the
foreseeable future. A deposit or an accumulation may give rise to several projects with different
status.
IV. SUB-CLASSES
For further clarity in global communications, additional generic UNFC-2009 sub-classes are defined
based on the full granularity provided by the sub-categories included in Annex II. These are
illustrated in Figure 3.
V. HARMONIZATION OF RESOURCE INVENTORIES
Classifications other than the one shown in Figure 2 can be generated by choosing appropriate
combinations of categories, or by grouping or further subdividing the categories. This permits the
harmonization of resource inventories that are developed on the basis of different classification
systems.
Conversely, when the unabbreviated UNFC-2009 is used to build a resource inventory, this can be
converted to inventories developed on other harmonized classifications without going back to the
basic resource information.
VI. ADAPTING TO NATIONAL OR LOCAL NEEDS
Classifications often need to be adapted to national or local needs. Modifications of this nature
should be checked for consistency with the unabbreviated UNFC-2009 and other applications in
use.
7

Figure 3
UNFC-2009 Classes and Sub-classes defined by Sub-categoriesa
UNFC Classes Defined by Categories and Sub-categories
TotalCommodityInitiallyinPlace
Extracted Sales Production
Non-sales Production
Class Sub-class
Categories
E F G
KnownDeposit
Commercial
Projects
On
Production
1 1.1 1, 2, 3
Approved
for Development
1 1.2 1, 2, 3
Justified
for Development
1 1.3 1, 2, 3
Potentially
Commercial
Projects
Development
Pending
2b
2.1 1, 2, 3
Development
On Hold
2 2.2 1, 2, 3
Non-Commercial
Projects
Development
Unclarified
3.2 2.2 1, 2, 3
Development
Not Viable
3.3 2.3 1, 2, 3
Additional Quantities in Place 3.3 4 1, 2, 3
Potential
Deposit
Exploration
Projects
[No sub-classes
defined]c 3.2 3 4
Additional Quantities in Place 3.3 4 4
a
Refer also to the notes for Figure 2.
b
Development Pending Projects may satisfy the requirements for E1.
c
Generic sub-classes have not been defined here, but it is noted that in petroleum the terms
Prospect, Lead and Play are commonly adopted.
8

ANNEX Ia
DEFINITION OF CATEGORIES AND SUPPORTING EXPLANATIONS
Category Definitionb
Supporting Explanationc
E1
Extraction and sale has
been confirmed to be
economically viable.d
Extraction and sale is economic on the basis of current
market conditions and realistic assumptions of future
market conditions. All necessary approvals/contracts have
been confirmed or there are reasonable expectations that
all such approvals/contracts will be obtained within a
reasonable timeframe. Economic viability is not affected
by short-term adverse market conditions provided that
longer-term forecasts remain positive.
E2
Extraction and sale is
expected to become
economically viable in
the foreseeable
future.d
Extraction and sale has not yet been confirmed to be
economic but, on the basis of realistic assumptions of
future market conditions, there are reasonable prospects
for economic extraction and sale in the foreseeable future.
E3
Extraction and sale is
not expected to
become economically
viable in the
foreseeable future or
evaluation is at too
early a stage to
determine economic
viability.d
On the basis of realistic assumptions of future market
conditions, it is currently considered that there are not
reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale in
the foreseeable future; or, economic viability of extraction
cannot yet be determined due to insufficient information
(e.g. during the exploration phase).Also included are
quantities that are forecast to be extracted, but which will
not be available for sale.
a
Annex I forms an integral part of UNFC-2009.
b
The term “extraction” is equivalent to “production” when applied to petroleum.
c
The term “deposit” is equivalent to “accumulation” or “pool” when applied to petroleum.
d
The phrase “economically viable” encompasses economic (in the narrow sense) plus other
relevant “market conditions”, and includes consideration of prices, costs, legal/fiscal framework,
environmental, social and all other non-technical factors that could directly impact the viability of
a development project.
9

Category Definition Supporting Explanation
F1
Feasibility of extraction
by a defined
development project or
mining operation has
been confirmed.
Extraction is currently taking place; or, implementation
of the development project or mining operation is
underway; or, sufficiently detailed studies have been
completed to demonstrate the feasibility of extraction
by implementing a defined development project or
mining operation.
F2
by a defined
mining operation is
subject to further
evaluation.
Preliminary studies demonstrate the existence of a
deposit in such form, quality and quantity that the
feasibility of extraction by a defined (at least in broad
terms) development project or mining operation can be
evaluated. Further data acquisition and/or studies may
be required to confirm the feasibility of extraction.
F3
by a defined
mining operation
cannot be evaluated
due to limited technical
data.
Very preliminary studies (e.g. during the exploration
phase), which may be based on a defined (at least in
conceptual terms) development project or mining
operation, indicate the need for further data
acquisition in order to confirm the existence of a
deposit in such form, quality and quantity that the
feasibility of extraction can be evaluated.
F4
No development
project or mining
operation has been
identified.
In situ (in-place) quantities that will not be extracted by
any currently defined development project or mining
operation.
G1
Quantities associated
with a known deposit
that can be estimated
with a high level of
confidence.
For in situ (in-place) quantities, and for recoverable
estimates of fossil energy and mineral resources that
are extracted as solids, quantities are typically
categorised discretely, where each discrete estimate
reflects the level of geological knowledge and
confidence associated with a specific part of the
deposit. The estimates are categorised as G1, G2
and/or G3 as appropriate.
For recoverable estimates of fossil energy and mineral
resources that are extracted as fluids, their mobile
nature generally precludes assigning recoverable
quantities to discrete parts of an accumulation.
Recoverable quantities should be evaluated on the
basis of the impact of the development scheme on the
accumulation as a whole and are usually categorised on
the basis of three scenarios or outcomes that are
equivalent to G1, G1+G2 and G1+G2+G3.
G2
with a moderate level
of confidence.
G3
with a low level of
confidence.
10

Category Definition Supporting Explanation
G4
Estimated quantities
associated with a
potential deposit, based
primarily on indirect
evidence.
Quantities that are estimated during the exploration
phase are subject to a substantial range of uncertainty
as well as a major risk that no development project or
mining operation may subsequently be implemented to
extract the estimated quantities. Where a single
estimate is provided, it should be the expected
outcome but, where possible, a full range of
uncertainty in the size of the potential deposit should
be documented (e.g. in the form of a probability
distribution). In addition, it is recommended that the
chance (probability) that the potential deposit will
become a deposit of any commercial significance is also
documented.
11

ANNEX IIa
DEFINITION OF SUB-CATEGORIES
Category Sub-Category Sub-Category Definition
E1
E1.1
Extraction and sale is economic on the basis of current
market conditions.
E1.2
Extraction and sale is not economic on the basis of current
market conditions, but is made viable through government
subsidies and/or other considerations.
E2
No sub-categories
defined
E3
E3.1
Quantities that are forecast to be extracted, but which will
not be available for sale.
E3.2
Economic viability of extraction cannot yet be determined
due to insufficient information (e.g. during the exploration
phase).
E3.3
On the basis of realistic assumptions of future market
conditions, it is currently considered that there are not
reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale in
the foreseeable future.
F1
F1.1 Extraction is currently taking place.
F1.2
Capital funds have been committed and implementation of
the development project or mining operation is underway.
F1.3
Sufficiently detailed studies have been completed to
demonstrate the feasibility of extraction by implementing a
defined development project or mining operation.
F2
F2.1
Project activities are ongoing to justify development in the
foreseeable future.
F2.2
Project activities are on hold and/or where justification as a
commercial development may be subject to significant
delay.
F2.3
There are no current plans to develop or to acquire
additional data at the time due to limited potential.
a
Annex II forms an integral part of UNFC-2009.
12

PART II*
Specifications for the Application of the
United Nations Framework Classification for
Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and
Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009)
*
Unless otherwise indicated, all the Sections and Annexes listed and referenced in Part II relate to Part II only.

I. INTRODUCTION
At its eighteenth session in November 2009, the Committee on Sustainable Energy approved the
final text of the United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves
and Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009). The text of UNFC-2009 (as contained in Parts I and III) was
previously published in 2010 as a United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
publication, ECE/ENERGY/85 and ECE Energy Series No. 39 in the six languages of the United
Nations (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish).
The principal objective of UNFC-2009 is to enhance international communication by providing a
generic classification framework for the reporting of fossil energy and mineral reserves and
resources, even though such estimates may have been generated using classification or reporting
systems that: (i) may use different terminology for comparable estimates, or the same
terminology with different meanings; (ii) incorporate application guidelines that are commodity-
specific; and, (iii) may reflect the extraction of solids by mining or the production of fluids through
wells. UNFC-2009 has been developed to meet, to the extent possible, the needs of applications
pertaining to international energy and mineral studies, government resource management
functions, corporate business processes and financial reporting standards.
A key benefit of UNFC-2009 is the potential to provide a common basis for the minerals and
petroleum sectors, whose classification systems have been developed primarily for the mining of
solids and the production of fluids respectively, but which now must address the increasing
overlap between the two extractive industries. Examples of this overlap include the mining of
natural bitumen or coal for processing into synthetic oil or gas, and the production of minerals as
fluids, such as the in-situ leaching of uranium and production of salt/potash from sub-surface
brines in salt lakes.
The importance of environmental and social issues in the context of resource extraction is
appropriately recognized in UNFC-2009, as discussed in Section II.
At the first session of the Expert Group on Resource Classification in April 2010, it was agreed that
generic specifications would be developed for UNFC-2009, but only to the extent considered
necessary to achieve an appropriate level of consistency in the reporting of reserve and resource
estimates under UNFC-2009. Specifications that were considered necessary for particular
commodities would not be addressed, as these were agreed to be more appropriately
incorporated in existing commodity-specific classification systems. Consequently, in addition to
the provision of generic specifications, there was also a need to establish a linkage between UNFC-
2009 and such commodity-specific systems so that the appropriate specifications are applied at a
commodity level for the purpose of reserve and resource assessments. The agreed framework for
this linkage is discussed in Section III.
It is recognized that there may be differences between reporting at a corporate level and
reporting by government entities at a national level, where estimates have been aggregated
and/or derived using different information and procedures. This issue is discussed further in
Section IV.
15

In Section V, the issue of disclosure is addressed, noting that UNFC-2009 is a voluntary system that
does not mandate specific Categories of reserves or resources to be disclosed.1
Generic
specifications are provided in Section VI. These are considered necessary to ensure that
reserve/resource quantities (for any commodity) that are reported as UNFC-2009 compliant are
sufficiently comparable to provide meaningful information to users of such data.
Governance of UNFC-2009 and its specifications is the responsibility of the Expert Group on
Resource Classification.
A Glossary of Terms is included (in Annex I), but is limited to those terms that are specific to UNFC-
2009 for which definitions are not already adequately provided in Aligned Systems. In addition,
guidelines on the application of key instructions in UNFC-2009 are provided in Annex II.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
UNFC-2009 is designed to take account of the importance of environmental and social issues in
the context of resource extraction. In classifying estimated quantities that may be extracted in the
future from a development project or mining operation, the E-axis Categories are explicitly defined
to include both environmental and social issues that may be relevant to the commercial viability of
such a venture, in addition to economic, legal and other non-technical factors.2
In particular, the identification and consideration at the time of the estimate of all known
environmental or social impediments or barriers to the project during its entire life cycle is
recognized as an integral part of the project assessment. The presence of environmental or social
impediments can prevent a project from proceeding or it can lead to the suspension or
termination of activities in an existing operation. Refer to Generic Specification H for further
details.
1
The terms “reserves” and “resources” are not defined in UNFC-2009, because they both have specific, but
different, definitions in the solid minerals and petroleum sectors. The terms are used here purely in a generic sense to
encompass all possible Classes and Sub-classes that are valid in UNFC-2009.
2
Refer to Annex I of UNFC-2009 (see Part I).
16

III. COMMODITY-SPECIFIC SPECIFICATIONS AND THE
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER RESOURCE
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
UNFC-2009 has been aligned with two other classification systems, which facilitates the reporting
of the same resource quantities under either UNFC-2009 or the aligned system. The two systems
are the CRIRSCO Template of 20063
developed by the Committee for Mineral Reserves
International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO), and the reporting codes and standards that are
based on it, and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)/World Petroleum Council
(WPC)/American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)/Society of Petroleum Evaluation
Engineers (SPEE) Petroleum Resources Management System of 2007 (PRMS4
) which has been
endorsed by SPE, WPC, AAPG, SPEE and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG).
Long-standing agreements are in place for CRIRSCO and SPE to provide the commodity-specific
specifications for solid minerals and petroleum. In accordance with those agreements, they have
provided commodity-specific specifications via the CRIRSCO Template and PRMS respectively.
Along with the generic specifications, the two systems, together with a Bridging Document for
each, provide the foundation and keystones for consistent application of UNFC-2009. It is
recognized that these systems will continue to be developed in response to stakeholder needs and
changes in technology, and hence additional commodity-specific specifications may be
incorporated in the future, subject to endorsement by the Expert Group on Resource
Classification.
The relationship between UNFC-2009 and the CRIRSCO Template, and between UNFC-2009 and
PRMS, is explained in Bridging Documents contained in Annex III and Annex IV, respectively.
Other classification systems may be mapped to UNFC-2009 through the CRIRSCO Template/PRMS,
or directly to UNFC-2009. In either case, the mapping must comply with all UNFC-2009 definitions
and generic specifications. In particular, the relationship between mapped systems must be
documented in a Bridging Document that shall be subject to evaluation by the Technical Advisory
Group, which will then recommend endorsement by the Expert Group on Resource Classification
only where the resultant estimates reported using UNFC-2009 are considered to be comparable
with no significant difference to those that would result from the application of classification
systems for which Bridging Documents have already been endorsed by the Expert Group on
Resource Classification (i.e. Aligned Systems).
In certain jurisdictions, corporate reporting (either publically or to government) is mandated
and/or constrained by regulation. Such regulations may explicitly preclude the public reporting of
estimates using alternative systems or additional resource categories, and nothing in this UNFC-
2009 specifications document shall be construed as a basis for deviating from the relevant
regulations.
3
Available at: www.crirsco.com/crirsco_template_v2.pdf.
4
Available at: www.spe.org/industry/docs/Petroleum_Resources_Management_System_2007.pdf.
17

Unless constrained by regulation, the application of commodity-specific specifications of mapped
systems shall not limit in any way the use of the full granularity of UNFC-2009 (refer to the
Bridging Documents in Annexes III and IV).
Application of UNFC-2009 to classify quantities based on an Aligned System can be performed
either by first generating estimates using the Aligned System and then assigning those estimates
to the appropriate UNFC-2009 Class or Sub-class, or by generating the estimates directly in UNFC-
2009 by applying the relevant specifications from the Aligned System. However, in both cases, this
still requires adherence to both the Definitions and Generic Specifications of UNFC-2009, and the
commodity-specific requirements that are included in the Aligned System.
The CRIRSCO Template (and the codes/standards based on it) and PRMS are independent from
UNFC-2009 and may be mandatory for reporting purposes in some jurisdictions or in particular
circumstances. This UNFC-2009 specifications document has no bearing whatsoever on such
mandatory reporting requirements or on the independent application of these other
systems/codes/standards.
There are major differences between the intended scope and application of the CRIRSCO Template
(for solid minerals) and PRMS (for petroleum). Consequently, there are issues that may be
addressed in one system but not in the other, or which are addressed differently in the two
systems. In order that UNFC-2009 can provide a common basis for reporting of solid minerals and
petroleum reserves and resources, appropriate for all its stakeholders, it is necessary to
incorporate generic specifications that are mandatory whenever UNFC-2009 is applied. While
these requirements do not impact in any way the independent application of the CRIRSCO
Template and PRMS (as highlighted in the preceding paragraph), it should also be recognized that
any reporting under UNFC-2009 must comply with the generic specifications documented herein.
UNFC-2009 does not distinguish between “conventional” and “unconventional” resources. When
applying UNFC-2009, it should be noted that the G axis Definitions and Supporting Explanations
are based on a distinction between commodities that are extracted as a solid and those extracted
as a fluid.
18

IV. NATIONAL RESOURCE REPORTING
At a government level, national inventory estimates may be based on an aggregation of reported
or published corporate estimates for individual development projects or mining operations.5
However, such estimates may not cover all known or potential fossil energy and mineral deposits
in the country. Further, where government organizations have a responsibility for developing
reserve/resource estimates at a regional or national level, the estimates may be different from
corporate estimates on an individual project basis, regardless of the classification system being
used. In such cases, regional or national inventory estimates using UNFC-2009 shall be derived
using an appropriate methodology based on the nature and extent of available data. In
accordance with Generic Specification K, the aggregation methodology shall be disclosed.
When reporting aggregated estimates using UNFC-2009, it is mandatory that the relevant
Numerical Codes for the individual Classes are disclosed. For example, it may be useful at a
national level to determine the sum of estimated quantities for Commercial Projects and
Potentially Commercial Projects at a “best estimate” level, though it is preferred that the
breakdown by Class is also provided.
V. DISCLOSURE
UNFC-2009 is a voluntary system and does not impose any rules regarding which Categories of
resources (Classes or Sub-classes) that should be disclosed. Unless mandated or restricted by a
government or other regulatory body, the disclosure of resource quantities under UNFC-2009 is
entirely at the discretion of the reporter. However, in order to ensure that those quantities that
are disclosed will provide meaningful information to users of resource information, certain generic
specifications are included below for the purpose of ensuring clarity and comparability. In some
cases, these specifications can be appropriately addressed through the use of footnotes to the
resource report.
VI. GENERIC SPECIFICATIONS
In these generic specifications, the following words have specific meanings:
• “Shall” is used where a provision is mandatory;
• “Should” is used where a provision is preferred; and,
• “May” is used where alternatives are equally acceptable.
Where a generic specification is defined below, this sets a minimum standard for reporting under
UNFC-2009. However, where a specification for the same issue exists in the Aligned System, and it
fully meets the requirements of the generic specification defined below, that specification may be
adopted.
5
Note that regulatory bodies may explicitly preclude such aggregation in corporate reporting under any
circumstances.
19

A. Use of numerical codes
While the defined Classes and Sub-classes shown in Figures 2 and 3 of UNFC-2009 may be used as
supplementary terminology, the relevant Numerical Code(s) shall always be reported in
conjunction with the estimated quantity. For example, these may be documented in the form 111,
111+112, or 1.1;1.2;1, as appropriate.
Note that some Sub-categories are defined below that are in addition to those provided in Annex
II of UNFC-2009. These optional Sub-categories have been identified as potentially useful in certain
situations and have been defined herein in order to ensure consistency in their application.
Nothing in this document shall preclude the possible use of additional Sub-classes in the future
that may be deemed to be useful in particular cases, especially where such Sub-classes facilitate
the linkage to other systems and which may be defined in Bridging Documents.
B. Bridging document
Application of UNFC-2009 requires reference to a Bridging Document for the relevant commodity-
specific specifications. The Bridging Document that was used as the basis for the evaluation shall
be disclosed in conjunction with the reported quantities.
C. Effective date
Reported quantities are estimates of remaining quantities as at the Effective Date of the
evaluation. The Effective Date shall be clearly stated in conjunction with the reported quantities.
The evaluation should take into account all data and information available to the evaluator prior
to the Effective Date. If information becomes available subsequent to the Effective Date, but prior
to reporting, that could have significantly changed the estimated quantities as at the Effective
Date, the likely effect of this information shall be disclosed.
D. Commodity or product type
Estimated quantities should be reported separately for each commodity or significant product
type that will be sold, used, transferred or disposed of separately. Where estimates for different
commodities or product types have been aggregated for reporting purposes, and separate
estimates are not provided, the aggregated estimates shall be accompanied by a statement
clarifying which commodities or product types have been aggregated and the conversion factor(s)
used to render them equivalent for the purposes of aggregation6
.
6
For example, crude oil volumes may be reported inclusive of condensate and natural gas liquids, in which case this
fact shall be disclosed. Further, if gas volumes are converted to “oil equivalent” volumes and aggregated with crude oil
estimates, this shall be disclosed. In addition, where resource estimates (e.g. oil, gas, coal and uranium) are converted into a
measure of energy equivalency, the relevant conversion factors shall be disclosed.
20

E. Basis for estimate
Reported quantities may be those quantities attributable to the mine/development project as a
whole, or may reflect the proportion of those quantities that is attributable to the reporting
entity’s economic interest in the mining operation or development project.7
The reporting basis
shall be clearly stated in conjunction with the reported quantities. Government royalty obligations
are often treated as a tax to be paid in cash and are therefore generally classified as a cost of
operations. In such cases, the reported quantities may include the proportion attributable to the
royalty obligation. Where the reported quantities exclude the proportion attributable to the
royalty obligation, this shall be disclosed.
F. Reference point
The Reference Point is a defined location within an extraction and processing operation at which
the reported quantities are measured or estimated. The Reference Point may be the commodity
sales point from the extraction and processing operation or it may be an intermediate stage, such
as pre-processing (if required), in which case the reported quantities would not take into account
processing losses. The Reference Point shall be disclosed in conjunction with the reported
quantities. Where the Reference Point is not the point of sale to third parties (or where custody is
transferred to the entity’s downstream operations), and such quantities are classified as E1, the
information necessary to derive estimated sales quantities shall also be provided.
G. Classification of projects based on level of maturity
Where it is considered appropriate or helpful to sub-classify projects to reflect different levels of
project maturity, based on the current status of the project, the optional Sub-classes shown in
Figure 3 of UNFC-2009 (see Part I) may be adopted for reporting purposes. Additional guidance on
the distinction between the Sub-classes of UNFC-2009 is provided in Annex V.
H. Distinction between E1, E2 and E3
The distinction between quantities that are classified on the Economic axis as E1, E2 or E3 is based
on the phrase “reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale in the foreseeable future”.
The definition of “foreseeable future” can vary depending on the commodity and hence more
detailed specifications can be found in relevant commodity-specific systems that have been
aligned with UNFC-2009.
The Economic axis Categories encompass all non-technical issues that could directly impact the
viability of a project, including commodity prices, operating costs, legal/fiscal framework,
environmental regulations and known environmental or social impediments or barriers. Any one
of these issues could prevent a new project from proceeding (and hence quantities would be
classified as E2 or E3, as appropriate), or it could lead to the suspension or termination of
extractive activities in an existing operation. Where extractive activities are suspended, but there
7
The proportion of gross quantities attributable to a company will depend on the specific contractual
arrangements governing development and extraction operations, and may be defined by regulation. For corporate
reporting, the general principles used to determine net quantities shall be documented.
21

are “reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale in the foreseeable future”, remaining
technically recoverable quantities shall be reclassified from E1 to E2. Where “reasonable prospects
for economic extraction and sale in the foreseeable future” cannot be demonstrated, remaining
quantities shall be reclassified from E1 to E3.
I. Confidence levels for G1, G2 and G3
The level of confidence for quantities that are classified on the Geological axis as G1, G2 and G3 is
defined as “high”, “medium” and “low”, respectively. These are not specified more precisely at a
generic level because there are fundamental differences between the approaches that are
appropriate for commodities extracted as solids and those extracted as fluids, as discussed in the
Supporting Explanation to the definitions of these Categories in UNFC-2009. More detailed
specifications can therefore be found in relevant commodity-specific systems that have been
aligned with UNFC-2009.
J. Distinction between recoverable quantities and in situ (in-place)
quantities
38. Other than quantities that are classified on the Feasibility axis as F4, all reported quantities
shall be limited to those quantities that are potentially recoverable on the basis of existing
technology or technology currently under development, and are associated with actual or possible
future exploration/development projects or mining operations. For solid minerals projects where
the ultimate extraction methodology has yet to be confirmed (E2F2), in situ quantities may be
reported, provided that there are “reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale” of all
such quantities in the foreseeable future. If in situ quantities are reported and it is expected that
the extraction methodology will lead to significant losses and/or grade dilution, this shall be
disclosed, e.g. in a footnote. In the absence of any consideration of potential economic
recoverability, all reported quantities shall be classified as F4. For commodities extracted as fluids,
the recovery factor is usually a major uncertainty and hence this should always be taken into
account for such projects (F2 and F3) and shall be accommodated using the G-axis Categories.8
8
As discussed in Annex I of UNFC-2009 (G1/G2/G3 Supporting Explanation).
22

K. Aggregation of quantities
Estimated quantities associated with mining operations or development projects that are classified
in different Categories on the Economic or Feasibility axis shall not be aggregated with each other
without proper justification and disclosure of the methodology adopted.9
In all cases, the specific
Classes that have been aggregated shall be disclosed in conjunction with the reported quantity
(e.g. 111+112+221+222) and a footnote added to highlight the fact that there is a risk that projects
that are not classified as E1F1 (Commercial Projects) may not eventually achieve commercial
operation.
Where estimated quantities have been aggregated from multiple projects, consideration should
be given to sub-dividing the aggregated totals by deposit type and by location (e.g. offshore vs.
onshore).
L. Economic assumptions
In accordance with the definitions of E1, E2 and E3, economic assumptions shall be based on
current market conditions and realistic assumptions of future market conditions. Except where
constrained by regulation, assumptions of future market conditions should reflect the view of
either:
(a) The organization responsible for the evaluation;
(b) The view of a competent person10
or independent evaluator; or,
(c) An externally published independent view, which is considered to be a reasonable
forecast of future market conditions.
The basis for the assumptions (as opposed to the actual forecast) shall be disclosed.
M. Evaluator qualifications
Evaluators must possess an appropriate level of expertise and relevant experience in the
estimation of quantities associated with the type of deposit under evaluation. More detailed
specifications can be found in relevant commodity-specific systems that have been aligned with
UNFC-2009.11
9
Note that regulatory bodies may explicitly preclude such aggregation in corporate reporting under any
circumstances.
10
Note that "competent person" may be defined by regulation.
11
In addition, regulatory bodies may explicitly mandate the use of a “competent person”, as defined by
regulation, with respect to corporate reporting.
23

N. Units and conversion factors
In order to facilitate global comparability of resource estimates, it is recommended that the
Système International d’Unités (SI units) is used for reporting of resource quantities. However, it is
recognized that there are traditional measurement units that are widely used and accepted for
certain commodities; where such units are used for reporting purposes, conversion factors to SI
units shall be provided. Similarly, where quantities are converted from volume or mass to energy
equivalents, or other conversions are applied, the conversion factors shall be disclosed.
O. Documentation
Estimates of resource quantities shall be documented in sufficient detail that would allow an
independent evaluator or auditor to clearly understand the basis for estimation of the reported
quantities and their classification.12
P. Expansion of G4 to account for uncertainty
In some situations, it may be helpful to express a range of uncertainty for quantities that are
classified on the Geological axis as G4, e.g. Exploration Projects. In such cases, the following
specification shall apply:
(a) G4.1: low estimate of the quantities;
(b) G4.2: incremental amount to G4.1 such that G4.1+G4.2 equates to a best estimate of
the quantities;
(c) G4.3: incremental amount to G4.1+G4.2 such that G4.1+G4.2+G4.3 equates to a high
estimate of the quantities.
Category G4, when used alone, shall reflect the best estimate and is equal to G4.1+G4.2.
Q. Optional labels for estimates
Where it is considered appropriate or helpful to use labels in addition to the numerical codes for a
range of estimates for a specific development project or mining operation, the terms “Low
Estimate”, “Best Estimate” and “High Estimate” may be used to correspond to quantities that are
classified on the Geological axis as G1, G1+G2 and G1+G2+G3 respectively.
12
Note that this is an obligation for ensuring that appropriate internal documentation is generated and kept,
and is not an obligation for external disclosure of such information.
24

R. Classification of quantities associated with Exploration Projects
In some situations, it may be helpful to sub-classify Exploration Projects on the basis of their level
of maturity. In such cases, the following specification shall apply:
(a) F3.1: where site-specific geological studies and exploration activities have identified
the potential for an individual deposit with sufficient confidence to warrant drilling or
testing that is designed to confirm the existence of that deposit in such form, quality
and quantity that the feasibility of extraction can be evaluated;
(b) F3.2: where local geological studies and exploration activities indicate the potential for
one or more deposits in a specific part of a geological province, but requires more data
acquisition and/or evaluation in order to have sufficient confidence to warrant drilling
or testing that is designed to confirm the existence of a deposit in such form, quality
and quantity that the feasibility of extraction can be evaluated;
(c) F3.3: at the earliest stage of exploration activities, where favourable conditions for the
potential discovery of deposits in a geological province may be inferred from regional
geological studies.
S. Classification of additional quantities in place
In some situations, it may be helpful to sub-classify Additional Quantities in Place on the basis of
the current state of technological developments. In such cases, the following specification shall
apply:
(a) F4.1: the technology necessary to recover some or all of the these quantities is
currently under active development, following successful pilot studies on other
deposits, but has yet to be demonstrated to be technically feasible for the style and
nature of deposit in which that commodity or product type is located;
(b) F4.2: the technology necessary to recover some or all of the these quantities is
currently being researched, but no successful pilot studies have yet been completed;
(c) F4.3: the technology necessary to recover some or all of these quantities is not
currently under research or development.
T. Extracted quantities that may be saleable in the future
The Sub-categories of E3 permit a distinction to be made between those quantities that may be
forecast to be extracted, but which will not be available for sale (E3.1) and those for which there
are currently no reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale in the foreseeable future
(E3.3). In the former case, the quantities are those that will be used, lost, destroyed or otherwise
disposed of during the extraction process, and hence will not be made available for sale, such as
natural gas that is produced in association with oil and is then flared into the atmosphere or used
on-site for operational purposes.
25

In some situations, however, quantities may be extracted to the surface and then stored in some
way for possible economic sale in the future and these may be assigned to E3.3 (and subsequently
moved to E2 and E1 as appropriate).13
13
One example is natural gas that has been produced to surface, but then injected back underground into the
same or a different rock formation in such a way that it remains available for possible extraction and sale in the future.
Another example would be thorium that has been extracted along with other, commercially saleable, commodities,
but where there is no current market for the commodity. Provided that it is then stored in a manner in which it
remains available for future commercial sale, it may be assigned to E3.3.
26

ANNEX I
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Term Definition
Aligned System A classification system that has been aligned with UNFC-2009 as
demonstrated by the existence of a Bridging Document that has
been endorsed by the Expert Group on Resource Classification.
Bridging Document A document that explains the relationship between UNFC-2009
and another classification system, including instructions and
guidelines on how to classify estimates generated by application of
that system using the UNFC-2009 Numerical Codes.
Category Primary basis for classification using each of the three fundamental
Criteria of economic and social viability (related Categories being
E1, E2, and E3), field project status and feasibility (related
Categories being F1, F2, F3 and F4), and geological knowledge
(related Categories being G1, G2, G3 and G4). Definitions of
Categories are provided in Annex I to UNFC-2009.
Class(es) Primary level of resource classification resulting from the
combination of a Category from each of the three Criteria (axes).
Complementary Texts Additional texts to provide mandatory requirements (i.e.
Specifications) and further guidance regarding the application of
UNFC-2009. (This Specifications Document is an example of a
complementary text.)
CRIRSCO Template The CRIRSCO Template of 2006 is the system developed by the
Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards
(CRIRSCO) for solid minerals and, for the purposes of this
Specifications Document, includes the reporting codes and
standards that are aligned with it.
Criteria UNFC-2009 utilises three fundamental Criteria for reserve and
resource classification: economic and social viability; field project
status and feasibility; and, geological knowledge. These Criteria are
each subdivided into Categories and Sub-categories, which are then
combined in the form of Classes or Sub-classes.
Evaluator Person, or persons, performing resource estimation and/or
classification.
27

Term Definition
Exploration Project A Project that is associated with one or more Potential Deposits (as
defined below).
Generic Specifications Specifications (as documented in this Specifications Document) that
apply to the classification of quantities of any commodity using
UNFC-2009.
Known Deposit A deposit that has been demonstrated to exist by direct evidence.
More detailed specifications can be found in relevant commodity-
specific Aligned Systems.
Mapping Document The output of a comparison between another resource
classification system and UNFC-2009, or between that system and
existing Aligned Systems, which highlights the similarities and
differences between the systems. A Mapping Document can
provide the basis for assessing the potential for the other system to
become an Aligned System through the development of a Bridging
Document.
Numerical Code Numerical designation of each Class or Sub-class of resource
quantity as defined by UNFC-2009. Numerical Codes are always
quoted in the same sequence (i.e. E;F;G).
Potential Deposit A deposit that has not yet been demonstrated to exist by direct
evidence (e.g. drilling and/or sampling), but is assessed as
potentially existing based primarily on indirect evidence (e.g.
surface or airborne geophysical measurements). More detailed
specifications can be found in relevant commodity-specific Aligned
Systems.
Project A Project is a defined development or mining operation which
provides the basis for economic evaluation and decision-making. In
the early stages of evaluation, including exploration, the Project
might be defined only in conceptual terms, whereas more mature
Projects will be defined in significant detail. Where no development
or mining operation can currently be defined for all or part of a
deposit, based on existing technology or technology currently
under development, all quantities associated with that deposit (or
part thereof) are classified in Category F4.
28

Term Definition
Specifications Additional details (mandatory rules) as to how a resource
classification system is to be applied, supplementing the framework
definitions of that system. Generic Specifications provided for the
UNFC-2009 in this Specifications Document ensure clarity and
comparability and are complementary to the commodity-specific
requirements included in Aligned Systems, as set out in the relevant
Bridging Document.
Specifications
Document
Specifications for the application of the United Nations Framework
Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources
2009 (UNFC-2009).
PRMS Petroleum Resources Management System of 2007 (PRMS), which
was approved by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Board in
March 2007 and endorsed by the World Petroleum Council (WPC),
the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), the
Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE) and the Society of
Exploration Geophysicists (SEG).
Sub-categories Optional subdivision of Categories for each of the fundamental
Criteria of economic and social viability, field project status and
feasibility, and geological knowledge. Definitions of Sub-categories
are provided in Annex II to UNFC-2009.
Sub-classes Optional subdivision of resource classification based on project
maturity principles resulting from the combination of Sub-
categories. Project maturity Sub-classes are discussed further in
Annex V of this Specifications Document.
Système International
d’Unités
Internationally recognized system of measurement and the modern
form of the metric system. Prefixes and units are created and unit
definitions are modified through international agreement as the
technology of measurement progresses, and as the precision of
measurements improves. Abbreviated to SI.
UNFC-2009 United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and
Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009.
29

ANNEX II
GUIDELINES ON THE APPLICATION OF KEY INSTRUCTIONS IN
UNFC-2009
Classify (according to
UNFC-2009)
To assign estimated quantities to a specific Class (or Sub-class) of
UNFC-2009 by reference to the definitions of Categories or Sub-
categories for each of the three Criteria and taking into account both
the Generic Specifications and the commodity-specific requirements
that are included in the Aligned System, as set out in the relevant
Bridging Document.
Harmonization of
Classification Systems
To identify significant differences between systems, if any, by
mapping and then, if necessary, to adjust definitions and/or
specifications of one system so that they lead to comparable results.
A system that is harmonized with UNFC-2009 can become an Aligned
System through the development and endorsement (by the Expert
Group on Resource Classification) of a Bridging Document.
Mapping between
Classification Systems
To generate a Mapping Document by comparing the definitions and
specifications of each Category/Class of one classification system to
the definitions and specification of each of the Categories/Classes in
another system in order to identify the similarities and differences
between them.
Mapping through the
CRIRSCO Template and
PRMS
To perform the mapping of a third classification system to UNFC-2009
by first mapping it to the CRIRSCO Template or PRMS, which are
already mapped to, and aligned with, UNFC-2009.
Align Systems See Harmonization of Classification Systems.
Apply UNFC-2009
Directly
To classify quantities without first generating estimates in an Aligned
System. This still requires adherence to both the Generic
Specifications and the commodity-specific requirements that are
included in the Aligned System, as set out in the relevant Bridging
Document.
Use UNFC-2009 as a
Harmonizing Tool
See Harmonization of Classification Systems.
30

ANNEX III
BRIDGING DOCUMENT BETWEEN THE CRIRSCO TEMPLATE
AND UNFC-2009
I. INTRODUCTION
Bridging Documents explain the relationship between UNFC-2009 and another classification
system that has been endorsed by the Expert Group on Resource Classification as an Aligned
System. They incorporate instructions and guidelines on how to classify estimates generated by
application of that Aligned System using the UNFC-2009 Numerical Codes. The relevant Bridging
Document shall be identified when reporting estimates using the UNFC-2009 Numerical Codes.
A long-standing agreement is in place for CRIRSCO to provide the commodity-specific
specifications for solid minerals. In accordance with this agreement, CRIRSCO has provided
commodity-specific specifications via the CRIRSCO Template of 2006 (hereinafter referred to as
the “Template”).14
Along with the Generic Specifications, these provide the foundation and
keystones for consistent application of UNFC-2009 for solid minerals.
The Template (and the codes/standards aligned with it) is independent from UNFC-2009 and may
be mandatory for reporting purposes in some jurisdictions or in particular circumstances. This
Bridging Document has no bearing whatsoever on such mandatory reporting requirements or on
the independent application of the Template (and the codes/standards aligned with it).
Unless constrained by regulation, the application of commodity-specific specifications shall not
limit in any way the use of the full granularity of UNFC-2009.
II. OVERVIEW OF THE CRIRSCO TEMPLATE (2006)
The CRIRSCO Template is the most recently developed international standard for the reporting of
Exploration results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. It is in turn based on a number of
national or regional reporting standards that are compatible and consistent with each other and
the Template, and whose authors contributed to the development of the Template that
represents current international best practice for Public Reports by companies.15
The basic
framework on which the Template and the standards aligned to it are based is shown in
Figure III.1.
14
Available at: www.crirsco.com/crirsco_template_v2.pdf.
15
In the Template, a Public Report “refers to any report on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Mineral
Reserves, prepared for the purpose of informing investors or potential investors and their advisers, or to satisfy
regulatory requirements”.
31

The Template is focussed on establishing and maintaining consistent and appropriate standards
for Public Reports (as defined by CRIRSCO) and hence does not address all mineralisation that may
be relevant for other purposes, such as national inventories or internal use. Consequently, full
application of UNFC-2009 for solid minerals can extend beyond the classes explicitly defined in the
Template.
Figure III.1
General Relationship between Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, as set
out in the CRIRSCO Template
Exploration Results
Mineral Resources
Inferred
Indicated
Measured
Increasing level
of geological
knowledge and
confidence
Proved
Probable
Mineral Reserves
Consideration of mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal,
environmental, social and governmental factors
(the “Modifying Factors”)
III. DIRECT MAPPING OF CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES
A. Application of the G-axis
Where geological studies have been carried out and an estimate of the quantity of mineralization
is possible (volume, tonnes, grade/quality etc.) then classification takes place on the vertical
geological axis of the Template on the basis of the level of detail of the studies and the degree of
confidence in the geological model. Mineral Resources are defined as Inferred, Indicated or
Measured, reflecting an increasing level of geological knowledge and confidence.
The Geological Knowledge (G) axis has a direct mapping to the Template as shown in Figure III.2,
which also shows the mapping of the E and F axes at the Category level. Note that the E and F
Categories set minimum standards for the UNFC-2009 Classes. For example, a Potentially
Commercial Project must be at least E2 and F2, but it could also be E1F2 or E2F1.
32

Figure III.2
Mapping of CRIRSCO Template to UNFC-2009 Classes and Categories. See preceding paragraph
(second paragraph in Section III.A.) for explanation of “minimum”.
B. Detailed mapping of the E and F axes
Mineral Resources are in situ estimates of mineralization prior to conversion to Mineral Reserves
(i.e. with no adjustments for mining dilution or losses), although preliminary consideration is given
to mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, infrastructure, environmental, social and
governmental factors (the Modifying Factors). Furthermore, portions of a mineral deposit that do
not have reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction must not be included in a Mineral
Resource. In UNFC-2009, a Mineral Resource estimate will generally be classified as E2F2.
Optionally, it may be further sub-classified on the F axis into F2.1 or F2.2 (refer to Figure III.3 and
Annex V of this Specifications Document, which provides specific guidance in the differentiation
between the project maturity Sub-classes). In some cases, a Mineral Resource estimate could
correspond to E1F2, where there is no doubt regarding economic viability, or E2F1 where there is
no doubt concerning technical viability (Sub-category F1.3). (Note that these combinations do not
change the UNFC-2009 Class, which remains as Potentially Commercial Projects, as shown in
Figure III.2.)
Where adequate geological studies have been carried out but preliminary assessment of the
Modifying Factors indicates that the project is not viable in the foreseeable future (i.e. it does not
have “reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction”), the mineralization is classified as
“inventory” and is not converted to a Mineral Resource.16
“Inventory” is not a defined term in the
Template, and such quantities may not be disclosed in a Public Report (as defined above), but for
other purposes would generally be classified in UNFC-2009 as either E3F2 where the quantities are
technically recoverable but are not expected to become economically viable in the foreseeable
16
For more discussion regarding what constitutes “reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction” in
the context of different solid mineral commodities, refer to the discussion on Mineral Resources in the Template.
33

future (Sub-categories E3.3, F2.3) or where economically viability cannot yet be determined due to
insufficient information (Sub-categories E3.2, F2.2), or E3F4 where no technically viable
development project or mining operation can be identified (Sub-category E3.3). The inventory will
be reviewed in future should conditions change.
In the Template, Mineral Resources may be reported inclusive of, or additional to, Mineral
Reserves. Note that in UNFC-2009, classes such as 221 are always exclusive of other classes, such
as 111. Where classes are aggregated, they must be documented explicitly (e.g. 111+221).17
Mineral Reserves are generally quoted as the product of mining activities (tonnage and grade or
quality), i.e. the quantities delivered to the process plant. For some commodities, e.g. coal,
Mineral Reserves are quoted as saleable product (tonnage and quality). Otherwise, where
processing is required to produce a saleable product, recovery or yield factors shall be provided. A
Mineral Reserve will always correspond to E1F1. Optionally, it may be further sub-classified on the
E axis into E1.1 or E1.2 and on the F axis into F1.1, F1.2 or F1.3.
Conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves requires technical studies of at least pre-
feasibility level to demonstrate that mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal,
infrastructure, environmental, social and governmental factors (the Modifying Factors) have been
adequately addressed and the project yields a positive financial return. In UNFC-2009, this
requirement is also reflected in the definitions of the E1 and F1 Categories.
Provided that the Modifying Factors are satisfied, Indicated Resources can be converted to
Probable Reserves. Similarly, Measured Resources may usually be converted to Proved Reserves,
but can only be converted to Probable Reserves if the confidence in the Modifying Factors is less
than the geological confidence. Inferred Resources shall not be converted to a Mineral Reserve
(see Figure III.1).
Figure III.3 shows a mapping of the E-F Sub-category matrix to the Template with a colour coded
and numeric key. Note that colours and numbers are aligned with the PRMS mapping (see Annex
IV) and hence not all numbers are used here.
UNFC-2009 is a project-based system. Where a mining operation has both Mineral Reserves and
Mineral Resources (excluding Mineral Reserves), these correspond to two separate projects in
UNFC-2009. Referring to Figure III.2, the Mineral Reserves are associated with a Commercial
Project whereas the Mineral Resources are associated with a Potentially Commercial Project.
These may be further subdivided using the UNFC-2009 Sub-classes (Figure III.3) if desired.
17
For Public Reporting purposes, certain aggregations are not permitted.
34

In rare cases, a project that is actively extracting a commodity may, under the Template, be
assigned zero Mineral Reserves due to inadequate confidence in the estimation of any future
recoverable quantities. In such cases, a meaningful economic evaluation cannot be completed and
hence the project would be classified as E2F1.1 on the basis that economic viability was
“expected”. The project would be documented as a Potentially Commercial Project and should be
explicitly identified and explained, e.g. in a footnote.
Figure III.3
Mapping of CRIRSCO Template to E-F Axes of UNFC-2009. Note that “Inventory” is not a defined
term in the Template. The relationship between the Template and UNFC-2009 G axis Categories is
shown in Figure III.2. Colours and numbers are aligned with the PRMS mapping (see Annex IV) and
hence not all numbers are used here.
35

C. Exploration results
Where exploration activities have taken place but are insufficiently advanced to estimate a
Mineral Resource quantity, the generic term of Exploration Results is applied. Exploration Results
are insufficient (in the context of Public Reports, as defined above) to determine the volume,
tonnes, grade or quality of mineralization and should not be stated as Mineral Resources.
However, when UNFC-2009 is used for other purposes, estimated quantities would be classified as
E3F3 where the quantities are technically recoverable (Sub-categories E3.2, F3), or as E3F4 where
no technically viable development project or mining operation can be identified (Sub-category
E3.3).
The Template does not have Sub-categories of Exploration Results.
36

ANNEX IV
BRIDGING DOCUMENT BETWEEN PRMS AND UNFC-2009
I. INTRODUCTION
Bridging Documents explain the relationship between UNFC-2009 and another classification
system that has been endorsed by the Expert Group on Resource Classification as an Aligned
System. They incorporate instructions and guidelines on how to classify estimates generated by
application of that Aligned System using the UNFC-2009 Numerical Codes. The relevant Bridging
Document shall be identified when reporting estimates using the UNFC-2009 Numerical Codes.
A long-standing agreement is in place for the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) to provide the
commodity-specific specifications for petroleum. In accordance with this agreement, SPE has
provided commodity-specific specifications via the Petroleum Resources Management System of
2007 (hereinafter referred to as “PRMS”).18
Along with the Generic Specifications, these provide
the foundation and keystones for consistent application of UNFC-2009 for petroleum.
PRMS is independent from UNFC-2009 and may be mandatory for reporting purposes in some
jurisdictions or in particular circumstances. This Bridging Document has no bearing whatsoever on
such mandatory reporting requirements or on the independent application of PRMS.
Unless constrained by regulation, the application of commodity-specific specifications shall not
limit in any way the use of the full granularity of UNFC-2009.
II. OVERVIEW OF PRMS
The definitions and guidelines of PRMS are designed to provide a common reference for the
international petroleum industry, including national reporting and regulatory disclosure agencies,
and to support petroleum project and portfolio management requirements. They are intended to
improve clarity in global communications regarding petroleum resources. It is expected that PRMS
will be supplemented with industry education programmes and application guides addressing
their implementation in a wide spectrum of technical and/or commercial settings. It is understood
that the definitions and guidelines of PRMS allow flexibility for users and agencies to tailor
application for their particular needs; however, any modifications to the guidance contained in
PRMS should be clearly identified. The definitions and guidelines contained in PRMS must not be
construed as modifying the interpretation or application of any existing regulatory reporting
requirements.
Approved by the SPE Board in March 2007, the PRMS for defining reserves and resources was
developed by an international group of reserves evaluation experts led by SPE and co-sponsored
by the World Petroleum Council (WPC), the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
18
See also second paragraph in Section II ‘Overview of PRMS’ for further details. Available at:
www.spe.org/industry/docs/Petroleum_Resources_Management_System_2007.pdf.
37

and the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE), and was subsequently endorsed by the
Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG).
In November 2011, the sponsors of PRMS published the “Guidelines for Application of the
Petroleum Resources Management System” to improve its application and use.19
III. DIRECT MAPPING OF CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES
A. Application of the G-axis
The Geological Knowledge (G) axis has a direct mapping to the PRMS Range of Uncertainty as
shown in Figure IV.1.
As described in the Generic Specifications, if a quantity is expressed for the G4 Category without
Sub-category refinement, then the sum of the G4.1 and G4.2 Sub-categories shall be stated. This
equates to the Best Estimate for Prospective Resources under PRMS.
Figure IV.1
Mapping of PRMS Range of Uncertainty Categories to UNFC-2009 G Axis.20
Note: the scenario
method may also be referred to as the cumulative method.
19
Available at: http://www.spe.org/industry/docs/PRMS_Guidelines_Nov2011.pdf.
20
Combinations of G axis Categories (or Sub-categories), such as G1+G2, are shown here for illustrative
purposes only. In practice, they will always be associated with E and F axis Categories (or Sub-categories) and
documented as Classes in the form: 111+112, for example.
38

B. Detailed mapping of the E and F axes
The direct and unique mapping of PRMS uncertainty categories to the G axis allows the mapping
of PRMS Project Maturity Sub-classes to a matrix formed from the Economic and Social Viability (E)
and Field Project Status and Feasibility (F) axes. Figure IV.2 shows the mapping where optional
Sub-classes have not been used, while Figure IV.3 shows a mapping of the E-F Sub-category matrix
to the PRMS Project Maturity Sub-classes with a colour coded and numeric key. Note that the E
and F Categories set minimum standards for the UNFC-2009 Classes. For example, a Potentially
Commercial Project must be at least E2 and F2, but it could also be E1F2 or E2F1.
Figure IV.2
Mapping of PRMS and UNFC-2009 Classes and Categories. See preceding paragraph for
explanation of “minimum”. PRMS Contingent Resources are always subdivided in UNFC-2009
between Potentially Commercial Projects and Non-commercial Projects based on the distinction
between E2 and E3 Categories. Non-sales quantities are always classified as E3 in UNFC-2009. See
text for further details.
PRMS Class
UNFC-2009 “minimum”
Categories
UNFC-2009 Class
Discovered
Reserves E1 F1 G1,G2,G3
Commercial
Projects
Contingent
Resources
E2 F2 G1,G2,G3
Potentially
Commercial Projects
E3 F2 G1,G2,G3
Non-Commercial
Projects
Unrecoverable E3 F4 G1,G2,G3 Additional in Placea
Undiscovered
Prospective
Resources
E3 F3 G4
Exploration
Projects
Unrecoverable E3 F4 G4 Additional in Placea
a
Additional quantities in place associated with known deposits (discovered) and with potential deposits
(undiscovered).
As shown in Figure IV.3, there are a large number of cells within the E-F matrix that are labelled as
Less Common Mappings. These are cells which result from mappings where the E-F combination
would not generally be expected to occur, but could still be possible, or where there is a logical
inconsistency with the level of project and socio-economic maturity. Classifying the cells as less
common in this document does not preclude their use in UNFC-2009, but the quantities would
need to be mapped to PRMS on a case by case basis to ensure that they were fully consistent with
the definitions. In general, a project cannot be declared as meeting social and economic criteria
until it has progressed to a sufficiently defined level of technical maturity.
39

Figure IV.3
Mapping of the E-F Matrix to the PRMS Project Maturity Sub-classes with a Colour Coded and
Numeric Key. Relationship between PRMS and UNFC-2009 G axis Categories is shown in Figure
IV.1. Note 12: in PRMS, where permitted by regulation, lease fuel (but not any other E3.1 non-
sales quantities) can be included in Reserves, but should be reported separately from sales
quantities. See Section IV.A of this Bridging Document for details.
However, in certain circumstances, a project may be seen to be unequivocally commercially viable
(E1.1), e.g. a very large oil discovery in a mature hydrocarbon province, even though appraisal
activities are still on-going in order to optimize the development plan (F2.1). Such a project would
be still be classified as a Potentially Commercial Project under UNFC-2009 and a Contingent
Resource under PRMS.
40

Most PRMS Project Maturity Sub-classes map to more than one location in the E-F matrix, as
shown in Figure IV.3. Section IV of this Bridging Document describes how the quantities within
these PRMS Sub-classes shall be assigned to the correct Sub-classes within UNFC-2009. There are
also some quantities described in UNFC-2009 that are not specifically included within PRMS
resources description, although they are part of the total commodity initially in place. This issue is
discussed in Section V of this Bridging Document.
There are four cells within the E-F matrix that map directly and uniquely to corresponding PRMS
Project Maturity Classes. These cells relate to exploration projects (Prospective Resources in
PRMS) and additional quantities in place (Unrecoverable in PRMS).
C. Exploration prospects
The Generic Specifications of UNFC-2009 define Sub-categories for the F axis that map directly to
the PRMS Project Maturity Sub-classes for Prospective Resources. UNFC-2009 enforces the use of
the E3.2 and G4 Sub-categories for classification of Exploration Projects. Figure IV.4 shows the full
mapping of UNFC-2009 to PRMS for Exploration Projects and Prospective Resources.
Figure IV.4
Mapping of UNFC-2009 Exploration Projects to PRMS Prospective Resources
D. Additional Quantities in Place
In the context of petroleum, additional quantities in place under UNFC-2009 correspond to those
quantities that are currently classified as unrecoverable within discovered and undiscovered
resources. Within the E-F matrix, additional quantities in place are found at the intersection of the
E3.3 and F4 Categories. These are mapped to the Unrecoverable class in PRMS.
PRMS has two Unrecoverable classes, one representing unrecoverable quantities associated with
discovered resources and a second representing the unrecoverable quantities associated with
undiscovered resources. Within UNFC-2009, the geologic uncertainty for discovered quantities is
described using Categories G1 to G3, while the geologic uncertainty for undiscovered quantities is
described using Category G4, thus it is possible to have a unique mapping between the systems as
shown in Figure IV.5.
41

Figure IV.5
Mapping of UNFC-2009 Additional Quantities in Place to PRMS Unrecoverable Quantities.
IV. SUB-DIVISION OF PRMS PROJECT MATURITY CLASSES TO
MULTIPLE UNFC-2009 SUB-CATEGORIES
As UNFC-2009 contains more granularity than PRMS, it is to be expected that there will be many
instances where a single PRMS project maturity Sub-class could reflect multiple combinations of
UNFC-2009 Sub-categories. This is evident in Figure IV.3. In addition, one of the PRMS Sub-classes
is subdivided into two UNFC-2009 Sub-classes. The criteria to be used to subdivide PRMS Sub-
classes to utilize the full breadth of UNFC-2009 are described in the next two sections for
Commercial Projects (equivalent to projects with Reserves), and Potentially Commercial and Non-
Commercial Projects (equivalent to projects with Contingent Resources).
A. Commercial projects sub-categorization
PRMS project maturity Sub-classes for Reserves map directly to the UNFC-2009 Sub-categories
F1.1 to F1.3 on the F axis, but can also be mapped to the E1.1, E1.2 or E3.1 Sub-categories on the E
axis.
The subdivision of quantities between E1.1 and E1.2 for PRMS Reserves categories is completed by
following the definitions of the Sub-categories. Quantities where extraction and sale is economic
on the basis of current market conditions and realistic assumptions of future market conditions
are categorized as E1.1. Quantities for which extraction and sale is not economic on the basis of
current market conditions and realistic assumptions of future market conditions, but is made
viable through government subsidies and/or other considerations are categorised as E1.2.
PRMS recommends that “lease fuel should be treated as shrinkage and is not included in sales
quantities or resource estimates”. However, PRMS then states that if lease fuel is reported as
Reserves (which is permitted under some regulations), it should be reported separately from sales
quantities. PRMS also notes that all non-sales quantities (lease fuel, flare, and losses) may be
separately identified and documented in addition to sales quantities.
42

UNFC-2009 does fully represent the total commodity initially in place, but does not recognize lease
fuel as part of Commercial Projects: under UNFC-2009, lease fuel (plus flaring and other losses) is
always reported separately from sales quantities. All such quantities (lease fuel, flare or other
losses) are categorized within the E3.1 Sub-category as non-sales. The project Sub-category (F axis)
will be the same as that associated with the quantities being extracted and sold from that project.
The level of geologic uncertainty will similarly reflect the project uncertainty. When mapping a
volume from the UNFC-2009 E3.1 Sub-category to PRMS, care must be taken to exclude such
quantities from Reserves or, if appropriate, to assign only the lease fuel to the Reserves Category
and, in such cases, to document them separately from sales quantities. Flare gas and other losses
are defined by PRMS but not explicitly categorized, but good practice would be to maintain a
record of the quantities outside of the categorization.
B. Potentially commercial and non-commercial project sub-
categorization
The mapping of Potentially Commercial and Non-Commercial Projects with PRMS Contingent
Resources is slightly more complex with each project needing to be reviewed for the level of socio-
economic and technical maturity.
There is a close link between PRMS project maturity Sub-classes and the UNFC-2009 Sub-classes,
as shown in Figure IV.6. Note that the Sub-categories set minimum standards for the UNFC-2009
Sub-classes. For example, Development Pending must be at least E2 and F2.1, and cannot be
equated to E3 or to F2.2 (or lower). On the other hand, it could also be E1F2.1 or it could be
E2F1.3.
Figure IV.6
Mapping of PRMS Contingent Resource Sub-classes to UNFC-2009 Sub-classes using E and F Axis
Categories and Sub-categories. See preceding paragraph, for explanation of “minimum”.
43

Mapping of the three PRMS Sub-classes to the UNFC-2009 Categories and Sub-categories shall be
based on the following guidelines.
Development Pending projects must, as a minimum, satisfy the definitions of both F2.1 and E2,
but could fall in either the F1.3 or F2.1 Sub-category based on the level of technical feasibility. A
project that meets all technical requirements but does not meet current economic thresholds is
sub-categorized as F1.3. Further, a project with remaining technical feasibility issues to be
resolved is sub-categorized as F2.1 but, if there is no doubt about commercial viability, it could
satisfy the definition of E1.1.
Sub-category E1.2 would not normally be expected to be associated with a project that is classified
as Development Pending in PRMS. The reason for this is that there has to be no doubt about
commercial viability (as mentioned in the preceding paragraph) and this is unlikely to be the case
at that point in time (when the project is still under evaluation) if it requires a subsidy.21
PRMS has a single Sub-class of “Development Unclarified or on Hold”, which corresponds to two
separate Sub-classes in UNFC-2009, as illustrated in Figure IV.5. Therefore, particular care is
required to ensure that the appropriate distinction is made based on the UNFC-2009 Sub-category
definitions so that projects are assigned to the correct UNFC-2009 Sub-class.
Projects On Hold are similar to Development Pending projects, but their progression towards
commerciality is constrained by activities which may or may not be outside the control of the
evaluator. Projects on Hold are classified as E2F2.2 to reflect the chance of commerciality but
taking into account the current lack of activity progress.
Development Unclarified projects are those where there is currently an insufficient basis for
concluding that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. This is generally
due to a lack of data to make the assessment, or where the evaluation is still at an early stage. The
projects are sub-categorized as E3.2 and as F1.3, F2.1 or F2.2 based on the level of technical
maturity. A project that meets all technical requirements but does not meet current commercial
thresholds is sub-categorized as F1.3. A project with remaining technical and commercial issues to
be resolved is sub-categorized as F2.1. If activities are on hold, or evaluation is still to be
completed, the project is sub-categorized as F2.2.
Development not Viable projects are technically feasible projects (based on existing technology or
technology currently under development), but they have been assessed as being of insufficient
potential to warrant any further data acquisition activities or any direct efforts to remove
commercial contingencies at this point in time. In such cases, it can be helpful to identify and
record these quantities as part of a portfolio so that the potential for a commercial development
opportunity will be recognized in the event of a major change in commercial conditions. The
projects are not considered to have the potential for eventual commercial development as at the
Effective Date, and are therefore always aligned with Sub-category E3.3 in UNFC-2009. Typically,
the project will not have been matured technically due to the lack of potential and would be sub-
categorized as F2.3. However, there could be circumstances where, for example, the project has
been matured to F1.3 and then commercial circumstances have changed significantly.
21
Although such a combination of E and F Sub-categories is considered unlikely, it is not precluded, and each
case needs to be reviewed in the light of the relevant circumstances.
44

V. IDENTIFICATION OF QUANTITIES DEFINED BUT NOT
CLASSIFIED IN PRMS
As noted above, PRMS states that all non-sales quantities (lease fuel, flare and losses) may be
separately identified and documented in addition to sales quantities. Where there is a need to
differentiate between lease fuel, flare and losses within UNFC-2009, quantities of each non-sales
type should be treated as a different product type (see Generic Specification D) and reported
separately.
VI. DESCRIPTION OF RESERVES STATUS IN PRMS
Under PRMS, quantities classified as Reserves may be allocated to the following subdivisions
based on the funding and operational status of wells and associated facilities within the reservoir
development plan:
• Developed Reserves are expected quantities to be recovered from existing wells and
facilities.
o Developed Producing Reserves are expected to be recovered from completion
intervals that are open and producing at the time of the estimate.
o Developed Non-Producing Reserves include shut-in and behind-pipe Reserves.
• Undeveloped Reserves are quantities expected to be recovered through future
investments.
As a generic system, UNFC-2009 does not provide additional sub-categories that correspond to
these PRMS Reserves subdivisions. In addition, UNFC-2009 does not use the term Reserves.
Nevertheless, it is recognized that it may be useful at the generic level to reflect the funding and
operational status of wells and associated facilities when reporting petroleum quantities using
UNFC-2009. In such cases, the quantities associated with each relevant UNFC-2009 Class (or Sub-
class, if used) may be reported in accordance with these subdivisions provided that in every case
the aggregated quantities are also reported together with the appropriate UNFC-2009 Numerical
Code for the Class or Sub-class.
Each of the Reserves status subdivisions may be abbreviated as indicated below, but the full name
(excluding the word Reserves) shall always be provided (e.g. as a footnote) in association with the
reported quantities. The accepted full names and their abbreviations are:
DP: Developed Producing
DNP: Developed Non-Producing
U: Undeveloped
The names of these subdivisions and their abbreviations do not form part of the UNFC-2009
Numerical Code and should be incorporated either by placing them in parentheses after the
Numerical Code or by including them in a separate column immediately adjacent to the Numerical
Code.
45

ANNEX V
GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF PROJECT MATURITY TO SUB-
CLASSIFY PROJECTS USING UNFC-200922
UNFC-2009 provides scope to sub-classify projects by applying the full range of Sub-category
definitions.23
The application of this level of granularity of the system is optional, though it is
becoming widely recognised as a powerful tool for portfolio management purposes, both
corporately and at a national level. The Sub-classes reflect the concept of classification on the
basis of project maturity, which broadly corresponds to the probability that the project will
eventually achieve commercial operation and commodity sales.
The Category and Sub-category definitions, as well as all generic specifications and relevant
commodity-specific specifications necessary for the high level classification into Commercial
Projects, Potentially Commercial Projects and Non-commercial Projects, must be satisfied before
consideration is given to assignment to the appropriate Sub-class.
The project maturity Sub-classes are based on the associated actions (business decisions) required
to move a project towards commercial production/extraction. The boundaries between different
levels of project maturity are designed to align with internal (corporate) project “decision gates”,
thus providing a direct link between decision-making and the capital value process within a
company, and the characterization of its portfolio of assets through resource classification.
It is important to note that while the goal of the developer is always to move projects “up the
ladder” toward higher levels of maturity, and eventually to commercial production/extraction, a
change in circumstances (e.g. a change to local environmental, social or market considerations, or
to the applicable fiscal regime, or disappointing results from further data acquisition) can lead to
projects being “downgraded” to a lower Sub-class.
If the Sub-classes in Figure 3 of UNFC-2009 (see Part I) are adopted, the following guidelines
should be applied.
22
PRMS provides for the optional use of very similar project maturity Sub-classes. Where these PRMS sub-
classes have been adopted, they may be mapped to equivalent UNFC-2009 Sub-classes, as discussed in Annex IV. In all
other cases, the guidelines presented in this Annex V shall be used to facilitate consistent application of the optional
UNFC-2009 Sub-classes.
23
See Figure 3 of UNFC-2009 (see Part I).
46

(a) Commercial Projects
On Production is used where the project is actually producing/extracting and selling one or more
commodities to market as at the Effective Date of the evaluation. Although implementation of the
project may not be 100% complete at that date, the full project must have all necessary approvals
and contracts in place, and capital funds committed.24
If a part of the project development plan is
still subject to separate approval and/or commitment of capital funds such that it is not currently
certain to proceed, that part should be classified as a separate project in the appropriate Sub-
class.
Approved for Development requires that all approvals/contracts are in place, and capital funds
have been committed. Construction and installation of project facilities should be underway or
due to start imminently. Only a completely unforeseeable change in circumstances that is beyond
the control of the developers would be an acceptable reason for failure of the project to be
developed within a reasonable time frame.
Justified for Development requires that the project has been demonstrated to be technically
feasible and commercially viable, and there must be a reasonable expectation that all necessary
approvals/contracts for the project to proceed to development will be forthcoming.
(b) Potentially Commercial Projects
Development Pending is limited to those projects that are actively subject to project-specific
technical activities, such as acquisition of additional data (e.g. appraisal drilling) or the completion
of project feasibility studies and associated economic analyses designed to confirm project
commerciality and/or to determine the optimum development scenario or mine plan. In addition,
it may include projects that have non-technical contingencies, provided these contingencies are
currently being actively pursued by the developers and are expected to be resolved positively
within a reasonable time frame. Such projects would be expected to have a high probability of
achieving commerciality.
Development On Hold is used where a project is considered to have at least a reasonable chance
of achieving commerciality (i.e. there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction),
but where there are currently major non-technical contingencies (e.g. environmental or social
issues) that need to be resolved before the project can move towards development.25
The primary
difference between Development Pending and On Hold is that in the former case the only
significant contingencies are ones that can be, and are being, directly influenced by the developers
(e.g. through negotiations), whereas in the latter case the primary contingencies are subject to the
decisions of others over which the developers have little or no direct influence and both the
outcome and the timing of those decisions is subject to significant uncertainty.
24
In some cases, a project may be able to initiate operations and commodity sales even though parts of the
approved development plan are not yet complete (e.g. some production wells remain to be drilled and/or connected).
However, care is required to distinguish this situation from a phased development where implementation of the later
phases is subject to a separate approval process which may even be contingent on the results of the first phase.
25
Lack of sufficient demand in an existing and accessible economically viable market could be another reason
for a project being classified as Development On Hold, but care is required to distinguish this situation from one where
no economically viable market currently exists (Development not Viable).
47

(c) Non-commercial Projects
Development Unclarified is appropriate for projects that are still in the early stages of technical
and commercial evaluation (e.g. a recent new discovery), and/or where significant further data
acquisition will be required, in order to make a meaningful assessment of the potential for a
commercial development, i.e. there is currently insufficient basis for concluding that there are
reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction.
Development not Viable is used where a technically feasible project can be identified, but it has
been assessed as being of insufficient potential to warrant any further data acquisition activities or
any direct efforts to remove commercial contingencies. In such cases, it can be helpful to identify
and record these quantities so that the potential for a commercial development opportunity will
be recognized in the event of a major change in technology or commercial conditions.
(d) Additional Quantities in Place
Quantities should only be classified as Additional Quantities in Place where no technically feasible
projects have been identified that could lead to the extraction of any of these quantities. Some of
these quantities may subsequently become recoverable in the future due to the development of
new technology.
48

PART III
Explanatory Note to the United Nations
Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and
Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009
(UNFC-2009)*
*
Explanatory Note accompanies, but does not form part of, UNFC-2009.

INTRODUCTION
By 2004, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)1
had developed the United Nations
Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources (UNFC) and submitted it to the
United Nations Economic and Social Council for its consideration.
At its 42nd Plenary Meeting, on 16 July 2004, the Economic and Social Council2
, recalling its
decision 1997/226 of 18 July 1997, welcomed the endorsement by ECE of the United Nations
Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources and decided to invite the
Member States of the United Nations, international organizations and the regional commissions to
consider taking appropriate measures for ensuring worldwide application of the Framework
Classification. The Council noted that that the new classification for fossil energy and mineral
resources, which now included energy commodities (for example, natural gas, oil and uranium),
was an extension of the earlier framework developed for solid fuels and mineral commodities, on
which the Council had taken similar action in 1997 upon endorsement and recommendation by
ECE.
The ECE Committee on Sustainable Energy has been assisted by the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on
the Harmonization of Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources Terminology (Ad Hoc Group of Experts)
in dealing with this matter.
At its sixteenth session in November 2007, the Committee on Sustainable Energy directed the Ad
Hoc Group of Experts to submit any revised UNFC for consideration by the Extended Bureau of the
Committee on Sustainable Energy in 2008 in order to facilitate worldwide application of the UNFC.
A simplified revised version of the classification (UNFC-2009) was prepared in response to that
request. This Explanatory Note explains in some detail the issues contained in the revised
classification, but does not form part of the classification itself.
The UNFC Revision Task Force that prepared the UNFC-2009 proposal consisted of the Extended
Bureau of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, plus selected experts.
I. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
Throughout the twentieth century, many different systems were developed for resource
classification, reflecting the different physical characteristics of the resources as well the
geographic and socio-economic diversity of the producing areas. Although there was always a
1
ECE is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. It represents Europe, Central Asia, North
America, Turkey and Israel.
2
Resolution 2004/233 of the United Nations Economic and Social Council pertaining to the United Nations
Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources.
51

certain desire and will, there was no particular requirement to harmonize terminology or to agree
to common classification systems. More recently, as the globalization of commodity trading and
financial markets has become firmly established, a view developed that a harmonized framework
classification system would be extremely beneficial. Development work on the UNFC began in
1992 and led to a three dimensional classification system to which most other solid minerals
systems were able to relate.
By 2004, the UNFC had been further developed in order to address all fossil energy and mineral
resources. Since then, other important classifications have been developed or significantly
updated. These include the New Russian Classification of 2005, the Committee for Mineral
Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO) Template of 2006 and the Society of
Petroleum Engineers (SPE)/World Petroleum Council (WPC)/American Association of Petroleum
Geologists (AAPG)/Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE) Petroleum Resource
Management System (PRMS) of 2007. In 2007 and 2008, the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, in
cooperation with experts representing these professional bodies, undertook an extensive mapping
exercise, under the UNFC Mapping Task Force. The work showed that the CRIRSCO Template and
PRMS could be aligned with the UNFC. The Report of the Mapping Task Force (ECE ENERGY SERIES
No. 33 and ECE/ENERGY/71) recommended making some modifications to the UNFC to facilitate
this.
UNFC-2009 reflects the recommendations of the Mapping Task Force by providing a high-level
framework classification under which commodity-specific guidelines, such as reflected in the
CRIRSCO Template and PRMS, can coexist. The generic high-level definitions have been developed
to ensure maximum potential for alignment with other systems and to facilitate mapping with
them. The definitions of the UNFC categories and sub-categories have been simplified and the
most commonly-used classes are defined using plain language, providing harmonized generic
terminology at a level suitable for global communications.
II. MAINTENANCE OF THE CLASSIFICATION
The resulting classification(s) will need to meet requirements of relevance, materiality, reliability
and comparability with respect to the principal needs they aim to serve. This may require
complementary texts to be developed in dialogue with all the stakeholders.
III. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) normative reference document ISO
1000:1992, SI Units (Système International d’Unités) and recommendations for the use of their
multiples and certain other units, contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions for this document. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or
revisions of the publication do not apply. However, Parties to agreements based on this document
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative
document indicated previously. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative
document referred to applies. The members of ISO and the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
52

IV. COMMENTS TO UNFC-2009
The following comments refer to specific sections of the Classification. They are appended to the
Classification for ease of reference.
To Section I (UNFC-2009)
This section states that the UNFC-2009 is an inclusive classification with respect to fossil energy
and mineral resources. However, it does not make reference to energy resources contained in
physical fields (of pressure and temperature). It also does not make reference to groundwater
resources, although it is applicable to projects that are extracting non-renewable groundwater.
Application of the UNFC-2009 to recipient reservoirs for permanent storage or for temporary
inventory is not addressed in the classification.
The classification aims to serve the four principal needs mentioned in Section I.
To Section II (UNFC-2009)
The text establishes how conditions in the economic and social domain, the industrial domain
(project/mine feasibility) and the geological domain are reflected in the categories used to define
classes of in-place and recoverable quantities.
To Section III (UNFC-2009)
Classes of in-place and recoverable quantities are here defined in terms of the categories of
Section II.
The recoverable quantities are those that are estimated to eventually be produced. An important
aspect of the classification is the definition of a reference point for produced quantities where
production is measured directly or estimated from indirect measurements, whether it is sales
production or non-sales production. This allows quantities, qualities and values to be defined.
Simple language is used throughout, avoiding the use of key words that do not have a unique
meaning. Most importantly, the word “reserves” is not used other than in a general sense.
In existing classifications, the term “reserves” is for the most part used to describe the quantities
that commercial recovery projects are forecast to produce. Classifications relating to the recovery
of solid minerals often add the additional restriction that the quantity is known with a high level of
confidence where used in the context of “proved” or “proven” [mineral] reserves. Recovery
projects producing or using fluids will typically have a much broader range of uncertainty with
respect to recoverable quantities that result from a given recovery effort. Here, the term “proved”
or “proven” reserves is applied to the outcome that has a high probability of being exceeded.
UNFC-2009 is fully compatible with both these practices.
However, “reserves” is a concept with different meanings and usage. Even within the extractive
industries, where the term is carefully defined and applied, there are some material differences
between the specific definitions that are used in different sectors. In the public domain, many will
53

use it to describe quantities that are recoverable from discovered deposits or accumulations,
regardless of whether they are recoverable by commercial projects or by projects that are not
(yet) commercial, or where they are thought to be technically recoverable without any
consideration of possible recovery projects that would be required to actually recover the
quantities. Others use expressions like “recoverable reserves” implying that for them, some
reserves are not recoverable, and also phrases such as “undiscovered reserves” and even “in-place
reserves”. While all of these usages are clearly incorrect when considered in the light of certain
widely-used definitions, such as those of CRIRSCO and SPE, the fact that the term has materially
different meanings within the extractive industries indicates that it is not ideal as a basis for global
communication of such an important quantity. This is the situation also in languages other than
English.
This view is further supported by the observation that other common uses of the word “reserves”
in English actually have a diametrically opposed meaning to the one most frequently used in the
extractive activities. It is not used to describe quantities that are ready to be produced, but rather
quantities of soldiers, wines etc. that are being kept “in reserve” – that is, not to be produced until
later, or perhaps not at all.
“Commercial” is a key concept in the classification. It is used in its original sense to reflect what is
prepared for buying and selling at scale.
Uncertainty is communicated in three complementary ways:
(a) The oldest, emanating from best practices in geologic analysis, is to communicate what
has been “observed” or “measured”, what has been estimated with, or is indicated by,
reasonably good geological control, and what has been extrapolated or inferred from
observations, but with less or lacking geological control. This method of discrete
estimates is well-suited to the characterization of quantities in place in a
deposit/accumulation and is also appropriate where estimated potentially recoverable
quantities are based directly on those discrete in place estimates, as in the case of
solid minerals;
(b) The later industrial and commercial approach is to communicate the quantities that
may be recovered by a given project. This may be dependent on a number of factors in
addition to the quantities in place in the deposit/accumulation. The tradition in this
scenario-based method is to communicate a probability that a project will produce at
least the estimated quantity;
(c) Except in the case of commercial projects, there may be a chance that development
and production projects will not be realized. This is clearly the case in the exploration
phase, where best practice is to communicate a probability that a discovery will be
made of sufficient size to have the potential to lead to a commercial project, and then
the probability distribution of the forecast recoverable quantities from that
commercial project. The probability that potentially commercial projects associated
with known deposits will actually be undertaken in the foreseeable future can likewise
be communicated if the information is available. Alternatively, the information may be
communicated by assigning the quantities to subclasses. For any single exploration
prospect or development project, it may be constructive to communicate both the
54

chance that it will lead to a commercial project and the range of quantities that may be
produced from the project. When working with portfolios these quantities are
generally discounted for the probability that they will materialize.
UNFC-2009 is consistent with these three best practices of communicating uncertainty.
To Sections IV and V (UNFC-2009)
While the UNFC is a classification in its own right, its generic category definitions make it very
suitable for comparing with other classifications through mapping modules, and thus it can be
used to facilitate their harmonization through highlighting changes that could be implemented to
remove material differences between them. Both the application of the UNFC as a classification
and the use of it for comparing to other classifications are facilitated by the subdivision or
aggregation of categories to define classes which reflect the primary quantities that are generally
and most usefully reported.
To Section VI (UNFC-2009)
The same procedure of either subdividing or aggregating categories may be applied at the national
or local level to meet specific needs arising for instance from national legislation, corporate
decision procedures or needs not foreseen when issuing the classification initially. In order to
ensure that problems of this nature are solved in a consistent way by different users of the
classification, it is important to check the different adaptations for consistency with the basic
UNFC and other national or local adaptations.
55

BIBLIOGRAPHY
This bibliography refers to selected publications that have been important in the evolution of
classifications up to today.
(a) Society of Petroleum Engineers, World Petroleum Council and American Association of
Petroleum Geologists (2000) Petroleum Resources Classification and Definitions, approved
by SPE, WPC and AAPG, February 2000, published by SPE.
(b) IAEA-NEA/OECD, (2002), Uranium: Resources, Production and Demand, The IAEA Red Book.
(c) ECE, (2000), Report on Joint Meeting of the ECE Task Force and CMMI International Mineral
Reserves Committee (November 1999), ENERGY/2000/11, ECE Committee on Sustainable
Energy, tenth session, November 2000.
(d) ECE, (1997), United Nations International Framework Classification for Reserves/Resources -
Solid Fuels and Mineral Commodities, ENERGY/WP.1/R.70, ECE Committee on Sustainable
Energy, seventh session, November 1997, 21 p.
(e) KELTER, D., (1991), Classification Systems for Coal Resources- A Review of the Existing
Systems and Suggestions for Improvements, Geol.Jb. A 127; 347-359.
(f) ECE, (2002), ECE/ENERGY/47, ECE Committee on Sustainable Energy, Report of its eleventh
session, November 2001.
(g) ECE, (2004), ECE/ENERGY/53 and Corr. 1 including Annex II Programme of Work, ECE
Committee on Sustainable Energy, Report of its thirteenth session, November 2003.
(h) ECE, (2004), E/2004/37- E/ECE/1416, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
Report of its fifty-ninth session, February 2004.
(i) Petroleum Classification of the Soviet Union (1928).
(j) V.E. McKelvey, (1972), Mineral Resource Estimates and Public Policy: American Scientist,
V.60, No.1, p.32-40.
(k) United States Bureau of Mines and United States Geological Survey, (1980), Principles of a
Resource/Reserve Classification for Minerals, United States Geological Survey, Circular 831,
5 p.
(l) United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources (2004)
http://www.unece.org/energy/se/reserves.html.
(m) Classification of Reserves and Prognostic Resources of Oil and Combustible Gases. Russian
Federation Ministry of Natural Resources, Instruction N 298, November 1, 2005.
56

(n) International Reporting Template for the Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves. Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting
Standards, July 2006 http://www.crirsco.com/template.asp.
(o) Petroleum Resource Management System. Society of Petroleum Engineers, World Petroleum
Council, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Evaluation
Engineers, 2007
http://www.spe.org/spe-app/spe/industry/reserves/prms.htm.
(p) Report of the Task Force on Mapping of the United Nations Framework Classification for
Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources. ECE Ad Hoc Group of Experts on the Harmonization of
Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources Terminology, 2008.
http://www.unece.org/energy/se/reserves.html.
57

United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC-2009)

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