Unti:1 communication skills PPT so study

Content
Introduction
Process of communication
Types of communication
Levels of communication
Technical and general communication
Verbal and non-verbal communication
Components of Non-Verbal communication (Kinesics)

Introduction- Communication
Communication is fundamental to the existence and survival of humans as well
as to an organization.
It is a process of creating and sharing ideas, information, views, facts, feelings
from one place, person or group to another.
Communication is the key to the Directing function of management.
Ex: A manager may be highly qualified and skilled but if he does not possess
good communication skills, all his ability becomes irrelevant. A manager must
communicate his directions effectively to the subordinates to get the work done
from them properly.

► The English word ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin communis, which means common
sense.
► The word communication means sharing the same ideas. In other words, the transmission and
interaction of facts, ideas, opinions, feelings or attitudes.
► Communication is a process or Sharing Information.
► Effective communication is purposive Symbolic Interchange resulting in Workable Understanding
and Agreement between the Sender and Receiver.
George T Vardaman

Ideation – Sender’s formulation of content
Encoding – idea into language of message
Transmission – channel/media
Decoding – receiver’s understanding
Feedback – response of the receiver

Sender to Receiver
Sender has an idea
Converts idea into words or gestures
Message travels over channel
Receiver decodes message
Receiver responds

Step 1: Idea Formation :
The communication process begins when the sender has an idea to be
communicated.
The idea will be influenced by complex factors surrounding the sender.
The sender must begin by clarifying the idea and purpose.
What exactly does the sender want to achieve? How is the message likely to be
perceived?
Knowing this information provides a higher chance of successful communication

Step 2: Message Encoding :
The idea must be encoded into words, symbols, and gestures that will convey
meaning.
Because no two people interpret information in the exact same way, the sender must
be careful to choose words, symbols and gestures that are commonly understood to
reduce the chances of misunderstanding.
Therefore, a sender must be aware of the receiver’s communication skills, attitudes,
skills, experiences, and culture to ensure clear communication.

Step 3: Message Transmission:
Choosing the medium to transmit the
message is the next step in the
communication process. Messages can be
transmitted in a verbal, written, or visual
manner (see Table 1).
For clear communication to occur, the
medium and message must match
Verbal Written Visual
In-person speech Email
Drawings,
paintings
Phone
conversation
Text, instant
message
Photos, graphic
designs
Voice-over-
internet protocol
(VoIP)
Report,
article,
essay
Body language
(e.g., eye contact,
hand gestures)
Radio Letter Graphs
Podcast Memo Font types
Voicemail
message
Blog Semaphore
Intercom Tweet Architecture

Step 4: Decoding :
When the message reaches the receiver, the message must be decoded into its intended
meaning.
Therefore, the receiver must translate the words, symbols, and gestures as the sender
intended.
Because no two people interpret information in the exact same way, incorrectly
decoding a message can lead to misunderstanding.
Successful decoding is more likely when the receiver creates a receptive environment
and ignores distractions.
Alert receivers strive to understand both verbal and nonverbal cues, avoid prejudging
the message, and expect to learn from the communication.

Step 5: Feedback :
A vital part of the communication process is feedback. Feedback occurs the sender and
receiver check to ensure the message was understood as intended.
Feedback is a shared responsibility between the sender and the receiver and can be
verbal or non-verbal.
For example, the sender can elicit feedback by asking, “Do you have any questions?”
The sender can also improve the feedback process by only providing as much
information as the receiver can handle.
Receivers can encourage clear communication by providing clear, timely, descriptive,
and non-judgmental feedback. For example, the receiver can shake his/her head up and
down to confirm “yes” I have a question.

Noise:
It refers to any obstruction that is caused
by the sender, message or receiver during
the process of communication.
For example, bad telephone connection,
faulty encoding, faulty decoding,
inattentive receiver, poor understanding of
message due to prejudice or inappropriate
gestures, etc.

Types of communication
Formal and informal
Oral and written
Internal and external
Verbal and non verbal

Formal communication
Formal communications are the one that flows through the official channels designed in the
organizational chart.
It may take place between a superior and a subordinate, a subordinate and a superior or among the
same cadre employees or managers.
These communications can be oral or in writing and are generally recorded and filed in the office.
Formal communication may be further classified as Vertical communication and Horizontal
communication.

Vertical communication
Vertical Communications as the name suggests flows vertically upwards or downwards through
formal channels.
Upward communication refers to the flow of communication from a subordinate to a superior
whereas downward communication flows from a superior to a subordinate.
Application for grant of leave, submission of a progress report, request for loans etc. are some of
the examples of upward communication. Sending notice to employees to attend a meeting,
delegating work to the subordinates, informing them about the company policies, etc. are some
examples of downward communication.

Horizontal communication
Horizontal or lateral communication takes place between one division and another.
For example, a production manager may contact the finance manager to discuss the delivery of
raw material or its purchase.
It is important for the growth of organization as it builds cooperation among the various branches.

Diagonal communication
Diagonal or crosswise communication flows in all directions and cuts across various functions
and levels in an organization.
For example, when a sales manager communicates directly with the vice president (production)
who is not only in an different division, but also at a higher level in the organization, they
engaged in diagonal communication.

Managing
director
Director 1
Manager
1
Manager
2
Manager
3
Director 2
Manager
1
Manager2
Manager
3
Director 3
Manager
1
Manager
2
Manger 3
Lateral/Horizontal Diagonal Downward Upward
Flow of communication in an organization

Informal communication
Any communication that takes place without following the formal channels of communication is said
to be informal communication.
Informal communication is often referred to as the ‘grapevine’ as it spreads throughout the
organization and in all directions without any regard to the levels of authority.
Informal communication spreads rapidly, often gets distorted and it is very difficult to detect the source
of such communication.
It also leads to rumours which are not true. People’s behaviour is often affected by rumours and
informal discussions which sometimes may hamper the work environment.

Verbal communication
Verbal Communication is an exchange of information by words either written or oral.
Verbal communication consists of speaking, listening, writing, reading etc. It is the most preferred
mode of communication.
It may be of two types of Verbal Communication:
Oral Communication
Written Communication

Oral communication
When a message is expressed through spoken words, it may be either through face to face
conversations or with the help of electronic mode such as telephone, cellular phone, etc.
It may also be in the form of informal conversation, group discussions, meeting etc.
It is a more effective means of exchange of information because the receiver not only hears the
message but also observes the physical gestures of the speaker.
Formal types of oral communication include:
Presentations at business meetings
Classroom lectures
Commencement speeches given at a graduation ceremony

Written communication
When opinions are exchanged in written form, rather than by spoken words, it is knows as written
communication.
It may be expressed through charts, pictures and diagrams. It includes newspapers, reports,
letters, circulars magazines etc. While using written communication, words should be select very
carefully because message ones sent can not be altered. it is formal in nature and cannot be
overlooked.

Non verbal communication
Communication through expressions, gestures or posture is nonverbal communication. It refers to
the flow of information, through facial expressions, tone of voice and other body movements.
In other words, it is a type of communication other than words. It conveys the feeling, emotions,
attitude of a person to another.
A person can communicate his feeling to others quickly and economically by using a non-verbal
form of communications.
This does not require the use of words as a person can express his feelings by his body language.

Internal communication
Communication within an organization is known as internal communication which is usually a
formal.
The interactions which are take place through preset formats and usually not are unplanned.
Usually superiors take decisions and convey them to their subordinates.
Letters, reports, instructions, seminars etc are methods of transmitting information.

External communication
All official, technical or professional communication with people outside the organization is
known as external communication.
This type of communication helps in achieving organization’s goals by coordinating with external
agencies.
It refers to interaction with shareholders, regulators, vendors, service companies, customers and
the general public.

Levels of communication
Extrapersonal: human and non human
Intrapersonal: within individual
Interpersonal: interaction among people
Organizational: for large audience
Mass: within different hierarchical levels of organization

Extrapersonal communication
Communication between human beings and non
human entities
It requires perfection in expression
Understanding and coordination between sender
and receiver (as one is transmitting the
information or responds in sign language only)
For example: A parrot responding to your
greeting, When your pet dog comes to you
wagging its tail as soon as you return home from
work.

Intrapersonal communication
It takes place within the individual.
thinking, writing notes to remind yourself of things
you need to do, and talking to yourself are all forms
of intrapersonal communication.
In this level of communication, you are both the
person 'sending' and 'receiving' the message.
Because you play this dual role, the chances of
misinterpretation or miscommunication are
essentially non-existent.

For example when you “feel hot” , the information is sent to brain and you may decide to “turn on the
cooler” , responding the instructions sent from brain to hand.
Here relevant organ is sender, electrochemical impulse is message and brain is receiver.
Next the brain assumes the role of sender and sends the feedback that you should switch on the cooler.
So this process can be termed as intrapersonal communication.

Interpersonal communication
It is different from other forms of communication.
Few participants are involved, they are in close proximity to each other.
Many sensory channels are used and feedback is immediate.
Roles of sender and receiver keep alternating.
This form is advantageous because direct and immediate feedback is possible.
If the doubt occurs, it can be solved immediately.
It can be formal or informal.

For example, your interaction with a sales clerk in store is different from that with your friends and
family members.
Depending upon the formality of situation interpersonal communication takes different styles.
It also depend on variety of factors such as psychology of two parties involved, relationship between
them, circumsentence in which communication take place, surrounding environment and cultural context.

Organizational communication
Communication in an organization takes place at different levels. It may be upward, downward,
diagonal and grapevine.
This kind of communication can be divided into :
Inter-operational Communication contains the structured communication within the organization.
External – operation Communication deals with people and groups outside the organization. It is
the organization’s communication with its public – its suppliers, customers and general public.
Personal Communication: Communication that occurs without purpose as far as business is
concerned is called personal communication.

Mass communication
There are several mass media such as journals, television,
newspapers, internet which mediate such communication to the
large audience.
Information in the oral form requires equipment such as
microphones, amplifiers and information in the written form
requires electronic or print media.
Oral communication through mass media requires some
equipment such as microphones, amplifiers etc and the written
form requires or print visual media.

General communication
Contains a general message
Informal in style and approach
No set pattern of communication
Mostly oral
Not always for a specific audience
Does not involve the use of technical vocabulary or graphics etc

Technical communication
Contains a technical message
Mostly formal
Follows a set pattern
Both oral and written
Always for a specific audience
Frequently involves jargon, graphics etc

Kinesics
The word kinesics comes from the root word kinesis, which means “movement,” and refers to the
study of hand, arm, body, and face movements.
Kinesics is the study of body language. E.g. when a person says glad to meet you, his face glows
with warmth and his voice vibrates with joy.
Body language is suitable for expressing feelings and emotions like joy, anger, fear, nervousness,
anxiety, tension, frustration etc.
Expression of these feelings is mostly unconscious.
Body language includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and body movement.

Facial Expressions
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Face is the index of the mind. Face would give clues about a person‘s
mental state.
Facial expressions convey acceptance, rejection, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, friendship, hostility,
interest, indifference, confidence, nervousness, determination, optimism, ease, discomfort, pain,
pleasure, joy, surprise, shock, boredom etc.
smile expresses satisfaction and approval; Wrinkles on face suggests worry; raised eye brows,
wide open eyes and gaping mouth show surprise or shock.

Gestures
A gesture is a movement of head, hands or legs to express an idea, feeling or emotion. Gestures
may either accompany spoken words or stand alone.
E.g. Head-nod suggests = yes‘; shaking of the head sideways suggests =no‘; thumbs up suggests
=approval‘; hands crammed into trouser pockets suggests superior status; both hands folded on
chest or toes tapping the floor indicate speakers attitude.

Emblems
Emblems are deliberate movements of the body that are consciously sent and
easily translated into speech, such as a thumbs-up gesture that means “okay,” and
a wave that means “hello” or “good-bye.”
Oftentimes, we use emblems when noise or distance makes it less feasible that
we will be understood through the use of words alone.
Traders on the floor of a stock exchange and sports umpires and coaches on the
playing field use emblems regularly; for them, emblems compose a gesture
system.

Illustrators
Illustrators are bodily cues designed to enhance
receiver comprehension of speech by supporting
or reinforcing it. As we do with emblems, we use
illustrators consciously and deliberately.
For example, when you give someone directions,
you use illustrators to facilitate your task.

Adaptors
Adaptors are unintentional movements of the
body that involuntarily reveal information
about psychological state or inner needs, such
as nervousness. They include nose scratches,
hand over lips, chin stroking, and hair twirling.

Body movement
Body movement refers to positioning or movement of the body when one is engaged in inters-
personal communication.
When people are interested and involved, they tend to lean towards the speaker and when they are
not interested, they hold themselves back.

Posture
Posture means the way in which someone usually stands or sits or holds his shoulders, neck and
back.
Posture can suggest whether one is: • Relaxed or tensed • Enthused or feeling low. Confident or
dejected One‘s degree of involvement can also be indicated by one‘s posture
According to Myers and Myers, posture suggests our perception of a person‘s status. E.g. one
tends to relax around people of equal or lower status and tense up around people of higher status.

Eye contact
Eye contact is a subtle part of body language. It regulates interaction. When the topic of
discussion is pleasant, we maintain eye contact with the speaker.
On contrary, in unpleasant situations we lower our eyes or look sideways.
Eye contact indicates our willingness to interact, while its absence suggests the desire to
withdraw.
Starring or glaring look suggests defiance or threat.

Proxemics
It is the study of physical space in interpersonal relations.
Proxemics is made from “Proximity”, which means nearness, and includes the space around us
and our physical environment or surroundings.
The study of spatial territory for the purpose of communication uses four categories for informal
space: the intimate distance for embracing or whispering (6- 18 inches), the personal distance
for conversations among good friends (1.5-4 feet), social distance for conversations among
acquaintances (4-12 feet), and public distance used for public speaking (12 feet or more).

Chronemics
Chronemics refers the study of how time affects communication and includes how different time
cycles affect our communication, including the differences between people who are past or future
oriented and cultural perspectives.
In professional world, time is most valuable resource. If we are late for appointment people will
react negatively, and if we arrive early, we are considered over eager. By valuing someone else’s
time we communicate our professionalism.
People have their own time language. To one person who wakes up at 8:00 am, 6:30 am may be
early, to another 8:00 am may be late if he/she wakes up at 5:30 am.
In Latin countries meetings usually begin well after well appointed time. Everyone knows this
and no one is offended.

Haptic or touch
Touching is also one of the traditional methods of
communication. How a person touches, sends message about
their relationship and the situation in which they are placed.
It can reveal whether someone is caring, friendly or intruding
into others personal space. Gentle pat on back or a warm hand
shake or simply holding hands can express more than a lengthy
speech.

When we appreciate someone, we pat on his back. Parents and elders bless their younger ones by
touching their head.
Younger people express respect by touching the feet of elderly people. By shaking hands, we show
our warmth and affection to each other.
When two friends after a long gap hug each other, it shows their warmth and affection.
Touching can show tenderness, affection, encouragement and the full range of emotions

Vocalic
It refers to a wide range of vocal characteristics like speaking rate, pitch, volume, tone of voice,
and vocal quality. These qualities, also known as paralanguage.
Paralanguage refers to a wide range of vocal characteristics.
TONE: Can be gentle, persuasive, appreciative or angry.
PITCH: variations are necessary to keep the listener attentive. Important parts of the message
should be delivered at a higher pitch
SPEED OF DELIVERY: Speaking fast is different from speaking fluently. Incomprehension is
the result of speaking fast. Proper use of stress and pause is essential

PAUSES: at the right place is important for effective communication. Pause before and after an
important message is vital. The first pause creates a suspense and anticipation, the second pause gives
time for understanding
SPEECH BREAKERS: Words like ‗oh‘, ‗you know‘ should be avoided to facilitate smooth flow of
message
STRESS: Important words in the message should be stressed. E.g. I have checked the bills.

Barriers in communication
Communication is not always as effective as it should be. Certain external and internal forces
impede the flow of communication. They interrupt or block communication, these forces are
called Communication barriers.
Communication Barriers are the results of several inadequacies that tend to distort the
communication and make communication less effective .

Classification of barriers
INTRAPERSONAL : Stems from a person‘s attitude, behavior, knowledge, education and
personality
INTERPERSONAL : Stems from inappropriate transaction of words between two or more
people.
ORGANIZATIONAL :Refers to barriers in organizational communication

Interpersonal barriers
All individuals are unique as we have different personalities, attitudes, values, knowledge etc. We
react differently to different situations as our thinking varies.
1. Wrong assumptions
2. Varied perceptions
3. Differing background
4. Wrong inferences
5. Impervious categories
6. Categorical thinking

Wrong assumptions
These generally occur because the sender or the receiver doesn’t have adequate knowledge about
the other’s background or develops false concepts, which are fixed in his/her mind.
Ex: A doctor asks his patient to take medicine only ‘SOS’ (i.e., during an emergency), without
knowing if the patient understands the term ‘SOS’
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is to put yourself in the shoes of the listener and
becoming yourself as a good communicator.

Varied perceptions
These happen when individuals in certain scenario perceives the situation in different ways.
The way we understand the world around is called as perception. Each one perceives the
world in his unique way and interprets what has been perceived in yet another unique way.
Ex: In the story ‘The elephant and six blind men’, the elephant was perceived by each man as a
fan, a rope, a wall, a sword, a snake, and a tree. Here every individual holds different viewpoints
about the same situation.
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is to take step back and take a wider, unbiased
perspective of the issue.

Differing backgrounds
These occur when people are different due to different education, culture, language, environment,
financial status, etc.
Our background plays a significant role in how we pass information. When something not
experienced is described or received, people may not find it interesting at all.
Ex: A professor talks about his rock-climbing adventure. Students who have experienced that may
appreciate his talk, while others who have never been to that couldn’t enjoy it all.
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is to show empathy and identify other’s
background on the subject concerned.

Wrong inferences
These occur when we fail to distinguish between what actually exists and what we had assumed to exist.
Inferences are more dramatic than facts, and for this reason they can provide more scope for gossip and rumor
to spread.
While we solve problems, examine materials, plan any procedures, it is essential that inferences be supported
by facts.
Ex: An employee returns from a business trip and finds that two of his colleagues are absent.
They don’t turn up for several days. As there is recession on, he draws an inference that they have been
dismissed.
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is to use qualifiers such as ‘evidence suggests’ or ‘in my
opinion’ to remind yourself and the receiver that this is not yet an established fact.

Blocked categories
These happen when people ignore the current developments and updates, as they feel it
difficult to quickly adapt themselves to these resolutions.
Instead of taking advantage of such developments, which facilitates the communication
process, these people resist and criticize them. It is because of their closed mind set.
Such people are called ‘Misioneists’. Rejection, distortion and avoidance are three
common factors which lead to blocked categories.
Ex: one reacts positively to the matter if it suits one’s views and attitudes, and ignores
which doesn’t suit. Like, a student may think that only student of science are good in
reasoning; another might be of the opinion that young executives are more efficient than
older ones.
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is to be open minded, depersonalize,
unbiased and technologically upgraded.

Categorical thinking
This occurs with the people who feel that they know everything about a particular subject, and
therefore refuse to accept any further information on the topic.
It happens due to ‘know it all’ attitude and such people are called ‘Pansophists’.
This becomes a major barrier, leading to a failure in communication.
Ex: In a general body meeting, an employee doesn’t pay attention, as he was already briefed about the
agenda by the secretary.
Later he proposes to buy new vehicles and feels embarrassed after knowing that the same was
discussed and decided by the Manager.

Interpersonal barriers
These barriers occur due to inappropriate transaction of words between two or more people.
1. Limited Vocabulary
2. Incongruity ( mismatch) of Verbal or Non-verbal message
3. Emotional outburst
4. Communication selectivity
5. Cultural variations
6. Poor listening skills

Limited Vocabulary
This occur when we find ourselves searching for the exact word or phrase that would
be appropriate for what we are trying to express.
On the other hand, merely having a wide vocabulary if of no use unless the
communicator knows how to use it. So, the denotative and connotative meanings of
the words should be absolutely clear to the receiver.
Ex: When a person is at a loss of words during a speech, his communication will be
very ineffective, and he will leave a poor impression on the audience.
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is by putting constant efforts in
increasing vocabulary by regularly reading a variety of books and listening to native
speakers of the language.

Incompatibility of verbal and non-verbal
messages
This happen when there is no connection between what a person speaks and what
he expresses.
When a person interprets the non-verbal communication which doesn’t suit his
verbal communication, he leaves his listeners confused and puzzled.
Assumptions based on the physical appearance also lead to this communication
barrier.
Ex: While introducing the newly recruited manager to other employees, the CEO
of the company conveys the message that he is very delighted to have the new
manager appointed.
However, the expression on his face shows just the opposite of what he is saying.

Emotional Outburst
It occurs when we are overwhelmed by our emotions. Though moderate level of
emotional involvement heightens our communication, excessive emotional
involvement can be an obstacle in communication.
Ex: There is a rumor floating amongst the employees that the president of certain
company involved in fraud. The president is aware of that he thinks they are
baseless.
When the president of a company is asked to address the same employees, he
isn’t able to put his point across, as he is flushed with anger.

Communication Selectivity
This happens when the receiver in a communication process pays attention only to a part
of the message.
This happens because he is interested only in that part of the message which may be use
to him.
In such cases, the sender isn’t a fault. It is the receiver who breaks the flow of the
communication.
Ex: A meeting is held by the CEO of a company. She calls all her executives from
various divisions-production, finance, marketing, etc.
when she addresses the message related to finance, the other ignores thinking that is not
important for them. And it is vice versa with the rest too.
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is to be attentive and resourceful
irrespective of one’s position and profession.

Cultural Variations
Business practices, social customs and etiquettes of a particular country should be taken into
consideration when communicating with people across the globe.
Examples:
1. In America, it is okay to address one’s senior with his/her first name, where as in India it shows
disrespect.
2. ‘Thumbs up’ in America means approval, but is considered vulgar in Iran and Ghana
Overcome: The best way to overcome this barrier is to know the business practices, social customs, and
etiquette of the particular country or place one is dealing with.

Poor listening skills
This happens when an individual is engrossed in his own thoughts and not able to concentrate on
listening. We should remember that listening and hearing are not the same.
Hearing is a passive exercise while listening requires careful attention and accurate decoding of
signals received from the speaker.
Distractions like emotional disturbances, indifference, aggression, and wandering attention lead to
poor listening skills.

Noise in the channel
This barrier occurs if there is any unwanted noise signal that acts as a hindrance
in the flow of communication.
It isn’t necessarily limited to audio disturbances, but can also occur in visual,
audio-visual, written, physical, or psychological forms.
Examples:
1. Disturbances in telephone lines, din of machines, the blare of music from a
stereo system, poorly designed acoustics are some examples of technical noise.
2. Employees gather for a meeting and a member arrives late distracting
everybody’s attention is an example of human noise.

Organizational barriers
Every organization has its communication techniques and communication climate. Irrespective of its
size, all organizations have communication policies. These policies are referred as PROTOCOL.
The complexity and structure of this protocol can cause communication barriers.
Main organizational barriers are
1. Too many Transfer points
2. Fear of Superiors
3. Negative Tendencies
4. Information Overload
5. Use of inappropriate media

Too many transfer stations:
Transfer stations are points at which communication is passed.
More the transfer stations, more is the likelihood of message being distorted or lost.
For effective communication, we should have less transfer points. In organizations, having rigid
hierarchy, transfer points are more.
To have less transfer points, there should be direct contact between sender and receiver.

Fear of superiors
In rigidly structured organization, subordinates would be fearful of the superiors
and would not talk frankly.
On the other hand, in an open environment people will speak freely and will have
active participation during meetings with their seniors.

Negative tendencies
Negative tendencies can arise due to improper management of groups in an organization. Groups
can be formal or informal.
There can be conflict of ideas between group members and non-group members.
Example: - The student members of the sports club of an educational institution may be annoyed
with non-members who oppose the club for allocating more funds to purchase sports equipment.

Use of inappropriate media
Media like graphs and charts, telephones, facsimile machines, boards, email, telephones, films
and slides, computer presentations, teleconferencing and video conferencing are used in
organizations in order to pass the information.
If the media chosen isn’t appropriate that leads to barrier and creates miscommunication.
Examples:
1. Telephone would not be an ideal medium for conveying confidential information.

Information Overload
This happens when there is inefficiency in manual handling of huge amount of data.
The usual results of this barrier are fatigue (tiredness), disinterest, and boredom.
In this barrier, usually, important information gets mixed up with too many irrelevant details, and
is therefore causes confusion, errors and finally ignored by the receiver.
Ex: A teacher gives too much information at once for the students to handle as he has very short
time to finish the syllabus.

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