Updating the 2013 Title 24 Building Efficiency Codes

Title-24 Building Energy Standards

Energy Code Works, Inc.

Mark Madison
CEPE, CEA, AEE, HERS Rater,
GreenPoint Rater, ResNet Rater, Member CABEC, CHEERS

Scope of this Class

1 Changes to Envelope Requirements

2 Changes to HVAC Requirements

3 New Residential Lighting Requirements

4 Impact of Time Dependant Valuation (TDV)

www.energycode.com Energy Code Works, Inc.

Scope of this Class

5 Updated Ventilation Requirements

6 Updated HERS Credits

7 2008 vs 2013 performance analysis

8 Q&A


2013 Building Efficiency Standards

2013 Standards Schedule

 Approval: Spring 2012
 Manuals, Softward Early 2013
 Implementation: January, 2014


2013 Building Energy Standards

Brief History of Title-24

 1976 California Energy Commission created
 1977 Warren-Alquist Act
 “The standards shall be cost effective”
 “C.E.C. shall periodically update the
standards and adopt revisions when
deemed necessary”

Al Alquist


 1978 Standards
 1980 Standards
 1982 Standards
 1984 Standards
 1986 Standards
 1987 Standards
 1988 Standards
 1992 Standards
 1995 Standards
 1998 Standards
 2001 Standards
 2005 Standards
 2008 Standards
 2013 Standards

 1st edition of Title-24
Building Energy Standards
July 26, 1978, 114 pages


 1978 Prescriptive Requirements


 Current 2012 Prescriptive Requirements


 Result of 30 years of Title-24 Standards:


 2008 Title-24 Energy Standards
 Standards : 166 pages
 Residential Manual: 522 pages
 Non-Res Manual: 901 pages
 Appendixes: 352 pages
 Appliance Efficiency Regs: 238 pages
 Title-24 ACM Manual: 212 pages
 HERS Manual: 106 pages
 HERS Regulations: 24 pages
 Total: 2521 pages


 1978 thru 1998 Title-24 fairly low priority concern in plancheck process
 2001 Standards changed all that
 Tighter code/HERS Measures/City Requirements have made Title-24 a
priority best addressed early in design stage
 Utility Incentive Programs also use Title-24 as yardstick to qualify
submittals into their programs.
 2013 bottom line:
 Title-24 needs to be incorporated early into the building design process

 Title-24 is not over when permit is issued

 All in design team need to be well versed in Title-24 requirements,

HERS measures, forms and inspections, coordination is critical.


 Compliance forms have grown exponentially

 1978, 2 pages
 2008 CF-1R, MF-1R, CF-6R total 68 pages
 Minimum of 8 and up to 24 pages on the drawings


 Future of Title-24

15 ©2010 Energy Code Works, Inc.

 Reasons for 2013 upgraded Standards
 To reduce energy bills, increase energy delivery reliability,
improved economic condition for state
 To respond to AB32 legislation for path to net zero homes
by 2020 (residential) 2030 for non-residential
 Reward energy efficiency measures that save energy at
peak energy cost periods
 Improve quality of installation of energy efficiency
measures (HERS inspections)


 Reasons for 2013 upgraded Standards
 Typically each T-24 standard update increases stringency
by 15% on average
 2013 Standards will exceed this by a wide margin,
up to 33%


Compliance Paths

Two compliance paths available

Prescriptive Performance


Compliance Paths

Two compliance paths available

Mandatory
Measures

Path Path


Compliance Paths

Advantages/Disadvantages

Mandatory
Measures

Path Path


Building Envelope

Current 2008 Prescriptive
Requirements


TDV

Performance Run base on Package D

Example:
SFR residence
1800 sq. ft.
Package D


Building Envelope

Walls, floors, ceiling assemblies

Windows, glass doors, skylights

www.energycode.com www.energycode.com

Building Envelope

Current 2008 Mandatory
Measures


Building Envelope


Building Envelope

Current 2008 Mandatory
Measures

• Walls: R-13 batt

• Raised floor: R-13 batt

• Ceiling/roof: R-19 batt


Building Envelope

New 2013 Mandatory Measures

• Walls: R-15 batt

• Raised floor: R-19 batt

• Ceiling/roof: R-30 batt


Building Envelope

Current 2008 Prescriptive
Requirements


Building Envelope
New 2013 Prescriptive
Requirements

Walls: R-15 + R4 foam in 2x4 framing
climate zones 5-10

Walls: R-21 + R4 foam 2x6 framing
zones 1-4 and 11-16


Building Envelope
Requirements

Ceiling/roof: R-30 unchanged

Roof deck insulation required
zones 1-5 & 10-16:

R4 above deck or R-13 below
deck

Radiant barriers in all climate
zones


Building Envelope

Requirements

Must use envelope assemblies
from tables in Residential
Appendix to quantify R-
value/U-factor for assemblies


Building Envelope

Requirements

Change from wood framing to metal framing can significantly affect compliance.
Wood and metal framing not interchangeable
Exterior Rigid Insul. prescriptively required for wood framing in new standards
Metal framed construction generally will be penalized in performance run


Building Envelope

Requirements


Building Envelope

Requirements

Bottom Line:

Opaque building Envelope 15% more stringent

Rigid exterior insulation baseline now

Radiant barrier baseline in all climate zones


Building Envelope

Requirements

No SHGC requirement in Zones 1, 3, & 5


Building Envelope


Two allowable methods for determining window & door
performance:
NFRC procedures/labels or…

Use default tables (116-a & 116-b)


Building Envelope



Building Envelope


Default tables 116-a & 116-b unchanged for 2013


Building Envelope


2013 Package D


Building Envelope


Package D Package D vs. Default tables (U-factor)
Glazing Requirements:


Building Envelope


Package D vs. Default tables (SHGC)


Building Envelope


Package D vs. NFRC labels


Building Envelope

Skylights

Skylight requirements same as windows in prescriptive
packages:


Building Envelope

Skylights

Skylight default U-factors/SHGC are very poor


Building Envelope


Bottom Line:

Prescriptive U-factor requirements
almost 30% more stringent than
2013 code

2013 Standards will force you to
use NFRC Labels

Significant penalty for using default
tables


HVAC

Minimum AFUE, SEER, EER

SEER vs EER

Prescriptive requirement
No prescriptive alternatives
HVAC change-outs

Refrigerant Charge Measurement
Cooling Coil Airflow
Fat Watt Draw


HVAC
Appliance Efficiency Regulations
set HVAC efficiency minimums in
Prescriptive Packages


HVAC
Prescriptive Packages refer to
Appliance Efficiency Regulations
minimums


HVAC


SEER vs EER


HVAC


SEER vs EER

Question:

What is the difference between
EER and SEER?

Why does it matter?


HVAC


SEER vs EER

EER is measured at 80 degrees
indoor air running continuously

SEER is measured by using the
EER and factoring in the same unit
running under a lighter load (80
degrees indoor, 82 degrees
outdoor and cycling on and off


HVAC


SEER vs EER

Why this matters:

Possible for two units with the same
SEER to have different EERs

For two units with a given SEER the
one with the higher EER will be more
efficient

EER’s higher than 12 require HERS
verification

Take time to verify SEER and EER


HVAC


SEER vs EER

Why this matters:

EER higher than 12 will trigger a
HERS credit in the Title-24 compliance
calculations

Will also appear on the CF-1R as a
HERS measure required verification
and a CF-4R


HVAC


SEER vs EER

2008 Standards 2013 Standards

AFUE: 78% AFUE: 80%
SEER: 13.00 SEER: 14.00
EER: 10.00 EER: 12.00

Duct Insulation
R:4.2 R-6 (Climate zones 6-8)
R-8 (All other climate zones)


HVAC


SEER vs EER

Bottom Line:
Minimum efficiency levels remained
essentially unchanged from 2005 to
2008 standards. New 2013 standards
are 9% more efficient for HVAC

Big change…..Duct testing,
Refrigerant Charge Measurement,
Cooling coil airflow & Fan Watt Draw
rules and ban on bypass ducts


HVAC

2013 HVAC

• Duct sealing in all climate zones

• Bypass ducts no longer allowed

• Must size return ducts correctly
or duct system must comply
with fan watt draw and cooling
coil airflow requirements


HVAC

2013 HVAC

• Mandatory Duct sealing in all
climate zones


HVAC

2013 HVAC

• Duct was prescriptive requirement in all zones in 2008


HVAC

2013 HVAC

• Duct sealing now mandatory for all zones in 2013


HVAC

2013 HVAC

• Cooling coil airflow & fan watt draw verification now
mandatory

• 350 cfm per ton airflow across coil
• 0.58 watt per cfm for supply fan


HVAC

2013 HVAC



HVAC

2013 HVAC


• Primary reasons:
• Cold air directly into return plenum
reduces efficiency of evap coil
• Bypass duct steals air. Even with zone
dampers open air is lazy and will take
path of least resistance
• Evap coil likely to freeze up


HVAC

2013 HVAC

• Must size return ducts correctly or duct system
must comply with fan watt draw and cooling
coil airflow requirements


HVAC

2013 HVAC

must comply with fan watt draw and cooling coil
airflow requirements


HVAC

2013 HVAC

must comply with fan watt draw and cooling coil
airflow requirements

• Fan watt draw requirements:
• 0.58 watt/cfm at cooling coil airflow rate of 350
cfm/ton.


HVAC

Fan Watt Draw

Prescriptive Package Requirements

Refrigerant charge Measurement
Climate zones 2 and 8-15 (split systems only)

New allowable method for ductless split
(weighing refrigerant)


HVAC

Fan Watt Draw


HVAC

Cooling Coil Airflow (now mandatory)
Fan Watt Draw (now mandatory)


HVAC

Whole House Fan

Whole House Fan prescriptive requirement (not
ASHRAE ventilation exhaust fan)


Title-24 Building Energy Standards


Break

Scope of this Class

1 Changes to Envelope Requirements

2 Changes to HVAC Requirements

3 Changes to Residential Lighting Code



Residential Lighting

50% Rule
High Efficacy
Allowances for additional lighting

#1 Garages, Laundry & utility rooms
#2 Bathrooms
#3 Other rooms

Minimum efficacy

Required controls


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

50% rule remains
No limit to kitchen lighting watts
However 50% of total installed
lighting watts must be high efficacy

High efficacy fixtures switched
separately from incandescent or
low efficacy fixtures


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

What is high efficacy?
2008 Table 150-C (replaced for 2013)


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

2008 Table 6-2 for LED efficacy (replaced for 2013)

LED fixtures must be C.E.C. Certified
Not all LED fixtures are high efficacy


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances


New 2008 Table 150-C which will combine default
list of high efficiency and low efficiency luminaires.

LED fixtures must be C.E.C. Certified and listed in
JA-8 appendix Not all LED fixtures are high efficacy


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

Rules that will remain for 2013

Blank electrical boxes calculated as 180
watts low efficacy

Assumed wattage for recessed luminaires


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

Rules that will remain for 2013

New wattage assumptions for CF or HID fixture that
can accommodate a variety of luminaires
For example 26w, 32w & 42 watt fixture

26w + 32w + 42w = 100w divided by 3 = 33.33w
Then use wattage of luminaire initially installed


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

Modified allowances
1. Additional low efficacy wattage allowance
Only available after 50% efficacy rule met
2. Kitchen has manual on vacancy sensors or dimmers for all
luminaires, not just low efficacy.
3. High efficacy luminaires and vacancy sensors in garages,
laundry rooms, closets and utility rooms


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

Allowances remaining for 2013
Internal cabinet lighting allowance
20 watts per linear foot of illuminated cabinet
Must be interior to cabinet and illuminated the inside of cabinet


50% Rule
High Efficacy
New allowances

Internal cabinet lighting
allowance
20 watts per linear foot of
illuminated cabinet

Can be vertical or horizontal
measurement

Not both


#1 Garages, Laundry utility rooms
#2 Bathrooms
#3 Other Rooms

Garages, Laundry Rooms & utility rooms
(bathrooms in separate category)
Rules changed for 2013

All installed lighting must be high efficacy AND
controlled by a vacancy sensor

An occupancy sensor does not necessarily qualify
as a vacancy sensor
Must be manual on, auto-off


#1 Garages, Laundry utility rooms
#2 Bathrooms
#3 Other Rooms

Bathrooms
Rules changed for 2013

All installed lighting must be high efficacy OR
controlled by a vacancy sensor

Plus a minimum of one high efficacy luminaire in
each bathroom


#1 Garages, Laundry & utility rooms
#2 Bathrooms
#3 Other Rooms

All other rooms
Any room that is not a kitchen, bathroom, garage,
laundry room, or utility room

All installed lighting must be high efficacy, with
regular switch or low efficacy controlled by a
dimmer or vacancy sensor

Regardless of square footage attics are considered
“other rooms”


#1 Garages, laundry, & utility rooms
#2 Bathrooms
#3 Other Rooms

Enclosed Patio (unconditioned)
Also considered “other rooms”
High efficacy fixture with regular switch or…
Incandescent with dimmer or vacancy sensor


Minimum efficacy

Required controls

Permanently mounted to the building
Rules slightly changed for 2008

Fixtures must either be:
High efficacy or controlled by one of the following:


Minimum efficacy

Required controls


Minimum efficacy

Required controls

Motion Sensor requirements
Auto-on & Auto-off
Must include photocell control
Must provide regular switch for manual operation
Must comply with 30 minute shutoff requirement


Minimum efficacy

Required controls

Exempt outdoor lighting

Any fixtures not attached to building
Decorative landscape lighting
Pool/Spa lighting


TDV


Upgraded for 2013 Residential Standards

Previous versions of Title-24 (2005 and older) did not account for
time-of-use patterns

Energy assumed to cost the same regardless of when it was used

TDV accounts for variations in cost related to time of day, seasons,
geography and fuel type

2013 Standards now places a much higher value on energy savings
during high cost times of the day and year.

Encourages designs that will reduce peak loads thru-out California.

TDV


Upgraded for 2008 Residential Standards
Previous versions of Title-24 did not account for time-of-use patterns
TDV accounts for variations in cost related to time of day, seasons, geography, fuel type
2013 Standards now places a higher value on energy savings during high cost times
Encourages designs that will reduce peak loads thru-out California.


TDV



TDV


Bottom Line for 2013

Building designs that generate high heating/cooling loads during peak
energy cost periods will be severely penalized

Electric multipliers for 2013 52% higher than 2008 standards

Gas multipliers for 2013 up to 8% higher than 2008 standards

Upside: Energy saving features, strategies that reduce peak loads
are rewarded greatly

break


Scope of this Class

5 Updated Ventilation Requirements

6 Updated HERS Credits/measures


8 Non-Residential Changes


Ventilation

5 Ventilation Requirements

ASHRAE 62.2-2007 Essentially unchanged from 2008
•Requirements for local ventilation (bathrooms/kitchens)
•100 cfm range hoods/50 cfm for bath fan

•All low-rise residential buildings required to
have whole house ventilation

•Window operation not a permissible method
8
•Mandatory measure


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
•Kitchens/bathrooms have local exhaust vented to
outdoors
•Clothes dryer vented to outdoors
•Combustion appliances properly vented and air systems
designed to prevent backdrafting
•MERV 6 filters in HVAC system
•Ventilation fans must meet sound requirements
8
Continuously operation: 1.0 sone
Intermittent fans: 3.0 sone
Additions smaller than 1000 sq. ft. exempt


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
Three generic solutions to meeting outside air ventilation
requirements
1. Exhaust Ventilation
2. Supply Ventilation
3. Combination supply/exhaust

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
Exhaust ventilation

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
Supply ventilation

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
Combination supply/exhaust ventilation

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
Ventilation flow rate calculation

One cubic foot per minute (cfm) for each 100 sq. ft. of floor
area plus 7.5 cfm for each occupant. The number of
occupants = the number of bedrooms plus one person:

8


Ventilation

5 New Ventilation Requirements

ASHRAE 62.2-2007

area plus 7.5 cfm for each occupant. The number of

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007

Question:
What is the required continuous ventilation rate required for
a 3 bedroom, 1,800 sq. ft. townhouse?

Formula:
area plus87.5 cfm for each occupant. The number of


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007

Question:
What is the required continuous ventilation rate required for
a 3 bedroom, 1,800 sq. ft. townhouse?

Answer:
48 cfm. 1800/100 = 18 cfm
8
+ 3 (bedrooms) + 1 (person) x 7.5 cfm = 30 cfm
30 cfm + 18 cfm = 48 cfm


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007

Intermittently operating fans will be required to have a
larger cfm airflow to makeup for the fewer hours of fan
operation.
Required air flow rate can be 10 to 20 times greater when
fans operate less than 6 hours per day.

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
Intermittent fan flow rate calculation

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2-2007
Controls and Operation

Must have override control readily accessible
If intermittent fans are used must use timer

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2 documentation

What does this mean for the designer?

Note block
Calcs
Specs
CF-4R (at inspection)
Ventilation fan for whole house exhaust must be HERS verified

8


Ventilation


ASHRAE 62.2 documentation

8


HERS Measures

Duct Sealing •2013: Mandatory in all climate zones
•HERS rater verified less than 6% supply fan flow

Supply
Duct • Conditioned space, buried ducts Credit in 2013 no change
Location

Supply Duct
• Reduced surface area. Credit in 2013 no change
Credits

• CEC certified AHU w/less than 2% leakage. Credit in 2013 no change
Low Leakage Duct sealing & testing also required.
AHU

• Refrigerant charge verified using one of three methods
Refrigerant
Invasive, non-invasive & CID. No TXV to trade against
Charge
Prescriptive requirement in zones 2, & 8-15 no change in 2013


HERS Measures

CID • Charge Indicator Device No change in 2013

• Requires air handling units maintain supply airflow greater
CCA than 350 cfm per nominal ton of cooling capacity across the coil
2013 mandatory measure in all climate zones

Fan Watt
• Requires fan watt draw less than 0.58 watts per cfm
Draw
• 2013 mandatory measure in all climate zones

• HVAC condenser & coil correctly matched to achieve
High EER high EER (currently above 10, above 12 for 2013)

•Credit for A/C equipment having cooling capacity that meets
Cooling
calculated maximum cooling load. Unchanged for 2013
Capacity


HERS Measures

Evap Cooled • Improves EER, water use limits & duct sealing, air flow, and
Condensers refrigerant charge verification required. Unchanged for 2013

Ice
Storage • Shifts peak energy use to off-peak hours (Ice Bear)
A/C Additional HERS measures required Unchanged for 2013

Envelope
• Sealing, caulking, gaskets. Verified by HERS blower door test.
Sealing
• Unchanged for 2013

• Framing stage field verification then insulation stage verification.
QII • QII verification for Spray Polyurethane Foam
• 2013 prescriptive requirement for zones 1-5, & 10-16

• Solar Ready requirement for 2013
Photovoltaic
• 70% of SFR in subdivisions
• Minimum of 250 sq. ft. per home reserved for future solar installation
• Oriented between 150 & 270 degrees or on a flat roof


HERS Measures
HERS Measures most
commonly specified for 2013:

Duct Sealing
Why?

Refrigerant All either mandatory requirements or
Charge
prescriptive requirements
Cooling Coil
Airflow
Also can add ASHRAE 62.2 whole
house cfm inspection
Fan Watt
Draw

QII


Scope of this Class


6 New HERS Credits




2008 vs 2013
2008 Performance Analysis

Example:
Single family
residence
2500 sq. ft.

Package D parameters


2008 vs 2013

Example:
Single family
residence
2500 sq. ft.

Climate Zone #10



2008 vs 2013

Example:
Single family
residence
2500 sq. ft.

Climate Zone #10

2013


2008 vs 2013

2013 Package D upgrades
Example:
R-15 + R-4 walls
Single family
R-30 Roof
residence
2500 sq. ft. Radiant barrier
0.32/0.29 Windows
Climate Zone #10 Duct testing
QII
2013 Refrigerant charge
Package D parameters Cooling coil airflow
80%AFUE
14.00 SEER/12.00 EER
R-6.0 Duct insulation
0.62 EF 50 gallon water heater


Beyond Title-24

 How do you get to 20-30% better than the 2008
Standards?
 35% better than 2008 Title-24 has already been achievable.
 HERS measures primary leverage tool for compliance
 Building industry has reacted to carrots and sticks
 Insulation products
 Radiant Barriers
 Cool Roofs
 HVAC efficiencies
 Window/doors products
 NFRC testing
 Tank less water heaters



Tier II over 50% glass to floor ratio


2013 Title-24 Standards
Bottom line
2013 Standards represent the most stringent
energy code update yet

HERS measures will be required on every project

This will requires good coordination between
architect, energy consultant, PV installer and
subcontractor, some sort of quarterback for HERS
measure implementation

Title-24 will need to be considered early in the
project so that energy efficiency is “designed-into”
the project

Sub-contractors need to become familiar with
filling out CF-6R forms. They can hold up entire
process.



Non-Residential Envelope Changes:
Energy Code now addresses:

Commercial refrigeration
Supermarkets
Commercial Kitchens
Laboratory hoods

New mandatory requirements for:
Enclosed parking garages
Commercial/process boilers
Compressed air systems

142


143


144


145


146


147


148


149

8 Reach Standards for 2013

150


151


152


Mark Madison
CEPE, CEA, AEE, HERS Rater,
GreenPoint Rater, ResNet Rater, Member CABEC, CHEERS

Updating the 2013 Title 24 Building Efficiency Codes

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