UPSC CSE Mains 2024 GS 3 Model Paper Answers

UPSC CSE Mains 2024
GS III: MODEL ANSWERS
Q1. Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the
post-reforms period in India. To what extent this has been in consonance with
achieving the objective of inclusive growth? (Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer
India's economic reforms, initiated in 1991, marked a shift towards a market-driven economy,
which also had significant implications for social sector spending. Public expenditure on social
services like health, education, and welfare plays a crucial role in ensuring inclusive growth by
reducing inequality and ensuring access to essential services. However, the question remains
whether the increase in such expenditures post-reforms has been sufficient and effective in
achieving the objectives of inclusive growth.
Trends and Patterns of Public Expenditure on Social Services in India (Post-Reforms)
Sector Pre-Reforms
(1990-91)
Post-
Reforms
(2023)
Key
Initiatives/Programs
Current Issues
Education 3.5% of
GDP
3.1% of GDP Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(SSA), Mid-Day Meal
Scheme
Below the 6%
of GDP target,
issues of quality
in rural areas
Health 1.5% of
GDP
2.1% of GDP National Health Mission
(NHM), Ayushman Bharat
Low public
health
expenditure,
high out-of-
pocket
expenses
Approach
• Introduction: Mention reforms, importance of social sector spending, and inclusive
growth.
• Body: Discuss trends in social sector expenditure, initiatives, impact, and challenges.
• Conclusion: Conclude accordingly.

Social Welfare Limited
welfare
programs
Increased
with schemes
like
MGNREGA,
NFSA
Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural
Employment Guarantee
Act (MGNREGA),
National Food Security
Act (NFSA)
Leakage,
corruption,
ineffective
targeting of
marginalized
groups
Rural
Development
Limited focus
on rural
employment
Substantial
increase,
particularly
after 2005
Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (PMAY), PMGSY
Regional
disparities,
especially in
less developed
states
Total Social
Services
Expenditure
5.8% of
GDP
7.8% of GDP Direct Benefit Transfer
(DBT), Public Distribution
System (PDS)
Inequality,
regional
disparities in
access to social
services
Positive Impact on Inclusive Growth
• Poverty Reduction: Public expenditure on welfare schemes contributed to a significant
decline in poverty. According to the World Bank, poverty dropped from 45.3% in 1993
to about 22% in 2011-12, aided by rural employment schemes and welfare programs.
• Improved Human Development: Government initiatives led to improved literacy rates,
higher school enrolment, and lower infant mortality rates. The literacy rate improved
from 52.2% in 1991 to 74% in 2021, largely due to increased investment in education.
o Health indicators such as life expectancy and maternal mortality rates also saw
improvement.
• Enhanced Social Protection: Schemes like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Direct
Benefit Transfer (DBT) have provided a safety net for the vulnerable population, ensuring
access to essential services.
Challenges and Limitations
• Low Expenditure Relative to GDP: Despite increases, the share of public expenditure on
social services remains low compared to developed countries and even some emerging
economies. For instance, the allocation for education is still well below the recommended
6% of GDP.
• Inequality and Exclusion Persist: While poverty rates have declined, income inequality
has worsened, with the Gini coefficient rising from 0.32 in 1990 to 0.48 in 2021.
o Social sector schemes often fail to reach the most marginalized sections due to
issues like poor targeting, corruption, and leakage.
• Health Sector Lagging: Public health spending remains inadequate, with out-of-pocket
expenditure still contributing to 63% of healthcare spending (National Health Profile
2021). This has impeded universal health coverage, especially for low-income groups.
• Regional Disparities: States with weaker financial capacity, such as Bihar and Uttar
Pradesh, continue to lag behind in social sector outcomes. This has contributed to regional
imbalances in access to services like healthcare and education.

Extent of Alignment with Inclusive Growth Objectives
• The increase in public expenditure has certainly contributed to key development outcomes,
such as poverty reduction, improved literacy, and better healthcare.
• However, the extent of alignment with inclusive growth is moderate at best.
• Although the expenditure is targeted at improving human development indicators, persistent
inequality, regional disparities, and inadequate funding in key sectors like health indicate
that the objectives of inclusive growth have not been fully realized.
To fully align with the goals of inclusivity, a more robust and targeted increase in social sector
spending is necessary, especially in underfunded areas and regions, alongside improving
implementation efficiency.
Q2. What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the
effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
(Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer
Food inflation has been a persistent issue in India, impacting the livelihoods of millions and
contributing to the overall economic instability. Despite various government initiatives and the
Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) monetary policies aimed at curbing inflation, food prices continue
to remain high.
Causes of Persistent High Food Inflation in India
Supply-Side Constraints
• Agricultural Production Issues: India faces challenges such as erratic monsoons, lack of
irrigation facilities, and outdated farming techniques. For instance, the 2020 monsoon
season was uneven, leading to crop damage and subsequent price hikes.
• Post-Harvest Losses: A significant percentage of agricultural produce is wasted due to
inadequate storage and transportation facilities. The NITI Aayog reports that around 30-
40% of fruits and vegetables are wasted due to poor logistics.
Demand-Supply Imbalance
• Rising Demand: With the growing population and urbanization, the demand for food is
consistently increasing. According to the World Bank, India's population is expected to reach
1.5 billion by 2030, further straining food resources.
• Changing Dietary Patterns: Increased consumption of protein-rich foods like dairy and meat
due to rising incomes also contributes to higher demand for food items, exacerbating
inflationary pressures.
Global Commodity Prices
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the persistent high food inflation in India and its causes.
• Body: Explain the factors contributing to food inflation and assess RBI's measures.

• International Market Fluctuations: India is affected by global commodity prices,
particularly for staples like oil and pulses. A spike in global prices, influenced by geopolitical
tensions or climate events, leads to increased domestic prices.
• Supply Chain Disruptions: Events like the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability
of supply chains, causing temporary shortages and price surges in essential food items.
Policy and Regulatory Challenges
• Minimum Support Price (MSP): While the MSP aims to provide farmers with a fair price,
its implementation can lead to market distortions. The Farmers' Produce Trade and
Commerce Act (2020) aimed at deregulating agricultural trade has faced opposition,
leading to uncertainties in pricing.
• Inflationary Expectations: Persistent inflation can lead to inflationary expectations among
consumers and businesses, causing them to raise prices preemptively, creating a self-fulfilling
cycle.
Effectiveness of RBI's Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy Tools
• The RBI primarily uses tools like repo rate adjustments, cash reserve ratio (CRR), and open
market operations to control inflation. For instance, in 2022, the RBI raised the repo rate
multiple times to curb rising inflation, including food inflation.
• Inflation Targeting Framework: The RBI operates under an inflation targeting framework,
aiming for a Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation of 2-6%. However, food inflation often
deviates significantly from this target, complicating monetary policy.
Challenges in Effectiveness
• Time Lag: There is a significant time lag between the implementation of monetary policy
measures and their effect on the economy. As a result, inflationary pressures may persist
despite policy interventions.
• Supply-Side Focus: The RBI's tools primarily influence demand-side factors. However, food
inflation is largely driven by supply-side constraints, which monetary policy alone cannot
address.
• Limited Impact on Agricultural Sector: The agricultural sector remains largely informal
and cash-based, limiting the effectiveness of interest rate changes. Many farmers do not
rely on bank financing, reducing the impact of monetary policy on agricultural production.
By addressing both demand and supply factors, India can move towards achieving stable food
prices and ensuring food security for its population.
Q3. What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land
reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate. (Answer in 150 words)
Approach
• Introduction: Introduce the importance of land reforms in India and their objectives.
• Body: Discuss key factors contributing to successful land reforms in specific states.

Model Answer
Land reforms in India have been a critical aspect of the country’s agrarian policy, aimed at
redistributing land and ensuring equitable access to resources for the agrarian population.
Successful implementation of these reforms has varied across different regions, influenced by a
combination of socio-political, economic, and institutional factors. While some states have made
significant strides in implementing land reforms, others have faced challenges, leading to
unequal outcomes.
Factors Responsible for Successful Implementation of Land Reforms
Political Will and Leadership
• Strong Political Commitment: States like West Bengal and Kerala witnessed strong
political commitment to land reform policies. The Left Front government in West Bengal,
led by Chief Minister Jyoti Basu, prioritized land reforms, enabling significant redistribution
of land from large landowners to landless peasants. The implementation of the West Bengal
Land Reforms Act in 1977 led to the redistribution of around 2 million acres of land.
• Grassroots Political Movements: In Kerala, the rise of the communist movement
galvanized support for land reforms. The implementation of the Land Reforms
(Amendment) Act in 1969 facilitated the redistribution of land, leading to significant
changes in land ownership patterns. The political mobilization of the rural population
played a crucial role in ensuring the success of these reforms.
Effective Administrative Framework
• Well-Organized Bureaucracy: The presence of a strong administrative framework in
states like Karnataka facilitated the efficient implementation of land reforms. The state
established a dedicated Land Reforms Commission to oversee the process, ensuring
transparency and accountability.
• Use of Technology: Technological interventions, such as the digitization of land records,
improved transparency in land ownership and transactions. Karnataka's initiative to
implement a digital land record management system reduced corruption and enhanced
the efficiency of land registration processes.
Supportive Legal Framework
• Robust Legislation: Successful land reforms were often backed by strong legislative
frameworks that provided legal protection to tenant farmers and landless laborers. The
Tenancy Reforms Act in Kerala and the Karnataka Land Reforms Act provided essential
rights to tenants, encouraging them to invest in land improvements.
• Simplification of Procedures: Streamlining administrative procedures related to land
distribution and tenure security reduced bureaucratic hurdles. States like Tamil Nadu
implemented measures to simplify the process of obtaining land title certificates,
facilitating easier access for beneficiaries.
Social Movements and Awareness
• Mobilization of Farmers: Social movements advocating for land rights and equity played
a crucial role in raising awareness among the rural population. Organizations like the
Kerala Land Reforms Committee mobilized farmers to demand their rights, leading to
active participation in the reform process.
• Education and Training Programs: Providing education and training to beneficiaries
enhanced their understanding of land rights and farming practices. Initiatives aimed at

empowering marginalized communities ensured that beneficiaries could effectively utilize
their land.
Economic Incentives and Support
• Access to Credit and Resources: Successful implementation of land reforms was often
complemented by access to credit facilities and agricultural support services. States like
Punjab provided credit facilities to small farmers, enabling them to invest in modern
farming techniques.
• Infrastructure Development: The development of rural infrastructure, such as irrigation
facilities and transport networks, further facilitated the success of land reforms. States that
invested in irrigation projects, like Maharashtra, observed significant increases in
agricultural productivity.
However, the lessons learned from these successes should also inform future land reform efforts
in regions where implementation has been less effective, ensuring that the benefits of agrarian
reforms reach all segments of society.
Q4. Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India.
Model Answer
Millets, often termed "nutri-cereals," have emerged as a potent solution to address nutritional
deficiencies and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Millets are resilient, drought-
resistant crops that have been cultivated for centuries in various parts of India. Their re-
emergence in public discourse is vital for ensuring food security and enhancing health outcomes,
especially among vulnerable populations.
Nutritional Benefits of Millets
Millets are packed with essential nutrients, making them an excellent choice for a balanced diet.
Key nutritional benefits include:
• High Nutrient Density: Millets are rich in protein, dietary fiber, vitamins (B-complex), and
minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium). For instance, finger millet (ragi) contains about 7-8%
protein and is an excellent source of calcium, which is crucial for bone health, particularly
in growing children and women.
• Low Glycemic Index: Millets have a low glycemic index, making them ideal for managing
blood sugar levels, thereby reducing the risk of diabetes. They help in slow digestion,
promoting satiety and preventing overeating.
• Rich in Antioxidants: Certain millets, such as pearl millet, contain antioxidants that combat
oxidative stress, potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and
cancer. This is vital in a country facing increasing rates of lifestyle-related ailments.
Approach
• Introduction: Highlight India's nutritional challenges and millets' potential solutions.
• Body: Discuss millets' nutritional benefits, agricultural sustainability, and
government initiatives.

• Promotes Digestive Health: The high fiber content in millets aids in digestion and helps
prevent constipation, contributing to overall gut health.
Addressing Malnutrition and Food Security
Millets can play a crucial role in combating malnutrition in India, where approximately 38% of
children under five are stunted, and 21% are wasted, as per the National Family Health
Survey (NFHS-5) conducted in 2019-2021. The advantages of millets in this regard include:
• Affordability: Millets are generally more affordable than rice and wheat, making them
accessible to low-income households. Their lower production costs and market prices can
provide a reliable food source for the economically disadvantaged.
• Sustainable Agriculture: Millets require less water and can thrive in poor soil conditions.
This characteristic makes them an eco-friendly crop, supporting farmers in regions prone to
drought and climate change. As climate change impacts food production, millets offer a
resilient alternative.
• Culinary Diversity: Millets can be consumed in various forms—flour, porridge, snacks,
and traditional dishes—encouraging their incorporation into daily diets. Their versatility
allows for creative culinary applications that can enhance meal variety and nutrition.
• Boosting Local Economies: Promoting millet cultivation can support local economies,
creating job opportunities in farming, processing, and distribution. This is particularly
relevant in rural areas, where agriculture is a primary source of livelihood.
Government Initiatives and Support
Recognizing the potential of millets, the Indian government has initiated several programs to
promote their cultivation and consumption:
• National Food Security Mission (NFSM): Launched in 2007, this mission aims to enhance
the production of millets, among other crops, by providing subsidies, training, and support
to farmers. The focus on millets within this framework underscores their importance in
achieving food security.
• International Year of Millets (2023): The UN has declared 2023 as the International Year
of Millets, encouraging countries to promote their benefits. India is leveraging this
opportunity to enhance awareness and consumption of millets through various campaigns
and educational programs.
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Schools are encouraged to incorporate millets into the mid-day
meal program to improve children's nutrition and create a sustainable agricultural model.
This initiative can foster a culture of millet consumption among the younger generation.
• Promotion through the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI): FSSAI has
launched initiatives to create awareness about the health benefits of millets, including
guidelines for their incorporation into dietary practices.
With concerted efforts from the government, communities, and consumers to promote millet
cultivation and consumption, India can effectively combat malnutrition and foster a healthier
population.

Q5. What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to
life materials? Although, India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few
have been commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.
Model Answer
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are crucial for fostering innovation and protecting the interests
of creators, particularly in the context of life materials, which include biological materials,
genetic resources, and traditional knowledge. The global landscape of IPR concerning life
materials has evolved significantly, driven by advancements in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals,
and agriculture.
Current Global Scenario of IPR in Life Materials
• Growing Importance of Life Materials: The importance of life materials in biotechnology
and medicine has surged, with companies investing heavily in research and development.
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) reported that biotechnological
inventions account for a significant portion of patent filings globally.
• Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous communities and developing countries
emphasize protecting traditional knowledge associated with biological resources. The
Nagoya Protocol, adopted in 2010, aims to ensure fair sharing of benefits arising from
the utilization of genetic resources, fostering an ethical approach to bioprospecting.
• Challenges in Patentability: The patentability of life materials often raises ethical
concerns. Issues regarding the ownership of genetic resources and the implications of
patenting life forms have sparked debates, influencing national laws and international
agreements.
India's Position in Patent Filings
• Second Largest Patent Filer: According to the Intellectual Property India report, India
ranked second globally in patent filings, primarily due to the active participation of
academic institutions and research organizations.
• Emerging Biotech Hub: India has become a hub for biotechnology research, with
significant investments in healthcare and agricultural innovation. The Indian patent system
supports IPR through various schemes to encourage research.
Reasons for Limited Commercialization of Patents
Despite India's strong patent filing numbers, the commercialization of these patents is limited
due to several factors:
• Lack of Industry Collaboration: Many researchers and institutions lack strong ties with the
industry. Collaborative efforts between academia and industry can help in translating
research into marketable products. According to a study by the National Academy of
Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), collaboration can enhance technology transfer and
commercialization.
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the significance of IPR in life materials and India's position.
• Body: Examine global IPR trends, India's patent filings, and commercialization
challenges.

• Insufficient Funding and Investment: Limited access to funding for startups and early-
stage companies hampers the commercialization of patented inventions. A 2022 report
by NASSCOM noted that Indian startups in the biotech sector often struggle to secure
funding due to perceived high risks.
• Regulatory Hurdles: The complex regulatory environment can delay the approval
processes for biotechnological products. The stringent requirements for safety and efficacy
testing can discourage investment in commercialization. According to the Department of
Biotechnology, India’s regulatory framework is evolving but still presents challenges for
swift commercialization.
• Lack of Awareness and Capacity Building: Many inventors lack awareness about the
commercialization process, including market trends and business strategies. Capacity-
building initiatives are necessary to equip researchers with the skills to navigate
commercialization successfully.
• Intellectual Property Awareness: There is a need for greater awareness among
researchers and innovators regarding the importance of IPR and its role in
commercialization. Programs focusing on IPR education can empower innovators to leverage
their patents effectively.
By fostering industry collaboration, enhancing funding mechanisms, streamlining regulatory
processes, and increasing awareness about IPR, India can harness its innovations effectively
Q6. What is the technology being employed for electronic toll collection on
highways? What are its advantages and limitations? What are the proposed changes
that will make this process seamless? Would this transition carry any potential
hazards? (Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems have revolutionized the way tolls are collected on
highways, significantly improving traffic flow and reducing congestion. With advancements in
technology, ETC systems employ various methods to facilitate seamless transactions without
requiring vehicles to stop.
Technologies Used in Electronic Toll Collection
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID tags are affixed to vehicles, enabling
automatic identification when vehicles pass through toll plazas equipped with RFID readers.
Systems like FASTag in India utilize this technology, allowing for quick deductions from
prepaid accounts.
Approach
• Introduction: Introduce electronic toll collection technology and its importance for
highways.
• Body: Discuss technologies used, advantages, limitations, proposed changes, and
potential hazards.

• Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR): ANPR systems capture vehicle registration
plates using high-speed cameras, allowing toll authorities to bill vehicles without needing a
tag. This method enhances flexibility as vehicles without tags can still use toll roads.
• Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS): Some ETC systems utilize GNSS technology,
tracking vehicle locations to charge tolls based on distance traveled. This approach is
advantageous for charging variable
tolls in real-time based on traffic
conditions.
Advantages of Electronic Toll Collection
• Reduced Congestion: ETC systems
minimize the need for vehicles to
stop at toll booths, resulting in
smoother traffic flow and reduced
waiting times. Studies indicate a 25-
30% reduction in congestion at toll
plazas equipped with ETC systems.
• Improved Revenue Collection: Automated toll collection reduces the likelihood of revenue
leakage due to human errors and fraud. For example, in 2020, the New York State Thruway
Authority reported a revenue increase of approximately 10% following the implementation
of an ETC system.
• Environmental Benefits: By reducing idling time and emissions associated with stop-and-go
traffic, ETC systems contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions, supporting environmental
sustainability.
• Enhanced User Experience: The convenience of cashless transactions and the ability to track
toll expenses online enhance user satisfaction.
Limitations of Electronic Toll Collection
• High Initial Costs: Implementing ETC systems involves significant infrastructure investment,
including installing sensors, cameras, and other technologies, which can be a barrier for some
regions.
• Technical Issues: Reliability can be compromised due to technical failures, such as tag
malfunctions or connectivity issues, potentially leading to billing errors and user
dissatisfaction.
• Privacy Concerns: The use of ANPR and tracking technologies raises concerns about user
privacy, as these systems can track vehicle movements and habits, leading to potential misuse
of data.
Proposed Changes for Seamless Transition
• Integration of Multiple Payment Options: Implementing a unified system that accepts
various payment methods, such as mobile payments and cryptocurrency, can enhance user
convenience.
• Interoperability Between Systems: Ensuring that ETC systems across different regions and
countries can communicate with each other will facilitate seamless travel for users without
the need for multiple accounts or tags.
• Enhanced Data Security Measures: Strengthening cybersecurity protocols to protect user
data and ensure privacy can alleviate concerns associated with ETC systems.
Potential Hazards of Transition

• Technological Dependence: Increased reliance on technology may lead to vulnerabilities,
such as susceptibility to hacking or system failures, which could disrupt toll collection and
traffic management.
• User Adaptation Challenges: Transitioning to ETC systems may pose challenges for users
unfamiliar with technology, particularly in rural areas where traditional toll collection
methods are still prevalent.
• Economic Impact on Employees: The automation of toll collection could lead to job losses
for toll booth operators, necessitating retraining programs for affected workers.
By implementing proposed changes such as interoperability and enhanced data security,
governments can create a seamless toll collection experience that maximizes benefits while
minimizing risks
Q7. Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India.
Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the
government’s initiatives in this regard. (Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer
Industrial pollution of river water is a critical environmental challenge in India, where the rapid
growth of industries has led to severe contamination of major rivers such as the Ganges, Yamuna,
and Godavari. The discharge of untreated industrial effluents, including heavy metals, chemicals,
and toxic waste, poses a threat to aquatic ecosystems, human health, and agricultural
productivity.
Causes of Industrial Pollution in Rivers
• Discharge of Untreated Effluents: Many industries discharge toxic chemicals, heavy
metals, and untreated wastewater directly into rivers, leading to severe water
contamination.
• Lack of Adequate Treatment Infrastructure: Insufficient wastewater treatment plants in
industrial hubs contribute to the release of hazardous substances into water bodies.
• Poor Regulatory Enforcement: Weak implementation of environmental regulations allows
industries to bypass pollution control measures, exacerbating the issue.
Mitigation Measures to Combat Industrial Pollution
• Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Facilities: Installing and upgrading effluent treatment
plants (ETPs) and common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) in industrial zones is essential to
prevent the discharge of untreated effluents.
o The use of advanced technologies such as Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD), which ensures
no wastewater leaves the industrial plant, can further reduce pollution levels.
Approach
• Introduction: Introduce industrial pollution's impact on India's river water and
environmental significance.
• Body: Discuss causes, mitigation measures, and government initiatives to combat
industrial pollution.
• Conclusion: Summarize accordingly.

• Strict Enforcement of Environmental Regulations: Strengthening the enforcement of the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Environment Protection
Act, 1986 is necessary to hold industries accountable for polluting rivers.
o The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
should intensify inspections, impose stricter penalties, and shut down non-compliant
industries.
• Encouraging Cleaner Production Technologies: Promoting the adoption of green
technologies in industries can reduce the generation of pollutants. Industries should be
encouraged to use eco-friendly raw materials and minimize waste through resource-
efficient manufacturing processes.
o The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has been actively pushing industries toward cleaner
production, especially in highly polluting sectors such as tanneries, textiles, and
chemicals.
• Public-Private Partnerships for Pollution Control: Collaborating with private entities and
research institutions can enhance pollution control efforts. Public-private partnerships can
facilitate the development and implementation of innovative technologies to treat
industrial waste.
o The Namami Gange Programme has engaged private players to establish wastewater
treatment infrastructure, especially in regions with dense industrial activity.
• Industrial Relocation: Shifting highly polluting industries away from riverbanks to
designated industrial zones can help prevent direct pollution of river water. These industrial
zones should have comprehensive pollution control mechanisms in place, including
wastewater treatment plants.
• Increasing Awareness and Capacity Building: Conducting training and awareness
programs for industrial workers and management on the importance of pollution control can
foster a culture of environmental responsibility.
o Capacity-building initiatives by the government can help industries adopt best practices
in effluent management and regulatory compliance.
Government Initiatives to Address Industrial River Pollution
• Namami Gange Programme: Launched in 2014, this flagship initiative focuses on cleaning
the Ganga River by reducing pollution from industries, especially tanneries and chemical
plants.
o Under this program, the government has set up numerous ETPs and CETPs along
the Ganges’ industrial corridors, while strict guidelines have been issued for
effluent discharge standards.
• National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): This mission works to rejuvenate the Ganga
by addressing industrial pollution through riverfront development, pollution abatement,
and the installation of sewage treatment infrastructure.
o The NMCG has imposed penalties on non-compliant industries and worked
with state governments to ensure adherence to water quality standards.
• National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): The NRCP, an extension of the Ganga Action
Plan, focuses on pollution control in several rivers, including the Yamuna, Godavari, and
Krishna. It emphasizes the creation of effluent treatment facilities, as well as sewage
management in urban areas near rivers.
o As of 2020, the NRCP has treated over 2000 million liters of wastewater per
day across various rivers.

• Pollution Control Measures by CPCB: The CPCB has initiated the Continuous Emission
Monitoring Systems (CEMS) to monitor industrial effluents in real-time. Industries are
required to submit data on their effluent discharge, enabling better regulatory oversight.
o In 2020, the CPCB also launched a stricter framework for hazardous waste
management, compelling industries to adhere to stringent discharge norms.
By ensuring compliance with environmental standards and fostering awareness among industries,
India can protect its rivers from the detrimental effects of industrial pollution.
Q8. What role do Environmental NGOs and activists play in influencing
Environmental Impact Assessment (DIA)outcomes for major projects in India? Cite
four examples with all important details. (Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a critical process that evaluates the environmental
consequences of proposed industrial, infrastructure, or developmental projects before they are
initiated. Environmental NGOs and activists play a vital role in influencing the outcomes of EIAs
by advocating for sustainable development, raising awareness about environmental risks, and
holding industries accountable.
Role of Environmental NGOs and Activists in EIA
• Advocacy and Public Participation: Environmental NGOs and activists mobilize
communities to participate in public hearings and consultations, a key aspect of the EIA
process. They help local communities understand how proposed projects may affect their
environment, livelihood, and health, thus empowering them to voice their concerns
effectively.
• Legal Interventions: NGOs and activists often challenge EIA reports and project clearances
in courts, citing environmental violations or inadequate assessments. They use legal tools
like Public Interest Litigations (PILs) to halt projects that could cause significant
environmental damage.
• Scientific and Technical Inputs: NGOs contribute valuable technical expertise by
reviewing EIA reports and providing independent assessments. Their involvement ensures
that project proponents do not bypass environmental concerns, and they highlight any
discrepancies or omissions in the reports.
• Monitoring and Accountability: Post-clearance, NGOs and activists monitor the
implementation of environmental safeguards. They hold industries accountable if they fail
to adhere to the conditions set out in the EIA clearance, ensuring compliance with
environmental laws.
Approach
• Introduction: Define the role of NGOs and activists in shaping India's EIA outcomes.
• Body: Discuss NGO actions like advocacy, legal interventions, and scientific
contributions, with examples.

Key Examples of NGO and Activist Interventions
• POSCO Steel Plant Project, Odisha: One of the most significant examples of NGO and
activist influence on EIA outcomes is the POSCO Steel Plant in Odisha. Initially, the project
was granted clearance, but local activists, supported by NGOs like Kalpavriksh and
Greenpeace India, highlighted the potential environmental destruction, displacement of
indigenous communities, and violation of forest rights.
o These groups provided scientific data showing that the EIA report underestimated
the environmental impact on local biodiversity, leading to protests and legal
challenges. Eventually, in 2017, POSCO withdrew from the project, marking a
significant victory for environmental activism.
• Sterlite Copper Plant, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu: In 2018, the Sterlite Copper Plant was shut
down following mass protests led by local activists and supported by NGOs like Tamil Nadu
Pollution Control Board and Vanashakti. These groups raised concerns about pollution and
its impact on the health of nearby communities, alleging that the EIA process was flawed.
o The National Green Tribunal (NGT) played a critical role, and sustained protests
eventually led to the plant's closure, highlighting the importance of NGOs and
activists in ensuring that industries comply with environmental norms.
• Vedanta Bauxite Mining, Niyamgiri Hills, Odisha: The Vedanta Bauxite Mining Project
in Odisha's Niyamgiri Hills faced opposition from both local Dongria Kondh tribes and
environmental activists. ActionAid India and the Survival International NGO led a
campaign highlighting the cultural and environmental impact on the indigenous community
and biodiversity.
o The campaign focused on how the EIA failed to consider the sacredness of the hills
for the local tribes and the irreversible damage to the ecosystem. Following a
landmark ruling in 2013, the Supreme Court allowed the local community to decide
on the fate of the project, ultimately leading to its cancellation.
• Save the Western Ghats Movement: The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
has been the focus of conservation efforts by NGOs like WWF India and Western Ghats
Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP). These groups have played a crucial role in influencing EIA
outcomes for various projects, including hydroelectric dams and mining operations.
o The activism led to the recognition of the Western Ghats as an ecologically sensitive
area, and the Madhav Gadgil Committee recommended stringent regulations for
future projects. The work of these NGOs ensured that industrial projects in the
Western Ghats underwent more rigorous EIAs, protecting this biodiversity hotspot
from unchecked development.
Government and EIA Reforms
• The government has taken note of the role played by NGOs and activists in improving the
EIA process. Initiatives like the National Green Tribunal (NGT) provide legal recourse for
environmental activism. However, concerns have been raised regarding the EIA 2020 Draft,
which activists argue dilutes public participation and environmental oversight.
• The role of civil society in influencing EIA outcomes remains critical, especially in a context
where government regulation alone may not be sufficient to balance development with
environmental protection.
Moving forward, their role will remain essential in safeguarding India’s fragile ecosystems
against unsustainable industrial growth.

Q9. Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country.
Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism. (Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer
Narco-terrorism refers to the convergence of drug trafficking and terrorism, where drug profits
fund terrorist activities. This deadly nexus has emerged as a significant threat to India's national
security, public health, and economy. India, due to its proximity to major drug-producing regions
like the "Golden Crescent" (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran) and "Golden Triangle"
(Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand), faces increased risks of drug trafficking, which directly and
indirectly fuels terrorism.
The Emergence of Narco-Terrorism in India
• Strategic Location of India: India is
situated between two major narcotic-
producing regions: the Golden Crescent
and the Golden Triangle. This makes it
both a transit route and a consumer
market for narcotics, leading to
increased vulnerability to narco-
terrorism.
o Cross-border trafficking from
Pakistan, especially through Punjab,
and the northeastern states from
Myanmar, has aggravated the threat, with drug money often being funneled to terrorist
outfits operating within India.
• Use of Drug Money to Fund Terrorism: The illicit drug trade generates enormous profits,
which are used to fund terrorist operations. Terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-
Mohammed, and others have been linked to drug trafficking networks. In several
instances, drug money has been traced back to financing terror activities such as the 26/11
Mumbai attacks.
o Narcotics trafficking provides terrorist groups with both financial resources and
logistical support, enhancing their capabilities to destabilize India through acts of terror.
• Impact on Society and Public Health: Narco-terrorism not only poses a national security
threat but also endangers public health. States like Punjab and Manipur have witnessed an
alarming rise in drug addiction, especially among the youth. The easy availability of drugs
through organized networks weakens society and makes it vulnerable to terror
propaganda and recruitment.
• Criminal Syndicates and Terrorist Collaboration: Organized crime syndicates have long
been involved in both narcotics trafficking and supporting terrorist activities. The nexus
Approach
• Introduction: Define narco-terrorism and explain its increasing threat to India’s
security.
• Body: Discuss factors like drug-trafficking routes, terror financing, societal impact,
and countermeasures.

between criminals and terrorists, often facilitated by drug trade, creates a complex and
potent threat that weakens internal law and order.
o Drugs are smuggled via sea routes (Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts) and land routes
(India-Pakistan and India-Myanmar borders), further expanding the geographical scope
of narco-terrorism.
Measures to Counter Narco-Terrorism
• Strengthening Border Security
o Increased Surveillance and Patrolling: Border areas, particularly along Punjab,
Jammu & Kashmir, and the northeastern states, need advanced technology like
drones, radars, and satellite imagery for real-time surveillance.
o Cross-border Intelligence Sharing: India needs to enhance intelligence cooperation
with neighboring countries, especially Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, to
intercept drug trafficking operations before they reach Indian borders.
• Disrupting Drug-Terror Nexus
o Financial Monitoring: Agencies like the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and Financial
Intelligence Unit (FIU) should strengthen monitoring of suspicious financial
transactions to identify and block terror-financing channels derived from drug profits.
o Coordinated Law Enforcement: The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), police forces,
and anti-terror squads must collaborate effectively to dismantle drug syndicates and
their links to terror groups. The coordination between law enforcement agencies,
including intelligence agencies, needs to improve.
• Anti-drug Campaigns and Rehabilitation Programs
o Public Awareness Programs: In regions severely affected by drug addiction, such as
Punjab, Manipur, and parts of Mumbai, massive public awareness campaigns are
necessary to educate the youth about the dangers of drugs.
o Rehabilitation and De-addiction: Providing robust de-addiction and rehabilitation
centers can help reduce drug demand and weaken the grip of narco-terror networks
on vulnerable populations. Successful rehabilitation also weakens potential recruitment
bases for terrorists.
• Legal Reforms and Stringent Punishments
o Stricter Anti-Drug Laws: India should introduce stricter punishments under the
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS) for those involved in drug
trafficking, especially when linked to terrorism.
o Expedited Trials: Fast-track courts for drug and terror-related cases can ensure quick
convictions, dissuading those involved in narcotics and terrorism.
• International Collaboration
o Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation: India should continue to collaborate with
international organizations like the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC) and work closely with countries like the USA, Afghanistan, and Iran to tackle
the global drug trade.
o Extradition Agreements: Strengthening extradition treaties with key narcotic-
producing and trafficking countries will help bring fugitive traffickers and terrorists to
justice.
India must continue to enhance its counter-narco-terrorism capabilities to protect its national
security and socio-economic health.

Q10. Describe the context and salient features of the Digital Personal Data Protection
Act, 2023. (Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) marks a significant shift in India’s
approach to data privacy and protection. In an era where data has become the "new oil," the
necessity to safeguard personal information has become paramount. The DPDP Act is designed
to protect individual privacy while fostering a secure and transparent environment for digital
businesses.
Context of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
• Supreme Court’s Puttaswamy Judgment (2017): In the landmark Puttaswamy vs Union
of India case, the Supreme Court of India declared privacy as a fundamental right under
Article 21 of the Constitution. This ruling underscored the need for a legislative framework
to protect personal data.
• Rising Digital Footprint: With the rapid digitization of services, India’s digital ecosystem
has expanded significantly. India now has over 800 million internet users and is home to
one of the largest digital economies in the world. Consequently, protecting the data of
millions of citizens has become essential to ensure trust in digital platforms.
• Global Best Practices: Several global frameworks, such as the General Data Protection
Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union, have set benchmarks for data protection. The
DPDP Act seeks to align India’s data protection regulations with global standards while
addressing specific national concerns.
• Need for Consumer Protection and Digital Economy Growth: The absence of
comprehensive data protection laws left Indian consumers vulnerable to data breaches,
unauthorized data sharing, and privacy violations. The DPDP Act is aimed at providing legal
safeguards for personal data while enabling the growth of India’s digital economy.
Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
• Definition of Personal Data: The Act defines personal data as any data that relates to an
identifiable individual. This includes basic identification information, financial details,
biometric data, and more. Sensitive personal data, which includes health, financial, and
biometric information, receives additional protection.
• Rights of Data Principals (Individuals): The DPDP Act grants several rights to individuals,
termed as Data Principals, including:
o Right to Consent: Data processing must be based on the explicit, informed, and free
consent of the individual.
o Right to Access: Data Principals can request access to their personal data and the
purpose for which it is being processed.
o Right to Correction and Erasure: Individuals have the right to rectify incorrect data or
request the deletion of their data when no longer needed.
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the context or background to introduce the topic concisely.
• Body: Explain the core aspects or arguments, elaborating on key points and examples.

o Right to Data Portability: Individuals can request the transfer of their data from one
data fiduciary (organization) to another.
o Right to Grievance Redressal: The Act mandates a grievance redressal mechanism
for individuals to lodge complaints if they believe their data rights have been violated.
• Obligations of Data Fiduciaries (Companies/Organizations): Organizations that collect
and process personal data, referred to as Data Fiduciaries, have the following obligations:
o Purpose Limitation: Data must only be collected for specified, clear, and lawful
purposes.
o Data Minimization: Data collection should be limited to what is necessary for the
intended purpose.
o Storage Limitation: Personal data should not be retained for longer than necessary.
o Data Security: Fiduciaries must implement adequate security safeguards to prevent data
breaches.
• Cross-Border Data Transfers: The Act permits the transfer of personal data outside India,
but only to countries notified by the government. This marks a shift from earlier drafts that
proposed stringent data localization requirements.
• Data Protection Board of India: The Act establishes the Data Protection Board of India
(DPBI) to oversee the enforcement of the law. The DPBI will handle complaints, ensure
compliance, and levy penalties on violators.
• Penalties for Non-Compliance: The DPDP Act includes strict penalties for non-compliance,
with fines up to ₹250 crore for breaches that result in significant harm. Lesser penalties are
applicable for failures like delayed responses to data requests. This is intended to deter
both data breaches and lax data management practices by fiduciaries.
• Special Provisions for Children: For minors under the age of 18, the Act mandates that
parental consent is required for data processing. The collection of data from children must
follow strict regulations, especially when it comes to data related to online platforms.
• Exemptions: The Act provides exemptions for government agencies in the interest of
national security, public order, and sovereignty. However, the Act also mandates that such
exemptions be proportionate and not arbitrary, ensuring a balance between privacy and
state interest.
• Processing for Legitimate Interests: The DPDP Act allows for the processing of personal
data without consent in cases where it is necessary for fulfilling legitimate interests, such as
fraud prevention or network security. However, such processing must still respect the rights
of individuals.
The DPDP Act not only aligns India with global data protection standards but also addresses
the specific needs of a growing digital society, ensuring that individuals have control over their
data in a world increasingly driven by digital interactions.

Q11. Discuss the merits and demerits of the four ‘Labour Codes’ in the context of
labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard?
Model Answer
In an effort to reform and simplify the complex labour laws in India, the government has
introduced four key Labour Codes: the Code on Wages, 2019, the Industrial Relations Code,
2020, the Code on Social Security, 2020, and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working
Conditions Code, 2020. These codes aim to streamline existing laws, enhance worker rights,
and improve ease of doing business. However, their implementation has sparked debates over
their merits and demerits.
Merits of the Labour Codes
• Simplification of Laws: The consolidation of over 44 existing labour laws into four codes
simplifies the legal framework, making it easier for employers and employees to understand
their rights and obligations.
o This reduction in legal complexity is expected to enhance compliance and reduce
litigation.
• Increased Flexibility for Employers: The Industrial Relations Code facilitates easier hiring
and firing of employees, thereby allowing businesses to adapt quickly to changing market
conditions.
o The codes encourage informal employment, which can lead to job creation in sectors
that are currently heavily regulated.
• Enhanced Employee Rights: The Code on Wages establishes a national minimum wage
and ensures timely payment of wages, thereby improving the economic security of workers.
o The Codes enhance provisions for social security, including maternity benefits, and
provide greater protection for gig and platform workers.
• Promotion of Ease of Doing Business: By reducing regulatory burdens, the Labour Codes
aim to create a more conducive environment for businesses, potentially attracting foreign
investment.
o The codes are expected to streamline the compliance process, thereby encouraging
entrepreneurship and innovation.
Demerits of the Labour Codes
• Worker Protections Undermined: Critics argue that the flexibility granted to employers
may lead to job insecurity for workers, particularly in an economy with high informal
employment.
o Provisions allowing easier layoffs may weaken the bargaining power of workers
and lead to exploitation.
• Challenges in Implementation: The effective implementation of the codes requires
significant administrative capacity and resources, which may be lacking in many states.
Approach
• Introduction: Introduce the significance of the Labour Codes and their implications for
India's labour market.
• Body: Discuss the merits and demerits of the Labour Codes with examples and progress.

o States may have different interpretations of the codes, leading to inconsistencies
in enforcement.
• Lack of Comprehensive Coverage: The Codes may not adequately cover all categories of
workers, particularly in the informal sector, which constitutes a significant portion of India’s
workforce.
o Exclusions in the codes can result in gaps in protection for vulnerable worker groups.
• Resistance from Trade Unions: Labour unions have expressed concerns over the potential
erosion of hard-won rights and protections. This resistance may lead to industrial unrest
and conflicts between workers and employers.
Progress in Implementation
• Legislative Approval: The four Labour Codes were passed by Parliament in 2020, marking
a significant legislative milestone. However, their effective implementation still requires
the framing of rules and regulations at both the central and state levels.
• State-Level Action: As of now, several states have begun drafting their own rules in
alignment with the Labour Codes, but there has been varied progress across the country.
Some states have been proactive, while others lag behind.
• Awareness and Training: Efforts are underway to educate both employers and
employees about the provisions of the new codes. However, the outreach and effectiveness
of these initiatives remain to be seen.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: The government is expected to establish monitoring
mechanisms to assess the impact of the Labour Codes on the workforce and the economy.
This will be crucial to ensure that the intended benefits are realized.
To achieve the desired outcomes, it is essential to strike a balance between flexibility for
employers and protection for workers, ensuring that labour market reforms contribute to inclusive
growth in India.
Q12. What is the need for expanding the regional air connectivity in India? In this
context, discuss the government’s UDAN Scheme and its achievements.
Model Answer
Expanding regional air connectivity is essential for fostering economic growth, enhancing tourism,
and improving access to remote areas in India. The UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) scheme
was launched by the Indian government in 2016 to promote regional air connectivity and make
air travel affordable and accessible to the common man. This initiative aims to connect
underserved and unserved airports, ensuring that air travel becomes a viable option for all.
Need for Expanding Regional Air Connectivity
• Economic Growth:
o Boosts Local Economies: Improved regional air connectivity can stimulate local
businesses by allowing easier access to markets and resources. It can also attract
Approach
• Introduction: The need for expanding regional air connectivity in India is crucial for
growth.
• Body: Discuss the UDAN scheme, its features, achievements, and its economic impact.

investments, both domestic and foreign, into regions that were previously difficult to
reach. This influx of investment can lead to job creation and overall economic
development.
o Improves Accessibility: Quick and efficient air travel allows easier access to markets,
which is vital for agricultural and manufacturing sectors. For example, farmers can
transport their produce quickly to urban markets, reducing spoilage and increasing
profit margins.
• Tourism Development:
o Promotes Tourism: Enhanced air connectivity can open up remote tourist destinations
that were previously inaccessible, significantly boosting the tourism sector. For instance,
regions like Ladakh and the Andaman Islands have seen an increase in tourist footfall
due to better flight connections.
o Cultural Exchange: Improved connectivity facilitates cultural exchanges, which can
foster national integration and understanding. Tourists visiting lesser-known
destinations can also help promote local culture and heritage.
• Social Inclusion:
o Access to Services: Better air connectivity allows residents in remote areas to access
essential services such as healthcare, education, and emergency services more
efficiently. For instance, patients requiring urgent medical attention can be airlifted
to major hospitals in metropolitan areas.
o Disaster Management: Quick air transport can be crucial during emergencies and
disasters, allowing for faster response times and delivery of relief materials. The
ability to reach remote areas swiftly can save lives during natural disasters.
The UDAN Scheme
• Objectives:
o Enhance Regional Connectivity: The scheme aims to connect 100 unserved and
underserved airports across India, promoting affordable air travel and ensuring that
even remote areas are linked to the national air transport network.
o Foster Inclusivity: By targeting economically weaker sections of society, UDAN
seeks to make air travel a viable option for all citizens, not just the affluent.
• Key Features:
o Subsidized Airfares: The government provides financial subsidies to airlines for
operating on specific routes, keeping ticket prices affordable, with a cap on fares
for specific routes. This approach aims to reduce air travel costs to as low as ₹2,500
for an hour-long flight.
o Viability Gap Funding: The scheme provides financial support to operators on
selected routes to ensure service viability. This is particularly important for routes
that may not be commercially viable initially but have the potential for growth.
o Airports Development: Upgradation of regional airports and infrastructure
development to accommodate increased traffic, including better terminal facilities
and runway enhancements, is a critical part of the scheme.
• Achievements:
o Route Operationalization: As of 2023, over 450 routes have been awarded under
the UDAN scheme, significantly increasing air connectivity. This expansion has

helped connect various state capitals and remote regions, making air travel more
accessible.
o New Airlines and Operators: The scheme has led to the entry of new airlines,
enhancing competition and service quality. More operators mean more choices for
consumers, leading to better service standards.
o Increased Passenger Traffic: UDAN has resulted in a significant increase in
regional passenger traffic, with millions of passengers benefiting from lower fares
and new routes. For instance, passenger traffic at certain regional airports has seen
a growth of over 200%.
• Success Stories:
o North-East Connectivity: UDAN has notably improved air travel in the Northeast,
connecting remote locations to major cities, thereby supporting local economies.
The region, often isolated due to geographical challenges, has experienced
increased accessibility and economic opportunities.
o Tourism Growth: Regions like Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Himachal
Pradesh have seen a surge in tourism due to better connectivity. This has resulted in
the development of local infrastructure, boosting both tourism and related sectors
such as hospitality and retail.
By addressing infrastructural challenges and enhancing operational efficiency, the government
can further strengthen regional air connectivity, ultimately benefiting millions of Indians.
Q13. What are the major challenges faced by the Indian irrigation system in recent
times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation
management. (Answer in 250 words)
Model Answer
The Indian irrigation system plays a crucial role in supporting the country’s agricultural sector,
which employs about 58% of the population. However, this system faces several significant
challenges that hinder its efficiency and effectiveness, impacting food security and farmer
livelihoods. With the looming threat of climate change, water scarcity, and outdated practices,
addressing these challenges is imperative.
Major Challenges Faced by the Indian Irrigation System
• Water Scarcity:
o Decreasing Water Resources: Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population
growth have led to the over-extraction of groundwater, resulting in a decline in water
Approach
• Introduction: Indian irrigation faces challenges affecting agriculture and food
security.
• Body: Discuss major challenges and government measures for improved irrigation.

levels. According to the Central Ground Water Board, about 60% of India’s districts face
groundwater depletion.
o Seasonal Variability: Dependence on monsoon rains makes irrigation unpredictable.
Erratic rainfall patterns due to climate change exacerbate the water scarcity issue, leaving
farmers vulnerable during dry spells.
• Inefficient Water Management:
o Old Infrastructure: Many irrigation systems rely on outdated technology, leading to
significant water losses. For example, open canals experience evaporation and seepage,
wasting a substantial amount of water.
o Poor Distribution: Unequal distribution of water resources often leaves many areas
underserved. Farmers in remote regions struggle to access irrigation facilities, while others
may face over-irrigation.
• Lack of Modernization:
o Low Adoption of Technology: The slow uptake of modern irrigation technologies like
drip and sprinkler systems limits water efficiency. Traditional flood irrigation practices
still dominate, leading to overuse and wastage.
o Limited Research and Development: Insufficient investment in research and innovation
hampers the development of sustainable irrigation practices that could adapt to
changing climatic conditions.
• Policy and Institutional Challenges:
o Fragmented Policies: The absence of a cohesive national irrigation policy leads to
inconsistent approaches and implementations across states, resulting in varied success
rates.
o Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies hinder the
proper implementation of irrigation projects and schemes, often leading to substandard
work and resource misallocation.
Measures Taken by the Government for Efficient Irrigation Management
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):
o Objective: Launched in 2014, this mission aims to enhance agricultural productivity
through sustainable practices. It focuses on improving water use efficiency and
promoting modern irrigation techniques.
o Financial Support: The government provides financial assistance for implementing
efficient irrigation systems and technologies, encouraging farmers to adopt practices
like drip and sprinkler irrigation.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY):
o Integrated Approach: Initiated in 2015, PMKSY aims to provide irrigation facilities
to every farm through a mix of surface and groundwater resources.
o Water Conservation: The scheme emphasizes the construction of rainwater harvesting
structures, check dams, and micro-irrigation to enhance water conservation and usage
efficiency.
• Jal Shakti Abhiyan:
o Awareness Campaign: Launched in 2019, this campaign aims to promote water
conservation and rainwater harvesting. It seeks to raise awareness about the
importance of efficient water management among farmers and local communities.

o Community Participation: The initiative encourages community involvement in
watershed management and sustainable practices to ensure local ownership and
accountability.
• Digital Technologies and Data-Driven Solutions:
o Soil Health Cards: Issued to farmers, these cards provide information on soil health
and nutrient management, promoting the efficient use of water and fertilizers.
o Remote Sensing and GIS: The use of satellite technology for real-time monitoring of
water resources and irrigation systems helps improve planning and management.
Continued commitment and innovation in irrigation management are vital for securing the
agricultural future of the country.
Q14. Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in
India. What are the challenges associated with the storage of buffer stock? Discuss.
Model Answer
Buffer stocks play a crucial role in stabilizing agricultural prices in India, a country where
agriculture employs nearly 58% of the population and significantly contributes to the GDP. By
maintaining a reserve of essential commodities, the government can intervene in the market to
prevent extreme price fluctuations, thereby ensuring food security and protecting farmers’
incomes. However, the effectiveness of buffer stocks is often undermined by challenges
associated with their storage, management, and distribution.
Importance of Buffer Stocks
• Price Stabilization:
o Mitigating Price Fluctuations: Buffer stocks help stabilize prices by increasing supply
during periods of high demand or poor harvests. This prevents inflation and protects
consumers from exorbitant prices.
o Market Intervention: The government can release buffer stocks into the market when
prices soar, thus bringing them down. For example, during the 2020 COVID-19
pandemic, the release of buffer stocks of wheat and rice helped control prices.
• Food Security:
o Ensuring Availability: Buffer stocks ensure that essential food items are available
during shortages, protecting vulnerable populations from hunger. The Food Corporation
of India (FCI) plays a pivotal role in maintaining these stocks.
o Support during Natural Calamities: In times of drought or floods, buffer stocks can be
crucial for providing food to affected populations, thus playing a vital role in national
food security.
• Income Support for Farmers:
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the significance of buffer stocks in agricultural price stabilization.
• Body: Explain the importance, challenges, and strategies for effective management.

o Minimum Support Price (MSP): Buffer stocks are often tied to the MSP mechanism,
where the government buys crops at predetermined prices to protect farmers from
market volatility. This encourages farmers to produce more and invest in agriculture.
o Reduction in Exploitation: By ensuring a minimum price, buffer stocks reduce the
exploitation of farmers by middlemen and prevent distress sales.
• Encouraging Strategic Production:
o Predictable Farming Decisions: When farmers know that the government will procure
their produce at guaranteed prices, they are more likely to invest in higher-yielding
varieties and sustainable farming practices.
o Balanced Regional Development: Buffer stocks promote the cultivation of food grains
in less developed regions, ensuring that all parts of the country contribute to food
security.
Challenges Associated with Buffer Stock Storage
• Inadequate Storage Infrastructure:
o Limited Capacity: India suffers from a lack of adequate storage facilities.
According to the Ministry of Food and Consumer Affairs, about 40% of the stored
food grains are at risk of spoilage due to inadequate infrastructure.
o Quality Issues: Poor storage conditions can lead to the deterioration of food
quality, resulting in economic losses. For instance, inadequate ventilation and
humidity control can cause fungal infestations and spoilage.
• Financial Burden:
o Cost of Maintenance: Maintaining buffer stocks incurs significant costs for the
government, including storage, transport, and administration. This financial burden
can strain government resources, especially during economic downturns.
o Market Distortion: Continuous government intervention through buffer stocks can
lead to price distortions, making it difficult for private players to compete in the
agricultural market.
• Inefficient Management:
o Corruption and Mismanagement: Instances of corruption in the procurement and
distribution of buffer stocks can undermine their effectiveness. Reports of leakages
and diversions of food grains are not uncommon.
o Lack of Transparency: A lack of transparent systems in inventory management can
lead to inefficiencies and inconsistencies in how buffer stocks are utilized and
reported.
• Changing Consumption Patterns:
o Shift in Dietary Preferences: With changing dietary patterns, particularly in urban
areas, reliance on traditional staple crops may decline. This can render buffer stocks
of certain grains less effective, as seen with the increasing demand for fruits,
vegetables, and processed foods.
• Climate Change Impacts:
o Unpredictable Weather Patterns: Climate change can lead to erratic agricultural
yields, complicating the buffer stock strategy. Unpredictable harvests make it
challenging to maintain adequate stock levels, leading to potential shortages.
By overcoming these challenges, India can bolster its agricultural framework and ensure a
sustainable and resilient food system for the future.

Q15. The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are
the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three
such technologies citing their key merits and demerits. (Answer in 250 words)
Model Answer
The global water crisis is one of the most pressing challenges of our time, characterized by an
acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. With nearly 2 billion people currently living in
countries experiencing high water stress, the need for sustainable and innovative solutions has
never been more urgent.
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FRESHWATER SOLUTIONS
Desalination
Desalination involves the removal of salt and other impurities from seawater to produce
freshwater. This technology is particularly relevant for coastal regions facing water scarcity.
Technology Merits Demerits
Desalination - Abundant source of freshwater
from seawater.
- High energy consumption leading to
greenhouse gas emissions.
- Technological advancements
reduce costs and increase
efficiency.
- Environmental concerns due to brine
discharge affecting marine ecosystems.
- Provides reliable water source
in drought-affected regions.
- High initial setup and operational costs
make it less accessible for developing
nations.
Photocatalytic Water Purification
This innovative method utilizes light energy to drive chemical reactions that purify water. It holds
promise for addressing water quality issues.
Photocatalytic
Water Purification
- Efficiently removes
contaminants using light
energy, promoting
sustainability.
- Technology is still emerging; large-
scale application may face technical
challenges.
- Low energy consumption
compared to traditional
methods.
- Effectiveness can be influenced by
environmental conditions, such as
light intensity.
- Minimal chemical usage,
reducing harmful byproducts.
- Limited by the availability of
sunlight, making it less effective in
cloudy or urban environments.
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the global freshwater crisis and its urgency for solutions.
• Body: Explain three technologies addressing water scarcity and their effectiveness.

Automatic Variable Filtration
This technology uses automated systems to adapt filtration processes based on changing water
quality, ensuring consistent output.
Automatic
Variable
Filtration
- Continuous filtration process
ensures consistent water quality.
- Requires regular maintenance and
monitoring for optimal performance.
- Can adapt to varying water
quality, making it versatile for
different applications.
- Initial investment in automated
systems can be high, limiting adoption
in low-resource settings.
- Reduces labor costs and human
error through automation.
- Dependence on mechanical parts
increases the potential for system
failures.
Only through such comprehensive strategies can we hope to secure a reliable and safe
freshwater supply for future generations.
Q16. What are asteroids? How real is the threat of them causing extinction of life?
What strategies have been developed to prevent such a catastrophe? (Answer in 250
words)
Model Answer
Asteroids, often referred to as "minor planets," are rocky, airless remnants from the early
formation of the solar system. They primarily orbit the Sun, with the majority located in the
Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. These celestial bodies vary in size, ranging from a
few meters to hundreds of kilometers in diameter, and can be composed of materials such as
rock, metal, and ice.
The Nature of Asteroids
Asteroids are remnants from the early
solar system, composed primarily of
rock, metal, and other materials.
They can be classified into different
categories based on their composition:
• C-type (carbonaceous): These
are the most common types of
asteroids, constituting about 75%
of known asteroids. They are rich
in carbon and organic
compounds and are believed to
contain some of the building blocks of life.
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the significance of asteroids and their potential threat.
• Body: Explain asteroid characteristics, historical impacts, and prevention strategies
developed.

• S-type (silicaceous): Composed mainly of silicate minerals and metals, S-type asteroids
make up about 17% of asteroids. They are generally found in the inner asteroid belt and
are thought to be derived from the crusts of differentiated bodies.
• M-type (metallic): Comprised predominantly of metal, primarily nickel and iron, these
asteroids are less common but are of significant interest for potential mining opportunities.
Asteroids can have irregular shapes and are often covered in craters from past collisions,
showcasing their tumultuous history. While most asteroids orbit in the asteroid belt, some have
orbits that bring them close to Earth, categorized as Near-Earth Objects (NEOs). NEOs are
particularly important because they have the potential to enter Earth's atmosphere and cause
significant damage upon impact.
The Threat of Asteroids
The threat posed by asteroids is both real and significant. The risk of an asteroid impact causing
mass extinction is underscored by the K-Pg event approximately 66 million years ago, where
a 6-mile-wide asteroid struck the Yucatán Peninsula. This catastrophic event led to the extinction
of approximately 75% of Earth's species, including the dinosaurs, fundamentally reshaping the
planet's biological landscape.
Current Assessments of Risk:
• The NASA Near-Earth Object Program actively tracks over 25,000 NEOs, focusing on
identifying those that could pose a threat to Earth. This includes monitoring their orbits and
calculating the probability of potential impacts.
• The Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) has been established to coordinate
efforts to detect and mitigate potential asteroid threats. This office collaborates with various
national and international agencies to enhance preparedness for asteroid impacts.
Strategies for Prevention
Various strategies have been developed to prevent a potential catastrophe from an asteroid
impact:
• Early Detection and Monitoring:
o Ground-based telescopes: Instruments like the Pan-STARRS (Panoramic Survey
Telescope and Rapid Response System) and Catalina Sky Survey continuously monitor
the sky for new NEOs. These observatories provide crucial data for tracking potential
threats.
o Space-based observatories: NASA's NEOWISE mission, launched in 2009, surveys the
sky to identify and characterize asteroids, improving our understanding of their size,
composition, and potential risk.
• Deflection Techniques:
o Kinetic Impactor: This strategy involves sending a spacecraft to collide with an asteroid
at high speed, effectively changing its trajectory. The DART (Double Asteroid
Redirection Test) mission, launched in November 2021, aims to demonstrate this
technique by impacting an asteroid to test our ability to redirect its path.
o Gravity Tractor: A spacecraft could hover near an asteroid, using its gravitational pull
to gradually alter the asteroid's path over time. This method requires a prolonged
engagement with the asteroid and could be used on larger bodies.
o Nuclear Disruption: Though controversial, detonating a nuclear device near an asteroid
could change its course. This method poses risks of fragmentation, potentially creating
multiple smaller, but still hazardous, pieces.

• International Collaboration:
o Global efforts to address asteroid threats involve collaboration between space agencies
worldwide. Initiatives like the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) aim to
facilitate information sharing and coordination in monitoring NEOs.
o The Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment (AIDA) project represents a joint effort
between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) to explore and test asteroid
deflection techniques through coordinated missions.
As scientific research progresses, humanity's understanding and capability to manage asteroid
threats will continue to evolve, underscoring the importance of proactive measures in
safeguarding our future.
Q17. What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of
a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030). (Answer in 250 words)
Model Answer
Disaster resilience refers to the capacity of individuals, communities, and systems to effectively
prepare for, respond to, recover from, and adapt to the impacts of disasters. Disasters can be
natural, such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, or human-induced, like industrial accidents
and terrorism. The importance of disaster resilience lies in its ability to minimize the socio-
economic impacts of these events, protect lives, maintain essential services, and ensure the
sustainability of communities in the face of adversity.
Determining Disaster Resilience
Disaster resilience is determined by a combination of various factors:
• Vulnerability Assessments: This involves understanding the susceptibility of populations
and infrastructure to various hazards. Vulnerability assessments help identify the most at-
risk areas and populations, enabling targeted interventions.
• Risk Assessments: A comprehensive risk assessment includes identifying hazards,
analyzing exposure levels, and understanding the potential impacts on communities and
infrastructure. This process is critical for gauging resilience levels and prioritizing resources.
• Adaptive Capacity: The ability of communities to adjust to changes—whether they are
environmental, economic, or social—plays a vital role in resilience. Communities with strong
adaptive capacities are better equipped to manage and recover from disasters.
• Institutional Capacity: Effective governance, policies, and institutional frameworks
significantly influence disaster resilience. Strong institutions can facilitate efficient
coordination, resource allocation, and community engagement during disaster
management.
Elements of a Resilience Framework
A comprehensive disaster resilience framework encompasses several key elements:
Approach
• Intro: Discuss the significance of disaster resilience in managing risks effectively.
• Body: Explain various elements of a resilience framework and their importance.

• Preparedness:
o Emergency Planning: Developing comprehensive disaster response plans tailored to
different scenarios ensures that communities are ready to act when disasters strike. This
includes identifying evacuation routes, emergency shelters, and communication strategies.
o Training and Drills: Regular training and simulations for emergency responders and
community members enhance readiness and foster a culture of preparedness. Drills help
familiarize individuals with emergency procedures and build confidence in their response
capabilities.
• Response:
o Rapid Assessment: Quick evaluations of the disaster's impact are crucial for informing
effective response efforts. This involves assessing damages, identifying needs, and
coordinating assistance to affected populations.
o Resource Mobilization: Efficiently mobilizing resources—such as personnel, equipment,
and financial support—ensures a timely and effective response. This may include local,
national, and international aid efforts.
• Recovery:
o Reconstruction: The process of rebuilding infrastructure and restoring services to pre-
disaster levels—or improving them—is vital for community recovery. Recovery efforts
should consider long-term resilience and incorporate lessons learned from past disasters.
o Community Engagement: Involving affected communities in recovery planning ensures
that their needs and preferences are prioritized, leading to more effective and
sustainable recovery outcomes.
• Mitigation:
o Hazard Reduction: Implementing proactive measures, such as land-use planning, flood
defenses, and retrofitting buildings, reduces the severity of potential disasters. These
measures not only protect infrastructure but also enhance community safety.
o Awareness and Education: Educating communities about risks and promoting proactive
measures are essential for reducing vulnerability. Awareness campaigns can empower
individuals to take personal responsibility for their safety and preparedness.
• Adaptation:
o Climate Change Resilience: Developing strategies to adapt to changing climate
conditions and mitigate the impacts of climate-related disasters is essential. This may
involve infrastructure upgrades, changing agricultural practices, and enhancing water
management systems.
o Sustainable Development: Integrating resilience-building into development planning
ensures that communities can withstand future shocks while promoting economic growth
and environmental sustainability.
Global Targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030): The
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is a pivotal global initiative
aimed at reducing disaster risks and enhancing resilience. It outlines four key priorities and seven
global targets:
Priorities:
• Understanding Disaster Risk: Enhancing disaster risk assessment and management to
improve preparedness and response capabilities.

• Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance: Promoting inclusive risk governance that involves
all stakeholders at local, national, and global levels.
• Investing in Disaster
Risk Reduction for
Resilience: Allocating
resources effectively
to initiatives that build
long-term resilience
within communities
and infrastructure.
• Enhancing Disaster
Preparedness for
Effective Response:
Improving
preparedness and
response mechanisms through training, resources, and planning.
Global Targets:
• Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030: This target aims to save lives by
minimizing fatalities caused by disasters.
• Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030: This involves
decreasing the total number of people impacted by disasters, ensuring safer living
conditions.
• Reduce direct economic losses in relation to global GDP: This target seeks to minimize
financial losses from disasters, contributing to economic stability.
• Reduce damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services: Protecting
essential services ensures that communities can recover more quickly after disasters.
• Increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction
strategies: Promoting comprehensive strategies at all levels strengthens resilience.
• Enhance international cooperation for developing countries: Facilitating support for
developing nations helps them build their capacity to manage disaster risks effectively.
• Substantially increase the availability of timely and disaster risk information: Ensuring
access to information is crucial for informed decision-making and preparedness.
The Sendai Framework serves as a global roadmap for reducing disaster risks and promoting
resilience, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts at local, national, and international
levels.

Q18. Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the
causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two
decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling
such floods. (Answer in 250 words)
Model Answer
Urban flooding has emerged as a significant climate-induced disaster in India. With rapid
urbanization, changing weather patterns, and insufficient infrastructure, Indian cities are
increasingly vulnerable to floods. The recurrence of extreme rainfall events, unplanned urban
growth, and poor drainage systems have exacerbated the risk.
Causes of Urban Flooding
• Climate Change and Extreme Rainfall Events: The rise in global temperatures has led to
increased frequency and intensity of rainfall events. Unpredictable and heavy downpours
overwhelm the drainage systems of cities, causing severe flooding. For example, the Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD) recorded increased extreme rainfall events between
2001 and 2020, particularly during the monsoon season.
• Unplanned Urbanization: Rapid urbanization has transformed natural water-retention
areas like lakes and wetlands into concrete structures, reducing the city’s ability to absorb
water. Cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru have witnessed a massive reduction
in green cover, compounding flood risks.
• Inadequate Drainage Systems: Indian cities often rely on outdated and insufficient
drainage infrastructure. The drainage systems in many cities, designed decades ago, are
unable to cope with the growing population and increased construction activities.
Encroachment on stormwater drains is a common issue.
• Loss of Water Bodies and Wetlands: Wetlands and lakes act as natural buffers against
floods by absorbing excess rainwater. However, due to unchecked construction, water
bodies have been reduced drastically in urban areas. Bengaluru, once a city of lakes, has
lost over 200 lakes to urban expansion, making it more prone to floods.
• Solid Waste Management Issues: Poor waste management practices, such as the dumping
of garbage into stormwater drains, exacerbate the flood risk. Blocked drains hinder the
smooth flow of water, creating bottlenecks that lead to waterlogging.
Major Floods in India
• Mumbai Floods (2005): On July 26, 2005, Mumbai received over 944 mm of rainfall in
24 hours. The resulting floods caused massive loss of life (over 1000 fatalities) and property
damage. The city’s outdated drainage system, poor urban planning, and encroachments on
natural waterways were major contributors.
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the emergence of urban flooding due to climate change and
urbanization.
• Body: Explain the causes, highlight two major floods, and describe government policies
tackling them.

• Chennai Floods (2015): The Chennai floods of 2015 were triggered by heavy rains, with
over 1200 mm of rainfall recorded in a single month. The floods affected over 3 million
people, leading to an estimated economic loss of ₹20,000 crores.
Government Policies and Frameworks to Tackle Urban Flooding
• National Disaster Management Guidelines for Urban Flooding (2010): These guidelines,
formulated by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), emphasize measures
like improving urban drainage systems, creating flood forecasting and early warning
systems, and encouraging sustainable urban planning. The guidelines also stress the
importance of preserving natural water bodies and floodplains.
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): The AMRUT scheme
aims to improve urban infrastructure, including stormwater drainage systems, in 500 cities
across India. The scheme focuses on capacity building, water supply augmentation, and
urban green spaces to enhance flood resilience.
• Smart Cities Mission: The Smart Cities Mission aims to promote sustainable urban
development through technology-enabled solutions, including flood monitoring and water
management systems. Cities like Pune and Surat have implemented real-time flood
monitoring systems to mitigate the impact of floods.
• National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): This mission emphasizes restoring and
conserving urban rivers, which play a critical role in flood management. River rejuvenation
projects, such as those in Varanasi and Patna, aim to reduce flood risks by improving the
ecological health of urban water bodies.
• Climate-Resilient Urban Planning: Recent policies emphasize integrating climate resilience
into urban planning. This includes identifying flood-prone zones, constructing retention
ponds, and designing climate-resilient buildings.
Only through a collaborative approach can India effectively manage this emerging climate-
induced disaster.
Q19. India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with
contentious issues. Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the
border. Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the
Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and
Management (BIM) Scheme. (Answer in 250 words)
Model Answer
India shares long and troubled borders with China and Pakistan, with each boundary fraught
with historical, geopolitical, and security challenges. Border disputes, infiltration, and armed
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the complexities of India's borders with China and Pakistan,
highlighting historical and security challenges.
• Body: Explain the conflicting issues along these borders and detail initiatives like
BADP and BIM.

conflicts have created ongoing tensions, making these areas a focal point for India's security
apparatus. The Government of India has implemented policies like the Border Area
Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme
to strengthen security and promote development in these regions.
Conflicting Issues and Security Challenges along the Borders
• India-China Border Dispute
o The primary point of contention with China is the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This
undefined border has been a source of conflict since the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
o The Aksai Chin area, which China controls but India claims, remains disputed. Recent
tensions, such as the Galwan
Valley clash in 2020, have
reignited hostilities,
underlining the ongoing
challenge of patrolling and
securing a volatile, high-
altitude border.
• Security Challenges:
o The terrain along the LAC is
remote and mountainous,
making infrastructure
development and
surveillance difficult. China
has developed advanced
infrastructure on its side, while
India's focus has been on catching up, leading to vulnerabilities.
o The increasing presence of both military personnel and weaponized technology, such as
UAVs, compounds the
tension. Incursions,
confrontations, and military
standoffs have become more
frequent in recent years.
o India-Pakistan Border
Issues
The Line of Control (LoC) in
Jammu & Kashmir remains
the most contested stretch
between India and Pakistan.
o The Kashmir conflict—
rooted in the partition of
1947—has been a
flashpoint for wars,
skirmishes, and cross-border terrorism. Pakistan-backed insurgencies and infiltration
attempts to destabilize Jammu & Kashmir have increased security risks.
• Security Challenges:
o Infiltration by terrorist groups, ceasefire violations, and the presence of militant camps
across the LoC pose a significant challenge to India's internal security.

o Frequent shelling affects local civilians, disrupts normal life, and creates an unstable
environment in the border areas. The threat of nuclear escalation in the region also
remains a major security concern.
Development Initiatives under BADP and BIM
Border Area Development Programme (BADP): Introduced in the 7th Five Year Plan (1986-
87), BADP aims to ensure balanced development in border areas and improve the living
conditions of people living near sensitive regions.
• Key Features:
o Infrastructure Development: Roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals are being built to
improve connectivity and access to essential services.
o Livelihood Opportunities: Employment generation schemes, such as promoting self-
help groups and cottage industries, aim to reduce the out-migration of youth.
o Health and Education: Special focus is placed on healthcare infrastructure and
educational facilities to uplift marginalized communities in border areas.
o Security Measures: BADP also supports the construction of security-related
infrastructure, such as bunkers for civilian protection and the installation of
surveillance equipment.
• Challenges: Despite its objectives, BADP faces issues like inadequate funding, difficult
terrain, and slow project implementation due to administrative bottlenecks and a lack of
local governance support.
Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme: This scheme focuses on developing and
upgrading infrastructure along India's international borders to improve security and facilitate
better border management.
• Key Features:
o Road and Rail Infrastructure: Constructing all-weather roads, strategic railway lines,
and airstrips to ensure faster troop mobilization and supply lines.
o Border Fencing: Strengthening border fencing along sensitive stretches to deter
infiltration, particularly along the India-Bangladesh and India-Pakistan borders.
o Technological Enhancements: Installation of advanced surveillance systems, such as
thermal imaging cameras, night-vision devices, and radar systems, to detect and
prevent incursions and illegal crossings.
• Achievements: The BIM scheme has successfully shortened response times for border
forces, reduced infiltration attempts, and improved the mobility of troops in critical border
areas.
To effectively manage these areas, the government must continue to invest in strategic
infrastructure and develop local capacities, ensuring that both security and development
progress hand in hand.

Q20. Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security
challenge. What measures have been adopted at various levels to address the
security implications of social media? Also suggest any other remedies to address
the problem. (Answer in 250 words)
Model Answer
n the digital age, social media and encrypted messaging services have transformed the way
individuals communicate, share information, and interact. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and
WhatsApp have become integral to personal and professional communication. However, these
platforms also pose significant security challenges that can have far-reaching implications for
individuals and nations alike.
SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Misinformation and Disinformation
• The rapid spread of false information on social media can influence public opinion, disrupt
elections, and incite violence. Misinformation campaigns have been used effectively in
various contexts, including the 2016 U.S. presidential elections and the Brexit referendum.
• The COVID-19 pandemic showcased how misinformation regarding health guidelines,
treatments, and vaccines proliferated on social media platforms. A study by the World
Health Organization (WHO) noted that misinformation related to COVID-19 spread faster
than the virus itself, highlighting the urgent need for effective management strategies.
Privacy Concerns
• User data is often harvested without informed consent, leading to privacy breaches that
can have dire consequences. High-profile data leaks, such as the Cambridge Analytica
scandal, have raised alarms about how personal data can be misused for political targeting
and manipulation.
• The Data Protection Laws in various countries aim to mitigate these concerns, but
enforcement remains a challenge, especially in regions with weaker regulatory frameworks.
Cybersecurity Threats
• Social media platforms are frequent targets for cyberattacks, including hacking, identity
theft, and phishing scams. Cybercriminals exploit social media’s vast reach to conduct scams
that can affect millions of users.
• Encrypted messaging services, while providing privacy, can also hinder law enforcement's
ability to combat cybercrime and terrorism. The end-to-end encryption feature, while
securing user communication, complicates authorities' ability to investigate criminal
activities effectively.
Approach
• Introduction: Discuss the impact of social media on security and communication
challenges.
• Body: Explain the measures taken and suggest additional remedies to enhance safety.

MEASURES ADOPTED TO ADDRESS SECURITY IMPLICATIONS
Regulatory Frameworks
• Government Regulations: Many countries have implemented laws to regulate the use of
social media. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe
mandates strict data protection measures and gives users more control over their personal
information.
• Social Media Companies’ Policies: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have
developed community guidelines to combat hate speech, misinformation, and harmful
content. These platforms have also instituted penalties for users who violate these guidelines.
Content Moderation and Fact-Checking
• Automated Tools: Social media platforms employ AI-driven algorithms to detect and flag
inappropriate content, reducing the spread of harmful information. For instance, Facebook
uses machine learning to identify fake accounts and malicious content.
• Partnerships with Fact-Checkers: Collaborations with third-party organizations to verify
claims made on their platforms are increasingly common. For example, Facebook has
partnered with organizations like PolitiFact to fact-check news articles and posts.
Enhanced User Privacy Controls
• User Empowerment: Social media platforms are introducing features that allow users to
control their privacy settings more effectively. For instance, WhatsApp’s end-to-end
encryption ensures that only the sender and recipient can read the messages.
• Transparency Reports: Companies are increasingly publishing transparency reports to
disclose government requests for data and how they handle user data, fostering greater
accountability.
Collaboration Between Governments and Tech Companies
• Public-Private Partnerships: Governments are engaging with tech companies to create
strategic responses to misinformation and cyber threats. Initiatives like the EU’s Code of
Practice on Disinformation aim to enhance cooperation among stakeholders.
• International Cooperation: Global platforms are encouraged to adopt consistent policies
across borders. Forums like the G7 and G20 focus on international strategies to combat
online threats collaboratively.
SUGGESTED REMEDIES TO ADDRESS SECURITY ISSUES
Improved Digital Literacy
• Education Programs: Implement comprehensive digital literacy programs to educate users
on identifying misinformation, protecting their privacy, and understanding the implications
of their online actions. Schools and community organizations can play a crucial role in
fostering digital literacy from an early age.
• Awareness Campaigns: Governments and NGOs can run campaigns to inform users about
the risks associated with social media and how to navigate them safely. Campaigns can
include practical tips on recognizing fake news and protecting personal information online.
Strengthening Cybersecurity Protocols
• Investing in Cybersecurity: Organizations should enhance their cybersecurity measures,
including regular audits and employing robust encryption standards. Investing in advanced
security technologies can mitigate the risks of cyberattacks.

• Incident Response Teams: Establish dedicated teams to respond to security breaches swiftly
and mitigate the impact of cyber incidents. These teams can also work on creating
awareness among employees about best practices for online security.
Enhanced Regulation of Encrypted Messaging Services
• Balancing Privacy and Security: Governments need to engage in dialogues with tech
companies to find a balance between user privacy and the necessity for law enforcement
access to data for legitimate purposes. Developing guidelines that respect user privacy
while allowing for lawful access is essential.
• Implementation of a Framework: Create frameworks that outline how encrypted
communications can be monitored without compromising user privacy. This can include the
principle of necessity and proportionality, ensuring that any monitoring is justified and
minimal.
A balanced approach, emphasizing both security and user rights, will be essential in navigating
the complexities of the digital landscape in the future.

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