UPSC CSE Mains 2024 GS 1 Model Answers by EDEN IAS

UPSC CSE MAINS 2024
GS I : MODEL ANSWERS
Q1) Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the
later Vedic period. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
• Introduction: Write an apt introduction about the timeline of Vedic period with changing
stature from nomadic tribal to sedentary way of life.
• Body: Write the major changes that were witnessed in socio-economic fronts from early
to later Vedic age. In Economy, discuss the changes in the character of wealth, extent of
agriculture, extent of iron etc. In Social dimension, discuss about the changes in character
of society, like changes in the status of Varna system, position of women, patriarchy etc.
• Conclusion: Continue how the major changes continued to evolve even in post Vedic age.
Model Answer
The Rig-Vedic age is dated between 1500-1000 BC and the Aryans were confined to the Indus
region. The Later Vedic age started in 1000 BC and spans till 600 BC. The Satapatha
Brahmana refers to the expansion of Aryans to the eastern Gangetic plains in later Vedic
period.
During Rig Vedic period
Society:
• The basic unit of society was family or graham. The head of the family was known
as grahapathi.
• The Rig Vedic society was patriarchal.
• Condition of women: Women were given equal opportunities as men for their spiritual
and intellectual development.
o There were women poets like Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra during the Rig
Vedic period.
o Women could even attend the popular assemblies.
• There was no child marriage and the practice of sati was absent.
Economy:
• The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral people and their main occupation was cattle rearing.
• Their wealth was estimated in terms of their cattle.
• When they permanently settled in North India they began to practice agriculture.
Elements of Change during Later Vedic Period
Economy:
• Economic condition

o Iron was used extensively in this period and this enabled the people to clear forests and
to bring more land under cultivation.
o Agriculture became the chief occupation.
• The Later Vedic people were familiar with the sea and they traded with countries like
Babylon.
Society:
• Family: In the family, the power of the father increased during the Later Vedic period.
• Social organisation: The four divisions of society (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras)
or the Varna system (Purusha Sukta, 10th Mandal) was thoroughly established during the
Later Vedic period.
• Condition of women:
o They were considered inferior and subordinate to men.
o Women also lost their political rights of attending assemblies.
• Child marriages had become common.
o According the Aitreya Brahmana a daughter has been described as a source of
misery.
As social organization became more complex, new religions like Buddhism and Jainism emerged
towards the end of the Later Vedic period. The authors of the Upanishads, which capture the
core of Hindu philosophy, moved away from meaningless rituals and emphasized true
knowledge (jnana) as the path to peace and salvation.
Q2) Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature
of South India. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Model Answer
The Pallavas, who ruled parts of South India from the 4th to the 9th centuries CE, were
great patrons of art, literature, and religion, and their contributions laid the foundation for
many aspects of South Indian culture that continue to resonate even today. They played
instrumental role in shaping the cultural, religious, and architectural landscape of the region.
Approach
• Introduction: Introduce the Pallavas as a significant South Indian dynasty that ruled from the
4th to 9th centuries CE.
• Body: First mention the Contributions of Pallavas to Literature like their patronage to Sanskrit
and Tamil literature, their role in development of Grantha script. Similarly mention their
contribution towards development of Art and Architecture – early development of the
Dravidian style of temple architecture, creation of large-scale stone sculptures, tradition of
rock-cut temples in South India, visual arts, cultural exchange etc.
• Conclusion: Conclude by acknowledging the Pallavas as pioneers in many fields, whose
legacy continues to be celebrated in South Indian history and culture.

Contributions of the Pallavas to art and literature
a) Literature:
• Sanskrit literature: The Pallavas patronised Sanskrit literature and also encouraged the
composition of kavyas (poetic works) and prasastis (eulogies).
o E.g. Court poets like Dandin (Dashakumaracharita) thrived under Pallavas.
o Mahendravarman I, himself an accomplished writer, authored the Sanskrit play
Mattavilasa Prahasana.
• Tamil literature: They also supported Tamil literature and this period saw the development
of devotional literature in Tamil, particularly the works of Nayanmars and Alwars.
o E.g. the Pallava king Nandivarman II patronized the Vaishnava saint Tirumangai
Alvar (Nalayira Divya Prabandham).
• Grantha script: is a classical South Indian Brahmic script developed under pallavas, which
was used to write Sanskrit in Tamil Nadu.
• E.g. Grantha script in Inscriptions at the Kailasanatha Temple in Kanchipuram.
b) Art and Sculpture:
• Sculpture: The Pallava kings, particularly Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I,
were instrumental in the creation of iconic sculptures.
o E.g. The famous “Descent of the Ganges” or “Arjuna’s Penance” relief at
Mahabalipuram
• Painting: The Pallava period saw advancements in the art of painting, as evidenced by
the fragmentary murals at Kanchipuram.
• Performing arts: The Pallavas patronized classical dance and music, contributing to the
development of these art forms.
o E.g. Sculptures at Mahabalipuram depicting various dance poses.
• Cultural exchange: the Pallavas had a significant influence on the spread of Indian culture
beyond the subcontinent. Their maritime connections facilitated the dissemination of Indian
art, architecture, and religious ideas to Southeast Asia.
o E.g. the influence of Pallava architecture is evident in the temples of Angkor Wat
in Cambodia and the Borobudur in Indonesia.
c) Architecture:
• Rock-cut architecture: The Pallavas initiated the tradition of rock-cut architecture.
o E.g. Mandagapattu Cave Temple and the Mahendravadi Cave Temple.
• Structural Temples: The Pallavas made pioneering contributions to temple architecture,
particularly with the development of the Dravidian style. Their architectural innovations
laid the groundwork for South Indian temple architecture, which would reach its zenith under
the Cholas.
o E.g. The Kailasanatha Temple in Kanchipuram, built by Narasimhavarman II
(Rajasimha)
• Rathas: The Pancha Rathas at Mahabalipuram showcase different styles of South Indian
temple architecture in monolithic form.
o E.g. The Dharmaraja Ratha, showcases the early development of the gopuram
(gateway tower) style.
Their contributions to literature, art, and architecture shaped the cultural fabric of South India, laying the
groundwork for many traditions that continue to define its identity today. The dynasty's legacy is vividly

reflected in the stunning monuments they built and the lasting cultural practices they nurtured, which still
resonate through the region.
Q3) What were the events that led to the Quit India Movement? Point out its results.
(Answer in 150 words) 10
Model Answer
The Quit India Movement, launched on August 8, 1942, was a significant milestone in India’s
struggle for independence. Several events and factors led to its inception, driven by the Indian
National Congress's growing impatience with British rule and the urgent need for complete self-
governance.
Key events that set the stage for the Quit India Movement:
• Failure of the Cripps Mission (1942): The Mission failed as it did not offer immediate
independence and was seen as a tactic to secure Indian cooperation without significant
concessions.
• Impact of World War II:
o During World War II, India was dragged into the conflict without the consent of its
leaders, leading to widespread anger and resentment.
o The British exploited Indian resources, leading to economic strain, rising inflation, and
severe shortages of essential goods.
o The Bengal famine of 1943, which caused millions of deaths, further highlighted the
British administration's neglect of Indian welfare.
• Rising Nationalist Sentiment:
o By the early 1940s, Indian nationalist sentiment had reached a peak.
o There was widespread disillusionment with the ongoing British rule, fueled by previous
movements like the NCM (1920) and CDM (1930).
o The growing desire for independence was reflected in the increasing support for the
Congress and its call for self-rule.
• Repressive Policies and the Arrest of Leaders
o British repression and the frequent arrest of nationalist leaders intensified the Indian
public's determination to push for freedom.
Approach
• Introduction Introduce with the overview of major demands and grievances of India’s
freedom fighters along with significance of the movement.
• Body: Write the set of events that led to the movement like the immediate causes being
the failure of Cripps mission, hardships caused during World War II and the ongoing
defeat of British in WWII with Japanese knocking at the doors of Indian borders. Also
mention in brief about reasons and the background of rising sentiments against the British
like the real attitude of the British government, growing sense of nationalism etc. Write the
result of quit India Movement citing its impact.
• Conclusion: Conclude by acknowledging significance of the movement how it hastened the
end of British colonial rule in India.
•

o The brutal suppression of protests, along with strict censorship and curbs on civil
liberties, only added to the popular discontent.
• Influence of Mahatma Gandhi:
o Gandhi’s call for “Do or Die” during the Quit India Movement marked a decisive shift
towards mass resistance against British rule, urging Indians to refuse cooperation with
the colonial administration at all costs.
• Global Context and Inspiration:
o The global trend towards decolonization and the weakening of European powers
during World War II inspired Indian leaders to intensify their struggle.
o Reverses suffered by the British in Southeast Asia and the advancement of Japanese
troops towards the borders of India increased the popular discontent among the
people.
o The retreat of the British troops from Burma further enhanced this fear.
o The success of anti-colonial movements in other parts of Asia and Africa provided
additional motivation for Indian leaders to demand immediate independence.
Results
• Emergence of new leaders: The movement produced new leaders like Ram Manohar
Lohia, Jai Prakash, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta etc.
• Increased anti-British sentiment: The movement increased public morale and anti-British
sentiment.
• Increased demand for independence: The movement placed the demand for complete
independence at the top of the freedom movement's agenda.
• Eroded loyalty to the government: The movement led to a considerable erosion of loyalty
to the government.
• Increased violence: The movement led to isolated incidents of violence and damage to
government property.
• Parallel governments: The movement led to the establishment of parallel governments in
some areas, such as Tamluk National Government in the Tamluk and Contai subdivisions
of Midnapore.
• Increased participation of women: The movement saw increased participation of women.
• Increased nationalism: The movement led to a rise in nationalism.
These events created a charged atmosphere, ripe for a decisive call to action. The Quit India
Movement was the culmination of decades of struggle, marked by frustration with British inaction,
the failure of diplomatic efforts, and the determination to achieve self-rule. It galvanized the
Indian masses, leading to widespread protests, strikes, and demonstrations that ultimately
hastened the end of British colonial rule in India.

Q4. What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical
cyclones? (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
• Introduction: define sea surface temperature and briefly mention its impacts.
• Body: discuss the mechanism of the formation of Tropical cyclone and then mention the
impacts of the SST rise on the tropical cyclone formation.
• Conclusion: mention the influence of the SST in global climate phenomenon, and its
importance in addressing climate change.
Model Answer
Sea surface temperature (SST) rise is a significant environmental phenomenon influenced by
global climate change. This phenomenon is primarily driven by global warming, which results
from the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It directly impacts the formation
and intensity of tropical cyclones, affecting coastal regions worldwide.
According to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, since 1901, SSTs have
risen by an average of 0.14 degrees Fahrenheit per decade.
Importance of Sea Surface Temperature (SST):
• SST serves as a critical factor in the development of tropical cyclones.
• Warmer waters provide the energy necessary for their formation and sustenance.
Mechanism of Tropical Cyclone Formation:
• Low Pressure System Formation: Warm Ocean waters lead to evaporation, creating a
low-pressure area.
• Formation of Tropical Disturbances: Atmospheric instability and Coriolis force contribute to
the organization of disturbed weather.
• Development into Cyclones: As the system gains strength, it forms into a cyclonic structure
with a defined eye and bands of intense convection.
Impact of SST Rise on Cyclone Formation:
• Increased Energy Source: Warmer SSTs provide more energy for evaporation and
condensation, fueling stronger cyclones.
o Hurricane Katrina (2005): The Gulf of Mexico’s warm waters contributed to the rapid
intensification of Hurricane Katrina, leading to catastrophic damage in New Orleans.
• Extended Cyclone Seasons: Higher SSTs prolong the period during which cyclones can
form and intensify.
o Cyclone Idai (2019): Cyclone Idai, which is formed in Indian ocean. It was one of the
worst tropical cyclones on record to affect Africa and the Southern Hemisphere.
Warmer SSTs in the Mozambique Channel contributed to its intensity and prolonged the
cyclone season, leading to severe flooding and widespread damage in Mozambique,
Zimbabwe, and Malawi
• Higher Potential Intensity: Cyclones over warmer waters have the potential to reach higher
wind speeds and become more destructive.
o Typhoon Haiyan (2013): One of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded, fueled
by exceptionally warm waters in the Western Pacific.

• Higher Rainfall Rates: Increased SSTs lead to higher evaporation rates, resulting in more
moisture in the atmosphere. This moisture contributes to heavy rainfall during cyclones,
leading to increased flooding, especially in coastal areas.
• Greater Geographic Spread of Cyclones: With warmer SSTs, cyclones can form in regions
where they were previously uncommon. Cyclones may move into higher latitudes or areas
that are not typically prone to these storms, expanding the regions at risk.
Sea surface temperature rise significantly influences tropical cyclone formation, making it a
critical factor in understanding and predicting these weather phenomena. As global
temperatures continue to increase, the implications for coastal communities and disaster
preparedness become even more pronounced. Addressing climate change and its impact on
SSTs is crucial for mitigating future risks associated with tropical cyclones.
Q5. Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in the
light of conditions in developing countries.
Approach
• Introduction: Briefly mention the migration pattern from rural to urban areas
• Body: Discuss the different kinds of factors which are causes of the migration from the
smaller towns to the large cities.
• Conclusion: highlight the sustainable development strategies to reduce the small-large
town divide.
MODEL ANSWER
Migration from rural areas and smaller towns to large cities is a global phenomenon,
particularly prevalent in developing countries. Large urban centers often offer better economic
opportunities, infrastructure, and services, making them attractive destinations for migrants
seeking improved living conditions and employment prospects.
Factors affecting the migration.
1. Economic Opportunities
• Employment in Diverse Sectors: Large cities provide jobs in manufacturing, services,
construction, and informal sectors, which may be limited in smaller towns.
o Mumbai, India: Known as the financial capital of India, Mumbai attracts millions of
migrants annually due to its vast economic opportunities and better living standards.
• Higher Wages and Better Livelihoods: Migrants move to cities for better wages and
improved financial stability, as urban jobs often pay more than rural or small-town
work.
o Dubai, UAE: Known for its high salaries, Dubai attracts expatriates from around the
world seeking better financial stability
• Informal Sector Growth: Cities have a thriving informal economy that absorbs low-
skilled migrants, providing quick employment without formal education or training.

o Dhaka, Bangladesh: Many low-skilled migrants find work in the informal sector, such
as street vending and garment manufacturing
2. Access to Services and Infrastructure
• Education and Healthcare: Large cities offer better access to schools, universities, and
healthcare facilities, drawing families seeking improved services for their children and
dependents.
o London, UK: Offers numerous prestigious universities and advanced healthcare
facilities, attracting families seeking better services
• Housing and Transportation: Although cities face housing shortages, they still offer more
diverse options than smaller towns. Public transport systems also enable easier access
to work and services.
o Singapore: Known for its well-planned housing and world-class public transportation,
making it easier for residents to access work and services
• Utilities and Communication: Cities typically have more reliable access to water,
electricity, and internet connectivity, which are often limited in rural areas.
3. Social Networks and Support Systems
• Established Migrant Communities: Large cities often have established ethnic or
regional communities, offering a support system for new migrants in terms of housing,
job information, and social integration.
o Toronto, Canada: Home to diverse ethnic communities, offering support systems for
new migrants in terms of housing, job information, and social integration
• Remittances and Economic Ties: Migrants in large cities frequently send remittances
back home, creating a cycle that encourages further migration from rural areas.
4. Government and Private Investments
• Urban Development Projects: Governments and private sectors in developing countries
focus their investments on infrastructure and development projects in large cities,
creating more jobs and opportunities for migrants.
• Economic Policy and Industrialization: Economic policies that prioritize urban
industrialization over rural development further contribute to the concentration of
employment in cities.
5. Urban-Rural Divide and Limited Growth in Small Towns
• Agricultural Stagnation: In developing countries, rural and small-town economies are
often tied to agriculture, which may be unstable due to climate change, limited
mechanization, and fluctuating market prices, pushing people to urban areas.
• Lack of Growth in Small Towns: Smaller towns often face underinvestment and lack
the economic growth seen in large cities, making them less attractive to migrants.
By focusing on futuristic strategies, such as developing smart villages,
establishing decentralized economic hubs, and investing in climate-resilient agriculture,
developing countries can achieve balanced regional growth. These approaches will address the
challenges associated with urban migration and ensure sustainable development for all regions.

Q6. What is the phenomenon of cloudbursts? Explain
Approach
• Introduction: Brief introduction of cloudbursts and its causes.
• Body: define cloudbursts, its causes and impacts.
• Conclusion: address the disaster preparedness to avoid the devastating effect of
cloudbursts
Model Answer
A cloudburst is a sudden, intense rainfall event characterized by heavy downpours over a
small area in a short period of time. These events can cause severe flooding and landslides,
especially in hilly or mountainous regions, and pose significant risks to life and property.
Definition and Characteristics of Cloudbursts
• Sudden Heavy Rainfall: Cloudbursts, as defined by the India Meteorological Department
(IMD), occur when an area receives more than 100 mm of rain in less than an hour.
• Localized Nature: The rainfall is highly concentrated over a small geographic area,
usually ranging from a few kilometers to tens of kilometers.
• Short Duration: Cloudbursts typically last for only a few minutes to an hour but can
release large amounts of rain, leading to flash floods.
Causes of Cloudbursts
• Orographic Lift and Atmospheric Instability: Cloudbursts often occur in mountainous
regions where moist air is forced upwards due to high terrain, leading to rapid condensation
and heavy precipitation.
• Topographical Influence: Mountain topography traps clouds, preventing their dispersion.
• Accumulation of Water Droplets: Continued updrafts and moisture influx lead to the
accumulation of water droplets.
• Intense Rainfall: When the droplets become too heavy, they fall as intense rainfall.
• Temperature and Humidity Factors: High levels of atmospheric humidity, combined with
localized warming, contribute to the formation of cloudbursts.
• Role of Cumulonimbus Clouds: These tall, dense clouds are capable of producing extreme
rainfall within a short time, triggering cloudbursts
Impact of Cloudbursts
• Flash Flooding: The intense rainfall from cloudbursts can overwhelm local water bodies
and drainage systems, leading to flash floods.
o Leh Cloudburst (2010): A devastating cloudburst in the Leh region caused flash floods
and landslides, killing over 100 people and destroying large areas of infrastructure.
• Landslides: In hilly or mountainous areas, the sudden influx of water destabilizes slopes,
causing landslides and road blockages.
o Uttarakhand Cloudburst (2013): In state of Uttarakhand, heavy rainfall caused by
cloudbursts resulted in massive flooding and landslides, with thousands of lives lost.

• Infrastructure Damage: Cloudbursts can severely damage buildings, roads, bridges, and
other infrastructure, particularly in regions with inadequate drainage systems.
• Loss of Life and Property: Rapid-onset floods and landslides can cause loss of life and
extensive property damage, especially in unprepared communities.
Cloudbursts are sudden, intense rainfall events that can have devastating impacts, especially
in hilly or mountainous regions. Understanding the conditions that lead to cloudbursts, and
improving early warning systems, is essential for mitigating the risks associated with these
natural disasters. Awareness and preparedness can reduce the loss of life and damage caused
by cloudbursts.
Q7. What is the concept of a demographic winter? Is the world moving towards such a
situation? Elaborate. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
• Introduction: define the concept of a demographic winter
• Body: firstly address the characteristics of demographic winter. Secondly compare it
with developed and developing countries. Lastly address the policy measures
• Conclusion: conclude accordingly
MODEL ANSWER
The concept of a demographic winter refers to a scenario where a population experience
sustained below-replacement fertility rates, leading to a shrinking and aging population. This
phenomenon poses significant economic and social challenges, as fewer young people are
available to support an increasing number of elderly individuals.
Demographic winter is characterized by several key factors:
• Falling Birth Rates: When the average number of children per woman drops below the
replacement level of 2.1, the population begins to decline. This trend is evident in many
developed countries, such as Japan, Italy, and Germany, where fertility rates are well
below the replacement level.
• Aging Population: As birth rates fall and life expectancy increases, the median age of
the population rises. This results in a higher proportion of elderly individuals, which can
strain healthcare systems and social services.
• Economic and Social Challenges: A shrinking workforce can lead to labor shortages,
reduced economic growth, and increased financial pressure on younger generations to
support the elderly.
Many developed nations are already experiencing the effects of demographic winter:
• Japan: With a total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.3 in 2021, Japan faces significant challenges
related to its aging population and shrinking workforce.
• Italy: Italy’s TFR was 1.25 in 2021, leading to concerns about labor shortages and
economic stagnation.
• Germany: Germany’s TFR of 1.5 in 2021 highlights similar issues, with an aging
population and potential economic impacts.

While some developing countries still have high fertility rates, others are seeing rapid
declines:
• South Korea: South Korea’s TFR was 0.78 in 2023, and it is expected to drop further,
indicating a move towards demographic winter.
• India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan: A study predicts that by 2050, these countries will
see their current birth rates drop by more than a third, potentially leading to
demographic winter.
Implications and Concerns
• Labor Shortages and Economic Stagnation: Countries like Italy are projected to have
5.4 million fewer people of working age by 2040, leading to potential economic
stagnation.
• Increased Social Spending: Aging populations will require more healthcare and social
services, increasing the financial burden on younger generations.
• Intergenerational Inequality: A smaller working-age population will need to support
a larger elderly population, leading to potential economic and social strain.
Countries facing demographic winter need proactive policies to address these challenges:
• Encouraging Higher Birth Rates: Financial incentives, family support, and policies
promoting work-life balance can help increase birth rates. For example, Hungary has
implemented policies to combat declining birth rates by offering financial incentives
for families and supporting early childhood education.
• Promoting Immigration: Immigration can help offset population declines and support
economic growth.
• Investing in Automation and Technology: To maintain economic productivity, countries
can invest in automation and technology to compensate for labor shortages.
While many countries show signs of moving towards a demographic winter, global trends are
mixed. Regional variations and mitigating factors suggest that a worldwide demographic winter
is not imminent but remains a significant concern for specific nations and regions.
Q8. Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women empowerment. Why
is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and
implementation?
Approach
• Introduction: mention briefly about gender equality, gender equity and women
empowerment
• Body: firstly, differentiate between all the three concepts, then address the Importance
of Gender Concerns in Programme Design and Implementation
Model Answer
Understanding the distinctions between gender equality, gender equity, and women
empowerment is crucial for creating inclusive and effective policies. These concepts, while

interconnected, address different aspects of gender issues and are essential for fostering a just
and equitable society.
Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity vs. Women Empowerment
Definition: Focus Example
Gender Equality: Gender equality
refers to the state in
which individuals of
all genders have
equal rights,
responsibilities, and
opportunities.
It aims to eliminate
discrimination and
ensure that
everyone can
participate fully in all
aspects of life,
including education,
employment, and
political
representation.
Ensuring that men and
women receive equal
pay for equal work.
Gender Equity: Gender equity
involves the fair
treatment of
individuals according
to their respective
needs.
It recognizes that
different genders
may have different
needs and
experiences, and
therefore, different
approaches may be
required to achieve
fairness.
Providing additional
support to women in
male-dominated
fields or ensuring
that maternity leave
policies do not
disadvantage women
in the workplace.
Women
Empowerment:
Women
empowerment is the
process of increasing
the capacity of
women to make
choices and transform
those choices into
actions and outcomes.
It involves enhancing
women’s access to
resources and
opportunities, such
as education,
employment, and
political
participation, and
ensuring they have
the power to make
decisions about their
own lives.
Programs that
provide women with
leadership training
and opportunities to
participate in
decision-making
processes.
Importance of Gender Concerns in Programme Design and Implementation
Promoting Inclusivity and Fairness:
• Gender Equality: Ensures that programmes are inclusive and fair, providing equal
opportunities for all genders.
• Gender Equity: Addresses specific needs and experiences of different genders to
achieve fairness.
• Women Empowerment: Enables women to participate fully and equally in all aspects
of life.
Enhancing Effectiveness:

• Gender Equality: Programmes that consider gender dynamics are more likely to be
effective.
• Gender Equity: Tailoring approaches to meet the specific needs of different genders
can lead to better outcomes.
• Women Empowerment: Empowered women can contribute more effectively to the
success of programmes.
Economic Benefits:
• Gender Equality: Maximizes the potential of all members of society, boosting economic
growth.
• Gender Equity: Ensures that all genders can contribute to the economy according to their
abilities and needs.
• Women Empowerment: Increases women’s participation in the workforce, leading to
economic benefits.
Social Stability:
• Gender Equality: Reduces gender-based violence and discrimination, contributing to
social stability.
• Gender Equity: Fair treatment of all genders promotes social cohesion.
• Women Empowerment: Empowered women can help build more stable and cohesive
communities.
Sustainable Development:
• Gender Equality: Essential for achieving sustainable development goals.
• Gender Equity: Contributes to broader development objectives by addressing specific
gender needs.
• Women Empowerment: Plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable development by
enabling women to contribute to their communities.
Distinguishing between gender equality, gender equity, and women empowerment is essential
for creating effective and inclusive policies. Incorporating gender concerns into programme
design and implementation ensures fairness, enhances effectiveness, and contributes to social
and economic development.
Q9. Inter-caste marriages between castes which have socio-economic parity have
increased, to some extent, but this is less true of interreligious marriages. Discuss.
Approach
• Introduction: briefly compare the current situation of intercaste marriages and
interreligious marriages.
• Body: firstly the effect of intercaste and interreligious marriages, and secondly compare
both and lastly its implication and concerns
• Conclusion:
Model Answer

Intercaste marriages between castes with socio-economic parity have seen a rise, particularly
in urban areas and among educated populations. However, interreligious marriages remain
relatively rare. This distinction highlights the complex socio-cultural dynamics at play in
contemporary society.
Increase in Intercaste Marriages:
• Urbanization and Education: Urbanization and higher education have facilitated
greater social interactions across caste lines, leading to a gradual increase in intercaste
marriages. The National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) shows a rise in intercaste
marriages from 10% to 13% over the past decade.
• Economic Mobility: Rising economic mobility has created new social strata that
transcend traditional caste boundaries. This has made it easier for individuals from
different castes but similar socio-economic backgrounds to marry.
• Government Support: Schemes like the Dr. Ambedkar Scheme provide financial
incentives to encourage intercaste marriages, promoting social integration across
India.
Slower Growth in Interreligious Marriages:
• Religious Identity: Religious identities are deeply entrenched in personal and social
spheres, making interreligious marriages less common. Estimates suggest that
interreligious marriages constitute less than 2% of all marriages.
• Legal and Social Barriers: Legal complexities arising from personal laws and the
absence of a Uniform Civil Code can complicate interreligious unions. Additionally,
societal resistance and the politicization of interfaith unions, exemplified by controversies
like “love jihad,” further hinder these marriages.
• Endogamy: Religious institutions and community leaders often reinforce endogamy,
discouraging marriages outside one’s faith.
Comparison and Analysis
Socio-Economic Parity in Intercaste Marriages:
• Acceptance: Intercaste marriages are more likely to be accepted when the partners
belong to castes with similar socio-economic status. This reduces potential social friction
and makes such unions more feasible.
• Regional Variations: States like Kerala, Maharashtra, and Karnataka have shown
higher rates of intercaste marriages, reflecting regional variations in social attitudes.
Religious Boundaries in Interreligious Marriages:
• Resistance: Interreligious marriages face stronger resistance due to the deeper
entrenchment of religious identities. This resistance is often reinforced by societal norms
and legal frameworks.
• Social Ostracism: Couples in interreligious marriages often face social ostracism and
even violence, necessitating stronger legal protections and societal support.
Implications and Challenges
Implications Challenges
Intercaste
Marriages:
Potential for Social Change: Can
contribute to the gradual erosion of
caste barriers, promoting social
integration and equality.
Social Ostracism: Couples may still
face social ostracism and honor-
based violence despite increasing

Interreligious
Marriages:
Contentious Nature: Often viewed
through the lens of communal
relations, making them more
contentious.
Need for Support: Education and
supportive policies are needed to
foster tolerance and acceptance of
such unions.
While socio-economic factors are increasingly overriding caste considerations in marriage
choices, religious boundaries remain more resistant to change. This dichotomy reflects the
evolving nature of social identities, where caste is gradually losing its rigidity in certain contexts,
while religious identity continues to hold significant sway in personal and social spheres.
Q10. In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration
between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive?
Approach
• Introduction: address the need for the effective collaboration.
• Body: address the role of government, NGO and private section and then mention the
effective collaboration of all the three.
Model Answer
Effective collaboration between the government, NGOs, and the private sector is essential for
addressing socio-economic issues of development. Each sector brings unique strengths and
resources to the table, making their coordinated efforts crucial for sustainable development.
Government’s Role
• Policy Making and Regulation: The government can create a conducive policy
framework that enables development and ensures regulatory compliance. For example,
the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) in India provides affordable housing with
the government setting guidelines and policies.
• Funding and Resource Allocation: Governments often have the largest pool of financial
resources and can channel these towards critical socio-economic issues. Partnerships with
private companies to fund infrastructure projects, such as those under the Smart Cities
Mission, are examples of effective resource allocation.
• Implementation and Monitoring: Government bodies are responsible for the
implementation of large-scale programs, leveraging existing administrative
infrastructure. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) is monitored by the government to ensure job creation in rural areas.
NGOs’ Contribution
• Grassroots Reach and Community Engagement: NGOs have deep connections with
local communities, making them effective in engaging vulnerable populations. For
instance, SEWA (Self Employed Women’s Association) works at the grassroots level to
empower women in India.

• Capacity Building and Awareness Campaigns: NGOs can raise awareness on key
social issues like health, education, and women’s empowerment. Collaborations under
the National Health Mission to spread awareness on maternal health are examples
of such initiatives.
• Implementation of Pilot Projects: NGOs often implement pilot projects, testing
innovative solutions that the government and private sectors can scale later. The
Akshaya Patra Foundation’s midday meal scheme, which started as an NGO initiative
and was later scaled with government support, is a notable example.
Private Sector’s Role
• Investment and Innovation: Private companies can bring innovation and funding to
socio-economic development projects through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
initiatives. For example, technology firms can provide digital solutions for education and
healthcare.
• Technical Expertise and Efficiency: The private sector can offer technical expertise and
efficient management practices. Collaborations in areas like renewable energy and
sustainable agriculture benefit from the private sector’s innovation and efficiency.
• Market Access and Employment Opportunities: By creating jobs and providing market
access, the private sector can help uplift economically disadvantaged communities.
Initiatives like skill development programs and microfinance can empower individuals
and small businesses.
Synergistic Collaboration
• Integrated Approach: Combining the strengths of each sector can lead to comprehensive
development solutions. For instance, a government policy supported by NGO
implementation and private sector innovation can address issues like rural
healthcare effectively.
• Shared Goals and Accountability: Establishing shared goals and accountability
mechanisms ensures that all parties are committed to the development objectives.
Regular monitoring and evaluation can help track progress and make necessary
adjustments.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): PPPs can leverage the strengths of each sector to
deliver large-scale infrastructure and social projects. Examples include collaborations
in building schools, hospitals, and sanitation facilities.
A productive collaboration between the government, NGOs, and the private sector can address
socio-economic issues of development effectively. Each actor brings unique strengths to the
table, and their coordinated efforts can lead to sustainable development outcomes.

Q11) "Though the great Cholas are no more, yet their name is still remembered with great
pride because of their highest achievements in the domain of art and architecture "
Comment.
Approach
• Introduction: Introduce with the timeline of Chola period and write about their glory in
a statement citing their contribution in Art and culture.
• Body: Write about the contribution of Cholas in art and architecture like in painting,
music, dancing, literature, sculpture, royal architecture etc.
• Conclusion: Conclude by acknowledging significance of the contribution of Cholas to
art and architecture in India.
Model Answer
The Chola dynasty, which flourished between the 9th and 13th centuries, is remembered as one
of the most powerful and influential empires in South Indian history. Despite their decline
centuries ago, the legacy of the Cholas endures primarily due to their unparalleled contributions
to art, architecture, and culture, which continue to be celebrated with pride.
The contribution of Cholas in art and architecture
1. Architectural Marvels: They pioneered the Dravidian style, characterized by majestic
gopurams (gateway towers), intricate carvings, and massive temple complexes. Key examples
include:
• Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur: Built by Raja Raja Chola I, this UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
• Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple: Constructed by Rajendra Chola I, this temple mirrors
the architectural grandeur of Thanjavur with its impressive scale and intricate carvings,
symbolizing the Cholas' imperial power.
• Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram: Another UNESCO-listed site, this temple is known for
its delicate stone work and artistic precision, illustrating stories from Hindu mythology. The
temple’s design reflects a blend of aesthetic beauty and architectural innovation, showcasing
the Cholas' mastery over stone.
2. Artistic Excellence: The Cholas excelled in creating dynamic, expressive, and spiritually
significant artworks that have transcended time, especially their bronze sculptures. Notable
examples include:
• Nataraja Bronze Sculptures: The iconic image of Lord Shiva as Nataraja, the cosmic
dancer, is a masterpiece of Chola art. These bronzes capture the deity’s energy and
grace, highlighting the Cholas’ exceptional skill in portraying movement and emotion.
• Bronze Statues of Parvati, Vishnu, and other deities: These sculptures, often
commissioned for temples, are celebrated for their intricate detailing, life like
expressions, and perfect proportions. The use of the lost-wax casting technique resulted
in highly refined and durable pieces that still inspire awe today.
• Portrait Sculptures of Devotees and Donors: These sculptures, often found in temple
niches, reflect the Cholas' appreciation of individual devotion and patronage, illustrating
the connection between art, religion, and society.

3. Promotion of Temple Culture: Temples were not only places of worship but also hubs of
learning, art, and community activities. Their role extended beyond religion to foster cultural
and artistic expressions. Key examples include:
• Chidambaram Nataraja Temple: This temple became a center of Saiva worship and
a hub for performing arts, particularly Bharatanatyam, which flourished under Chola
patronage.
• Srirangam Temple Complex: Although expanded over centuries, its Chola-era
contributions set the foundation for what became the largest functioning Hindu temple in
the world. The Cholas' support of temple rituals, festivals, and daily worship practices
helped shape South Indian temple culture.
• Dance and Music in Temples: The Cholas' patronage extended to temple dancers
(devadasis) and musicians, helping preserve and develop South Indian classical music
and dance traditions that remain vibrant today.
4. Urban Planning and Water Management:The construction of tanks, canals, and reservoirs,
like the Grand Anicut (Kallanai), demonstrated advanced engineering skills that complemented
their artistic achievements. These structures were not only functional but also aesthetically
integrated into the landscape. Examples include:
• Grand Anicut (Kallanai): Built by Karikala Chola, this ancient dam on the Kaveri River is
still in use today, showcasing the Cholas’ expertise in hydraulic engineering and sustainable
water management.
• City Planning at Gangaikonda Cholapuram: The capital city was planned with temples at
its core, surrounded by well-organized streets, markets, and water reservoirs, reflecting a
blend of administrative foresight and aesthetic sensibility.
• Sembian Mahadevi’s Temple Tanks: Many temples built under the Cholas had elaborate
water tanks for rituals and community use, demonstrating their commitment to combining
utility with religious significance.
5. Legacy and Modern Relevance: The influence of Chola art and architecture extends beyond
their time, impacting subsequent dynasties and continuing to inspire modern temple construction.
Many temples built during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods were heavily inspired by
Chola designs. Examples of their lasting legacy include:
• Modern Replicas and Continuations: The architectural style of Chola temples continues to
influence contemporary Hindu temple designs, with replicas of Nataraja and other iconic
sculptures still being crafted by artisans in Tamil Nadu.
• UNESCO World Heritage Recognition: The Chola temples of Thanjavur, Gangaikonda
Cholapuram, and Darasuram have been recognized for their architectural and cultural
significance, preserving their legacy for future generations.
• Cultural Festivals: The celebration of ancient Chola temples through festivals, dance
performances, and traditional music continues to honor their artistic and cultural contributions.
The great Cholas are remembered not just for their political and military accomplishments but
for their profound contributions to art and architecture, which have left an indelible mark on
Indian cultural history. Their temples and sculptures stand as enduring symbols of artistic
excellence, reflecting a civilization that valued creativity, devotion, and community. The pride
associated with the Chola name today is a testament to their remarkable achievements, which
continue to inspire awe and reverence.

Q12) How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the
preservation of balance of power? (15 Marks)
Approach
Model Answer
While the preservation of the balance of power was a significant factor leading to the First
World War, the war was also driven by other complex causes, including imperialism,
nationalism, militarism, and alliances.
The First World War (1914-1918) was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, involving major
powers of Europe. It was characterized by unprecedented military technology, massive human
casualties, and a reshaping of global politics.
The Role of the Balance of Power in the First World War:
• Formation of Alliances and Rivalries:
• The balance of power was a key motivator behind the formation of alliances such as the
Triple Entente (France, Russia, and the United Kingdom) and the Triple Alliance (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Italy).
• These alliances were not just defensive in nature but were also meant to counterbalance
the power of rival states. The fear of any one alliance gaining supremacy pushed countries
into a web of commitments that made conflict more likely.
• For example, Germany's rise as an industrial and military power threatened Britain’s naval
dominance and France’s security, prompting them to seek counterweights through alliances.
• The Rise of Germany:
o Under Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany sought not only to protect its interests but also to
challenge the existing power structure dominated by Britain and France.
o The Schlieffen Plan, which aimed at a swift victory over France before turning to Russia,
reflects Germany's strategic focus on preventing encirclement and preserving a favorable
balance. However, this aggressive strategy ultimately led to a broader conflict as it
violated Belgian neutrality, drawing Britain into the war.
• Militarism and Arms Race:
o The desire to maintain a balance of power also spurred an unprecedented arms race,
particularly between Britain and Germany, whose naval expansions symbolized their
struggle for dominance.
o The military build-up was seen as necessary to protect national interests and ensure that no
single power could dictate terms in Europe.
o This militarism created a volatile environment where even minor incidents had the potential
to escalate into full-scale war.
• Nationalism and Imperial Competition:

o Nationalism and imperial ambitions further complicated the balance of power. Powers like
Germany, Britain, and France were not only competing within Europe but also striving for
global influence through colonialism.
o The scramble for colonies in Africa and Asia intensified rivalries, as nations sought to
bolster their economic and strategic positions.
o The Balkan crises, which involved Austria-Hungary and Russia vying for influence, are an
example of how regional conflicts were influenced by broader balance of power
considerations.
• Crisis Management and Diplomatic Failures:
o The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 was the immediate trigger, but the
underlying cause was the tension created by competing alliances aimed at maintaining a
balance of power.
o The inability of European powers to manage crises diplomatically was partly due to the
rigid alliance system, which turned localized disputes into global conflicts.
o Once Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, a domino effect ensued, driven by the
need to uphold alliance obligations and maintain the balance.
Other factors: Extent to Which the War was About Balance of Power:
The balance of power concept did influence diplomatic and military strategies, but the war also
emerged from deeper systemic issues:
• Imperialism: The competition for colonies created tension beyond European borders,
influencing national policies and alliances.
• Nationalism: Ethnic and nationalistic tensions, particularly in the Balkans, contributed to the
instability that triggered the war.
• Domestic Politics: Internal pressures within countries, such as economic strife and social
unrest, also influenced the decision to go to war.
The balance of power acted as both a cause and a justification for the war, driving nations into
conflict in an attempt to maintain their status and security within a rapidly shifting international
landscape. Thus, the First World War can be seen as a culmination of efforts to preserve a
balance that had, paradoxically, become a source of instability and conflict.
Q13) How far was the Industrial Revolution in England responsible for the decline of
handicrafts and cottage industries in India?
Approach

Model Answer
The systemic ruin of Indian handicraft industries at the expense of Industrially revolutionizing
Britain in which political force was misused to cause economic misery via discriminatory taxation,
forceful coercion of artisans and market capturing via mercantalistic policies caused the demise
of traditional Handicraft industries. Paul Bairoch, the economic historian estimated that India’s
share of manufacturing output in the world was as high as 19.7% in 1800. In a span of 60
years, it plummeted to 8.6% (in 1860) and to 1.4% in 1913.
Industrial Revolution contributing to decline of handicraft and cottage industries in
India:
• Mechanization and Mass Production: The development of machines such as the spinning
jenny, power loom, and steam engine enabled mass production of goods at lower costs.
• Shift in Global Trade Dynamics: With the rise of industrialization, England transitioned from
being a major importer of Indian goods to a dominant exporter of manufactured
products. This shift fundamentally altered trade patterns, significantly reducing demand for
Indian handicrafts in both domestic and global markets.
• Comparative Disadvantage of Indian Goods: Machine-made goods were faster to
produce and more uniform in quality, which made them more appealing in price-sensitive
markets. Indian handicrafts, despite their superior quality, could not compete with the low
costs of British manufactured goods.
• Imposition of Unfair Tariffs and Trade Barriers: The British imposed high tariffs on Indian
goods entering European markets while allowing British goods to enter India with little or no
duty. This created an unequal playing field, favoring British industrial products over Indian
handicrafts. Example: The Textile Importation Act (1813) allowed British goods to enter
India duty-free, severely damaging local handicraft industries.
• Destruction of Traditional Guilds and Trade Networks: The colonial administration
disrupted traditional guilds, led to the loss of artisanal skills and trade networks that were
crucial for the survival of handicrafts.
• Acceleration of ruin by railways: Introduction of railways opened a new era for the
transport system in India. But the railways served the political and economic interest of the
British to a larger extent. Through railways the machine products of Britain found it much
easier to enter into the rural India.
• Decline in Quality and Standards: The shift towards cheaper machine-made goods also
altered consumer preferences, leading to a decline in appreciation for the high-quality,
hand-crafted goods traditionally produced in India.
• Loss of Livelihoods for Skilled Artisans: The decline of traditional industries led to the mass
displacement of skilled artisans, weavers, and craftsmen. Many artisans were forced to
abandon their trades and take up low-paying jobs in agriculture or as laborers in British-
owned factories.
• Impact on Social Structure and Communities: Decline in artisanal work not only affected
economic stability but also cultural heritage and traditional knowledge systems.
Other Factors
Technological Lag and Lack of Industrialization in India
• Lack of Technological Advancements in India: Unlike England, where industrialization
rapidly advanced, India did not see similar technological development due to British policies
that actively discouraged industrial growth.

• Dependence on Traditional Methods: The lack of access to modern technology and capital
further exacerbated this disparity.
• Absence of Infrastructure Support: British colonial rulers invested little in developing the
infrastructure necessary for industrial growth in India, such as power supply, machinery, and
transportation tailored to support local industries.
• Extraction of Raw Materials from India: The British extracted raw materials, such as cotton,
from India at low prices, which were then shipped to England to feed their factories. This
exploitation deprived Indian industries of essential resources and capital that could have
been used to sustain local production.
• Export of Raw Materials and Import of Finished Goods: The British policy of exporting
raw materials from India and importing finished goods created a vicious cycle that stifled
Indian industries. This colonial trade pattern was designed to benefit British manufacturers
at the expense of Indian producers.
• Economic Drain and Wealth Extraction: The continuous drain of wealth from India due to
these policies left little capital available for investment in local industries, further
compounding the decline of handicrafts and cottage industries.
• Monopoly Practices in the Textile Industry: The British established a monopoly over the
Indian textile industry by controlling production, pricing, and trade routes. This control
severely limited the ability of Indian weavers to compete, effectively shutting down a once-
thriving industry.
• Forced Production of Low-Value Goods: Indian artisans were often forced to produce low-
value raw textiles that were then exported to England, where they were processed into
high-value finished goods. This exploitative arrangement left little profit for Indian
producers.
• Decline of the Muslin and Silk Industries: Traditional industries, such as muslin and silk
weaving, suffered greatly as British competition drove down prices. Iconic Indian textiles,
once prized globally, could no longer sustain their place in the market.
Traditional handicraft industries slipped away to their demise and the process of de-
industrialization proved to be a process of pure economic impoverishment for the several million
persons. The only bright side to it was that the ruin coupled with other miseries heaped upon
India led to the emergency of economic nationalism India and economic critique becomes a
potent weapon in the arsenal of the nationalists.
Q14. The groundwater potential of the Gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it
affect the food security of India? (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach
• Introduction: Mention the importance of Gangetic valley and the impact of ground
water decline.
• Body: Address these in three parts. Firstly, mention the reasons for the groundwater
decline. Secondly, highlight the importance of Gangetic valley. Lastly, the impact of
groundwater declines in Gangetic valley.
• Conclusion: Address the importance of reducing the groundwater decline through
different approaches

Model Answer
The Gangetic valley, often referred to as the breadbasket of India, is highly dependent on
groundwater for agricultural activities. With declining groundwater levels in the region, concerns
are rising about the potential threats to India’s food security, which relies heavily on the
agricultural output of this fertile region.
Groundwater Depletion in the Gangetic Valley
• Over-extraction of Groundwater: The region has experienced extensive use of
groundwater for irrigation, especially for water-intensive crops like rice and wheat.
• Unregulated Water Usage: Lack of stringent groundwater management policies has led
to unsustainable extraction practices by farmers.
• Impact of Climate Change: Erratic rainfall patterns due to climate change have
exacerbated groundwater depletion, as farmers increasingly rely on wells for irrigation in
the absence of consistent monsoon rains.
• Population Growth: Rapid population growth has increased water demand, leading to
over-extraction of groundwater
• Urbanization: Massive urbanization has led to reduced groundwater recharge due to more
impervious surfaces.
Importance of the Gangetic Valley in Indian Agriculture
• Food Bowl of India: The Gangetic plains are one of the most fertile regions, contributing
significantly to the production of staple crops such as wheat, rice, and sugarcane.
• Dependence on Groundwater for Irrigation: With limited surface water resources, the
region depends on groundwater for more than 60% of its irrigation needs.
• Contribution to National Food Security: The valley is critical for maintaining national grain
reserves and feeding a growing population.
Impact of Groundwater Decline on Food Security
• Reduced Agricultural Productivity: Groundwater is a key source of irrigation, with over
85% of extracted groundwater used for this purpose. Declining water levels will directly
reduce the production of water-intensive crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane, leading to
lower yields and reduced food production.
o Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: These states rely heavily on groundwater for irrigation.
Declining groundwater levels have led to reduced agricultural productivity, affecting the
livelihoods of millions of farmers.
• Shift to Less Water-Intensive Crops: Farmers may shift from traditional crops to less water-
demanding ones, potentially affecting staple crop availability and pushing up food prices.
For example, shifting from wheat or rice to millets or pulses may not meet the large food
demand.
• Increased Food Prices: Lower agricultural output due to water scarcity could lead to
increased food prices, making basic food staples less affordable for the population,
especially for the poor.
o West Bengal: The state has seen a shift from water-intensive crops to less water-
demanding crops due to groundwater scarcity, impacting food production and prices
• Impact on Livelihoods: A decline in crop yields due to water shortages would affect the
livelihoods of millions of farmers who depend on agriculture, leading to economic
instability in rural areas.

• Threat to Green Revolution Gains: The Green Revolution was heavily reliant on
groundwater-fed irrigation systems. Decline in groundwater levels threatens to reverse
these gains, potentially leading to food shortages and dependence on food imports
o Punjab and Haryana: These states, part of the Green Revolution belt, are experiencing
severe groundwater depletion. This has led to reduced yields of staple crops like wheat
and rice, threatening food security.
Potential Long-term Effects
• Threat to Nutritional Security: A reduction in food production, particularly of nutrient-
rich cereals, pulses, and vegetables, could negatively impact nutritional security in
India.
• Risk of Desertification: Continuous over-extraction of groundwater may lead to land
degradation, making the region more prone to desertification, further reducing its
agricultural capacity.
• Increased Migration: The decline in agricultural productivity could lead to increased
rural-to-urban migration as farmers search for alternative livelihoods.
Solutions to Address Groundwater Depletion
• Adoption of Sustainable Water Management Practices: Promoting efficient irrigation
techniques such as drip and sprinkler systems to reduce water wastage.
• Crop Diversification: Encouraging farmers to shift from water-intensive crops to
drought-resistant and less water-consuming varieties.
• Groundwater Recharge Initiatives: Implementing measures such as rainwater
harvesting, watershed management, and aquifer recharge programs to replenish
groundwater reserves.
• Policy Interventions: Strengthening regulations on groundwater extraction and
incentivizing the use of surface water for irrigation where feasible.
The decline in groundwater potential in the Gangetic valley poses a serious threat to India’s
food security. As this region plays a critical role in feeding the nation, ensuring sustainable
water management and agricultural practices is essential to prevent a crisis. Addressing
groundwater depletion through innovative policies and technological interventions will be key
to safeguarding India’s agricultural output and, by extension, its food security.
Q15. What are aurora australis and aurora borealis? How are these triggered?
Approach
• Introduction: define aurora australis and aurora borealis
• Body: Mention the cause, mechanism and the factors influencing the aurora activity
• Conclusion: mention the influence of the SST in global climate phenomenon, and its
importance in addressing climate change.

Model Answer
Aurora Australis (Southern Lights) and Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) are natural light displays
that occur in the polar regions of the Earth, generally visible during the winter months. These
mesmerizing phenomena result from interactions between solar wind and the Earth’s magnetic
field, creating vibrant colors in the sky. They are among the most beautiful and sought-after
spectacles of nature.
Causes and Mechanism Behind Auroras
• Solar Wind and Charged Particles: Auroras are triggered when charged particles from
the sun (mainly electrons and protons) in the solar wind collide with Earth's atmosphere.
• Earth’s Magnetic Field: The Earth's magnetic field channels these particles toward the
poles, where the interactions become more intense.
• Excitation of Atmospheric Gases: When these charged particles collide with gases
such as oxygen and nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere, the gases become excited and
emit light, producing auroras.
• Light Emission: As the excited gas molecules return to their normal state, they emit
light, creating the beautiful auroral displays. For example, Oxygen emits green and
red light, while Nitrogen produces blue and purplish-red hues.
Differences Between Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis
• Location: Aurora Borealis occurs in the northern hemisphere, visible in places like
Canada, Norway, and Alaska. Aurora Australis occurs in the southern hemisphere,
visible in Antarctica, parts of Australia, and New Zealand.
• Visibility: Both auroras are more visible during periods of high solar activity and are
best seen in dark, clear skies away from city lights
Factors Influencing Aurora Activity
• Solar Activity and Sunspots: Aurora activity is higher during periods of increased solar
activity, such as during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs), when the solar
wind is more intense.
• Geomagnetic Storms: Geomagnetic storms caused by powerful solar winds can
intensify auroras, making them visible at lower latitudes than usual. For example, a
strong geomagnetic storm in 1859, known as the Carrington Event, caused auroras to
be visible as far south as the Caribbean
• Time of Year: Auroras are more frequently observed during equinoxes (spring and
autumn) when the Earth's tilt and magnetic field alignment are optimal for solar wind
interactions.
Importance of Auroras
• Study of Solar-Earth Interaction: Auroras provide insights into the complex interactions
between the Earth's magnetosphere and solar winds, aiding in the study of space
weather.
• Impact on Satellite and Communication Systems: Geomagnetic storms associated with
auroras can affect satellite operations, GPS signals, and communication systems, making
it important to monitor auroral activity for technological safety.
Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis are stunning natural phenomena triggered by the
interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field, resulting in colorful displays of light

near the poles. While they captivate onlookers with their beauty, they also provide valuable
scientific information about the dynamics of space weather. Understanding the mechanisms
behind these auroras helps us better comprehend solar activity and its impact on Earth's
magnetic environment.
Q16. What is a twister? Why are the majority of twisters observed in areas around the Gulf
of Mexico? (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach
• Introduction: Give a brief description about the twister/ tornado
• Body: Address in three parts. Firstly, explain the characteristics and the factors leading
to the formation of twisters. Secondly address why the Majority of Twisters are
Observed Around the Gulf of Mexico. lastly discuss the impacts of twisters/tornados and
the preparedness measures for mitigating these impacts.
• Conclusion: Conclude accordingly.
Model Answer
A twister, commonly known as a tornado, is a rapidly rotating column of air that extends
from a thunderstorm to the ground, capable of causing widespread destruction. These violent
weather phenomena are often accompanied by intense winds, debris, and sometimes hail.
While twisters can form in various parts of the world, a significant number are observed in areas
around the Gulf of Mexico, especially in the United States.
Characteristics of Twister/ Tornado
• Tornado Characteristics: A twister is a funnel-shaped cloud of rapidly rotating air with
wind speeds that can exceed 300 miles per hour. Tornadoes are capable of lifting heavy
objects, uprooting trees, and causing severe damage to buildings.
• Formation of Tornadoes: They typically form within supercell thunderstorms, which have
strong updrafts and wind shear (changes in wind speed or direction at different altitudes).
• Size and Duration: Tornadoes can vary greatly in size and duration, with some lasting only
a few minutes and others persisting for over an hour.
Factors Leading to Tornado Formation
• Wind Shear and Instability: Tornadoes develop in regions where wind shear (differences
in wind speed and direction) is high, creating the necessary conditions for rotation. The
interaction between cold, dry air from the north (Canada) and warm, moist air from the
south (Gulf of Mexico) creates atmospheric instability, a key factor in tornado formation.
• Presence of Supercells: Supercells are large, rotating thunderstorms that can generate
tornadoes, producing strong updrafts that intensify the storm’s rotation.
• Updrafts: Strong updrafts within thunderstorms tilt the rotating air from horizontal to
vertical.
• Mesocyclone Formation: A rotating updraft, known as a mesocyclone, forms within the
thunderstorm.
• Tornado Development: Under the right conditions, the mesocyclone can tighten and
intensify, leading to the formation of a tornado

Why the Majority of Twisters Are Observed Around the Gulf of Mexico?
• Geographical Features: The flat terrain of the Great Plains and the Mississippi River
Valley in the southern U.S, allows storms to develop and grow in strength, as there are
fewer geographic barriers like mountains to disrupt the storm systems.
• Climatic Conditions: The region experiences frequent collisions between warm, moist air
from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from the Rocky Mountains or Canada.
• Thunderstorm Activity: These air mass collisions often lead to the development of severe
thunderstorms, which are conducive to tornado formation.
• Tornado Alley: The area around the Gulf of Mexico, particularly in the southern and central
U.S. states, is part of "Tornado Alley," a region that experiences a high frequency of
tornadoes due to favorable meteorological conditions.
Impact of Twisters in the Gulf of Mexico Region
• Damage to Infrastructure: Tornadoes in this region can cause severe damage to homes,
roads, and communication networks.
o Moore, Oklahoma (2013): A devastating EF5 tornado struck Moore, causing
extensive damage and loss of life. The tornado was part of a larger outbreak that
affected the region.
• Loss of Life and Property: Tornadoes are responsible for numerous fatalities and
significant economic losses in areas around the Gulf of Mexico.
• Preparedness and Warning Systems: Due to the high frequency of tornadoes, early
warning systems and preparedness measures are more advanced in this region,
although challenges remain.
Impact and Preparedness
• Destruction: Tornadoes can cause severe damage to buildings, infrastructure, and
vegetation, leading to significant economic losses.
• Casualties: The high wind speeds and flying debris associated with tornadoes can result
in injuries and fatalities.
• Preparedness Measures: Improved forecasting, early warning systems, and public
education are crucial for reducing the impact of tornadoes. Communities in Tornado Alley
have developed robust preparedness plans to mitigate the effects of these natural disasters
Twisters, or tornadoes, are powerful and destructive weather events that are most commonly
observed around the Gulf of Mexico due to the unique convergence of warm, moist air from
the Gulf and cold air from the north. This region’s geography and meteorological conditions
make it a hotspot for tornado formation. Understanding the factors that contribute to tornadoes
and improving early warning systems can help mitigate the impacts of these natural disasters.

Q17. What is regional disparity How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue
of regional disparity in India?
Approach
• Introduction: define the regional disparities
• Body: firstly, differentiate between regional disparity and diversity. Secondly mention
the seriousness of regional disparities and lastly mention the measures to address the
regional disparity
Model Answer
Regional disparity refers to the unequal distribution of resources, economic activities, and
development opportunities across different regions within a country. This can manifest in various
forms, such as differences in income levels, employment rates, infrastructure quality,
healthcare access, and educational opportunities. Regional disparity often leads to significant
socio-economic imbalances, where some regions are more prosperous and developed, while
others lag behind.
Difference Between Regional Disparity and Diversity
Nature Focus Impact
Regional
Disparity
Economic and
developmental issue
characterized by
inequality and
imbalance.
Unequal distribution of
wealth, resources, and
opportunities.
Leads to socio-economic
challenges like poverty,
unemployment, and lack of
access to essential services in
underdeveloped regions.
Diversity Social and cultural
concept referring to the
presence of varied
cultural, ethnic, linguistic,
and social groups.
Emphasizes the variety
and richness of
different cultures,
traditions, and
identities.
Can enhance social cohesion
and cultural richness but may
also require policies to
manage and celebrate
differences.
Seriousness of Regional Disparity in India
Extent of Regional Disparity:
• Economic Disparities: States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu are
economically advanced, while states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha lag behind
in terms of GDP per capita and industrial development.
• Infrastructure Gaps: There are significant differences in infrastructure development, with
urban areas having better roads, electricity, and water supply compared to rural and
remote regions.
• Healthcare and Education: Access to quality healthcare and education varies widely,
with southern states generally performing better than northern and eastern states.
Causes of Regional Disparity:
• Historical Factors: Colonial policies and historical neglect of certain regions have
contributed to long-standing disparities.

• Policy and Governance: Uneven implementation of development policies and
governance issues have exacerbated regional imbalances.
• Geographical Factors: Natural resources, climate, and geographical location also play
a role in the development of certain regions over others.
Implications of Regional Disparity:
• Migration: Disparities lead to migration from less developed to more developed
regions, causing urban overcrowding and rural depopulation.
• Social Unrest: Economic inequalities can lead to social unrest, regional tensions, and
demands for greater autonomy or statehood.
• Economic Inefficiency: Underdeveloped regions can drag down overall economic
growth and development, leading to inefficiencies in resource utilization.
Addressing Regional Disparity:
• Balanced Regional Development: Policies aimed at promoting balanced regional
development, such as special economic zones, infrastructure projects, and targeted
investments in lagging regions.
• Decentralization: Empowering local governments and ensuring better governance
and accountability at the regional level.
• Inclusive Growth: Ensuring that development policies are inclusive and benefit all regions,
particularly the underdeveloped ones.
Regional disparity is a significant issue in India, leading to socio-economic imbalances and
challenges. Addressing these disparities requires coordinated efforts from the government,
private sector, and civil society to promote balanced and inclusive development across all
regions.
Q18. Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections
are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution.
Comment.
Approach
• Introduction: briefly mention the effect of comprehensive policies in underprivileged
sections
• Body: address the challenges in implementation of affirmative action and mention the
mitigation measures
Model Answer
Despite the existence of comprehensive policies aimed at promoting equity and social justice,
many underprivileged sections in India are not fully benefiting from affirmative action as
envisaged by the Constitution. This gap highlights the challenges in policy implementation and
the need for more effective measures.

Challenges in Implementation of Affirmative Action
Administrative Inefficiencies:
• Bureaucratic Delays: Slow and inefficient bureaucratic processes often delay the
implementation of affirmative action policies.
• Corruption: Corruption at various levels of administration can divert resources meant for
underprivileged sections.
Lack of Awareness:
• Information Gap: Many beneficiaries are unaware of the policies and schemes
available to them due to inadequate dissemination of information.
• Educational Barriers: Low literacy rates among underprivileged sections hinder their
ability to access and understand information about affirmative action.
Social and Cultural Barriers:
• Caste Discrimination: Persistent caste-based discrimination and social exclusion prevent
marginalized communities from fully benefiting from affirmative action.
• Gender Inequality: Women from underprivileged sections face additional barriers due
to gender discrimination, limiting their access to benefits.
Economic Constraints:
• Poverty: Extreme poverty among underprivileged sections makes it difficult for them to
take advantage of affirmative action policies, such as educational scholarships or job
reservations.
• Lack of Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure in rural and remote areas limits access
to educational and employment opportunities.
Examples and Case Studies
• Reservation in Higher Education: While reservations exist for Scheduled Castes (SCs),
Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in higher education, many
seats remain vacant due to lack of qualified candidates from these communities. This
highlights the need for better primary and secondary education to prepare students for
higher education.
• Public Sector Jobs: Despite reservations in public sector jobs, underprivileged sections
often face discrimination during recruitment and promotion processes. Additionally, the
private sector, which is a significant employer, does not have mandatory reservation
policies.
• Panchayati Raj Institutions: While there are reservations for SCs, STs, and women in
local governance, these representatives often lack the necessary support and resources
to effectively perform their roles. This limits their ability to bring about meaningful
change in their communities.
Measures to Improve Effectiveness
• Transparent Processes: Ensuring transparency in the implementation of affirmative
action policies can reduce corruption and bureaucratic delays.
• Capacity Building: Training and capacity building for administrators can improve the
efficiency of policy implementation.
• Information Campaigns: Conducting widespread information campaigns to educate
beneficiaries about available schemes and policies.

• Community Engagement: Engaging community leaders and local organizations to
spread awareness and facilitate access to benefits.
• Anti-Discrimination Measures: Strengthening anti-discrimination laws and ensuring
their strict enforcement to combat caste and gender discrimination.
• Empowerment Programs: Implementing programs that specifically target the
empowerment of women and marginalized communities.
• Financial Assistance: Providing financial assistance and incentives to underprivileged
sections to help them access educational and employment opportunities.
• Infrastructure Development: Investing in infrastructure development in rural and remote
areas to improve access to education and employment.
While affirmative action policies are in place to promote equity and social justice, their full
benefits are not reaching the underprivileged sections due to various challenges. Addressing
these challenges through improved implementation, awareness, and support measures is
crucial for achieving the goals envisaged by the Constitution.
Q19. Globalization has increased urban migration by skilled, young, unmarried women
from various classes. How has this trend impacted upon their personal freedom and
relationship with family.
Approach
• Introduction: briefly mention the influence of globalization on migration patterns.
• Body: firstly, address the impact on personal freedom. Secondly mention the impact on
family relationship and finally give some examples/case studies.
Model Answer
Globalization has significantly influenced migration patterns, leading to an increase in urban
migration by skilled, young, unmarried women from various socio-economic backgrounds.
This trend has had profound impacts on their personal freedom and relationships with their
families.
Impact on Personal Freedom
Economic Independence:
• Increased Earnings: Migration to urban areas often provides better job opportunities
and higher salaries, leading to greater financial independence for women. For instance,
the IT and BPO sectors in India have seen a significant influx of young women, with
many earning salaries comparable to or higher than their male counterparts.
• Career Growth: Access to diverse industries and professional networks in cities enhances
career prospects and personal development. According to a report by the United
Nations, urban migration has enabled women to pursue higher education and
professional careers, contributing to their economic empowerment.
Autonomy and Decision-Making:

• Living Independently: Many young women experience living independently for the first
time, which fosters self-reliance and confidence. This autonomy allows them to make
personal decisions regarding their lifestyle, education, and career paths without
familial constraints.
• Personal Choices: Greater autonomy in making personal decisions, such as lifestyle
choices, education, and career paths, without familial constraints.
Social and Cultural Exposure:
• Diverse Interactions: Urban environments offer exposure to diverse cultures and social
interactions, broadening perspectives and fostering inclusivity. This exposure helps
women develop a broader worldview and personal aspirations.
• Empowerment: Participation in social and professional networks empowers women to
advocate for their rights and interests.
Impact on Family Relationships
Changing Family Dynamics:
• Role Reversal: Economic independence can lead to a shift in traditional family roles,
with women contributing significantly to household finances. For example, a daughter
working in an urban IT sector might support her parents’ medical expenses back in her
hometown.
• Negotiating Traditions: Balancing modern lifestyles with traditional family expectations
can create tension but also opportunities for renegotiating family norms.
Communication and Connectivity:
• Maintaining Bonds: Advances in communication technology help maintain family
connections despite physical distance. Regular communication can provide emotional
support, although the nature of interactions may change.
• Emotional Support: Regular communication can provide emotional support, although the
nature of interactions may change.
Challenges and Conflicts:
• Cultural Expectations: Families may struggle with accepting the increased autonomy
and changing roles of their daughters, leading to potential conflicts. This is particularly
evident in societies with strong traditional values.
• Pressure to Conform: Women may face pressure to conform to traditional roles and
expectations when visiting or communicating with family.
Case Studies and Examples
• Urban Migration Trends: Cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, and Delhi have seen a
significant influx of young, skilled women seeking better career opportunities. According
to the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), the number of women migrating for
work increased by 48% between 2001 and 2011.
• Latin America: In countries like Brazil and Mexico, urban migration has empowered
women economically but also highlighted the need for supportive family policies.
• Southeast Asia: In nations like the Philippines and Indonesia, women migrating for work
often send remittances home, altering family financial dynamics and expectations.
The urban migration of skilled, young, unmarried women driven by globalization has enhanced
their personal freedom and economic independence. However, it has also led to evolving
family dynamics, requiring a balance between modern aspirations and traditional expectations.
This trend is reshaping societal norms and contributing to broader social transformations.

Q20. Critically analyse the proposition that there is a high correlation between India’s
cultural diversities and socio-economic marginalities.
Approach
• Introduction: define the cultural diversity
• Body: firstly, address the correlation between cultural diversity and socio-economic
marginality. Secondly mention the counter arguments and finally the analysis
Model Answer
India’s rich cultural diversity, encompassing various languages, religions, castes, and ethnic
groups, is often linked to socio-economic marginalities. This proposition suggests that cultural
diversity correlates with socio-economic disparities, particularly affecting historically
marginalized communities.
Correlation Between Cultural Diversity and Socio-Economic Marginality
Historical Context:
• Caste System: The caste system has historically contributed to socio-economic disparities.
Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) have faced systemic exclusion,
leading to persistent poverty and marginalization. For instance, despite affirmative
action policies, the socio-economic indicators for Dalits remain lower than the
national average.
• Tribal Communities: Tribal groups, particularly in states like Jharkhand and
Chhattisgarh, experience socio-economic backwardness due to geographic isolation
and lack of political representation.
Economic Opportunities:
• Linguistic Barriers: Cultural identities can influence access to economic resources and
opportunities. Linguistic minorities may face challenges in job markets dominated by
mainstream languages. For example, regions dominated by non-mainstream
languages, such as the North-East, have faced economic neglect compared to more
economically powerful regions.
• Religious Minorities: Religious minorities, such as Muslims, often face marginalization,
with lower access to education, healthcare, and employment. The Sachar Committee
Report highlighted that Muslims in India fare worse in terms of socio-economic indicators
like literacy rates, employment, and poverty.
Social Exclusion:
• Discrimination: Cultural differences sometimes result in discrimination and social
exclusion. For instance, Dalit women in rural areas face a dual burden of socio-
economic deprivation and cultural patriarchy, leading to higher illiteracy, maternal
mortality, and unemployment rates.
• Geographical Disparities: Regions with significant cultural diversity, such as the North-
East and tribal areas, often have poorer health and educational outcomes compared to
more developed regions like Gujarat or Maharashtra.
Counterarguments

Success Stories: Some culturally diverse groups have achieved significant socio-economic
progress. For example, certain linguistic minorities have excelled in entrepreneurship and
education, demonstrating that cultural diversity does not always equate to marginality.
Government Initiatives: Affirmative action policies and targeted development programs have
helped bridge the gap for many marginalized communities. However, the effectiveness of these
initiatives varies, and some regions have benefited more than others.
Other Factors: Geographical location, urbanization, and global economic trends also play
significant roles in socio-economic outcomes, sometimes independent of cultural factors. For
instance, urban areas generally offer better economic opportunities regardless of cultural
background.
Analysis
While there is evidence supporting a correlation between cultural diversity and socio-economic
marginality, it is crucial to recognize that this relationship is not absolute or universal. The
interplay of multiple identities (e.g., gender, caste, religion) complicates the direct correlation
between cultural diversity and marginalization. Additionally, with increasing education,
urbanization, and economic opportunities, traditional correlations between cultural identity and
socio-economic status are evolving.
There is a notable correlation between India’s cultural diversities and socio-economic
marginalities, but it is neither absolute nor static. The relationship is complex, influenced by
historical, social, and economic factors. Addressing these intersections through inclusive policies
and social reform remains crucial for equitable development across India’s diverse populace.

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