Urinary system terms
- 1. Robert AdamsBiology 120Urinary System Terms
- 2. Acute Renal FailureARFSudden renal failureKidneys have suddenly stopped working Wastes products, fluids, and electrolytes build in the body
- 3. 3 Main CausesPrerenalIntrinsicPost renal Acute Renal Failure
- 4. PrerenalSudden serious drop in blood flow to the kidneysHeavy blood lossInfection or sepsisdehydrationAdaptive response to severe volume depletion and hypertension with structurally intact nephrons.Acute Renal Failure
- 5. IntrinsicResponse to cytotoxic, ischemic, or inflammatory injuries to the kidney with structural and functional damage Damage from medicine, poison, or infectionPeople with serious long term health problems are likely to have kidney complications due to medications antibiotics, pain meds., blood pressure meds., and dyes used for X-rayAcute Renal Failure
- 6. Post renalThe obstruction of the passage of urineA sudden blockage that stops urine from flowing out of the kidneysKidney stonesTumorInjuryEnlarged prostateAcute Renal Failure
- 7. SymptomsLittle or no urineBruising easilyHand tremorsSwelling (especially of the legs and feet)SeizuresLoss of appetiteNausea, vomitingAcute Renal Failure
- 8. Risk FactorsSymptomsOlder adultsLong term health problemsKidney or liver diseaseDiabetesHeart failure ObesityLiver cirrhosisAnaphylaxisSevere burnsAnxiety ConfusionRestlessnessExhaustionPain in the back below rib cageAcute Renal Failure
- 9. DiagnosisBUN blood urea nitrogenCreatine clearanceUrinalysisSerum potassiumSerum creatineUltrasoundAbdominal CT scan or MRIAcute Renal Failure
- 10. TreatmentTreatment varies depending on the causeTreated by a nephrologistDialysisAntibioticsSpecial dietsMeds. to rid extra fluidMeds. to control blood potassiumMeds. to restore blood calcium levelsKidney transplantAcute Renal Failure
- 11. Acute Renal FailurePotentially fatalMay lay to chronic renal failureDevelops over a few hours or a few daysOccurs in 5% of hospitalized patientsInfection accounts for 75% of deaths associated with ARF
- 12. Blood, Urea, NitrogenBUNTest is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of ureaMeasures renal functionThe liver produces urea as a waste product during the breakdown of protein
- 13. Why is this test given?See if kidneys are working normallySee the condition of kidney diseaseTest treatment of kidney diseaseCheck for sever dehydrationBlood, Urea, Nitrogen
- 14. Blood, Urea, NitrogenPatients prepare for this test by abstaining from meat or protein 24 hours priorNormal results are 6-20 milligrams per deciliter
- 15. High BUN ResultsKidney injury or diseaseDiabetesHigh blood pressureBlockage of the urinary tractLow blood flow to the kidneyAcute renal failureDehydrationHeart failureSevere burnsAddison’s diseaseHigh protein dietSome meds.Blood, Urea, Nitrogen
- 16. Low BUN ResultsLow protein dietMalnutritionSevere liver damageOver hydrationSevere muscle injuryPregnancyCirrhosisBlood, Urea, Nitrogen
- 17. CatheterizationcathUrinary catheterizationTubing that is inserted into the bladder via the urethraAllows urine to drain freely from the bladder for collectionPermanent or intermittentTubing can be latex, polyurethane, or silicone
- 18. Types of cathetersFoley Catheter – retained by means of a balloon at the tip which is inflated with sterile water. Indwelling catheterRobinson Catheter – intermittent flexible catheter for short term usage. No balloon tip so it can’t stay in place unaidedCaude catheter – designed with a curved tip that makes it easier to pass through the curvature of the prostatic urethraHematuria catheter – type of Foley catheterTexas Condom catheter – used for incontinent males, and carries a lower risk for infectionCatheterization
- 19. When is a patient catheterized?Acute or chronic urinary retentionOrthopedic procedures that limit patient movementNeed for accurate monitoring of input and outputBenign prostatic hyperplasiaBlockage Various surgeries involving the bladder and prostateCatheterization
- 20. Procedure for menWash hand, put on glovesClean urethra openingLubricate catheterGently insert and advance catheterWhen you reach external sphincter you will feel resistance, gently continue to advanceWhen urine flow starts hold catheter in place while you inflate balloonSecure catheter and attach drainage bagCatheterization
- 21. Procedure for womenWash hands, put on glovesClean labia and urethral meatusLubricate catheterSpread labia and locate urethral meatusSlowly insert catheter into meatusGently advance catheterWhen urine flows advance about 2 more inches hold catheter in place and inflate balloonSecure catheter and attach drainage bagCatheterization
- 22. Diagnostic ReasonsUrinalysisCollect accurately timed volumes or urine for renal function studyMonitor urine outputInstall contrast dye for radiographyCatheterization
- 23. TherapeuticRelieve obstruction to urine flowGive meds. Directly to urinary bladderFacilitate surgical repair of urethra and surrounding tissuesCatheterization
- 24. RisksAllergy or sensitivity to materialsBladder stonesBlood infectionsHematuriaUrethral injuryUrinary tract infectionsKidney damageBladder spasmsparaphimosisCatheterization
- 25. CystoscopycystoAllows doctor to look inside of the bladder and the urethraUsed for visual diagnosisCan also be used for certain treatmentsCan see areas that can’t be seen through X-rayAlso called cystourethroscopy
- 26. CystoscopeLighted instrument that is inserted through the urethra and moved to the bladderSterile water is injected through the scope to help expand bladder and create clear viewingMedicine can also be injected through scope Tiny instruments can be inserted to collect tissueCystoscopy
- 28. ProcedurePatient is given a sedationIV for meds. and fluidsPatient lies on back with knees bent, legs apartGenitals are cleanedAnesthetic is givenWell lubricated cystoscope is inserted into the urethra and slowly advanced to the bladderInstrument can be used to biopsy 45 min. procedure performed by urologistCystoscopy
- 29. RisksAnesthetic riskTemporary swelling of the urethraDifficult urinationHematuriaInfectionUrethra and bladder punctureCystoscopy
- 30. Not administered if…PregnantAllergicBleeding problemsOn blood thinnersCystoscopy
- 31. Why?Find cause of hematuria, dysuriaUrinary frequencyUrinary inconsistenceUrinary hesitanceUrine retentionUrethra blockageUrinary tract infectionsBiopsyRemove foreign objectsCheck for stones or tumorsDiagnose enlarged prostateCystoscopy
- 32. PreparationSometimes antibioticsNothing by mouth after midnight the evening beforeCystoscopy
- 33. Infection that begins in the urinary systemMost infections involve the lower urinary tract: bladder and urethraInfection is more common in womenUrinary Tract InfectionUTI
- 34. TypesKidney (acute pyelonephritis)Bladder (cystitis)Urethra (urethritis)Urinary Tract Infection
- 35. SymptomsStrong urge to urinateBurning sensation when urinatingCloudy urineFrequent small amounts of urinePelvic and rectal painStrong smelling urineHematuriaNausea, vomitingUrinary Tract Infection
- 36. CausesWhen bacteria enters the urethra and begins to multiply Infection caused by E. coliSexual intercourse, STD’sGI bacteria spread from anus to urethraUrinary Tract Infection
- 37. How is it diagnosed?TreatmentUrinalysis Bacteria culture in labCystoscopyDiagnostic imagingAntibioticsHome urine testsSingle doses of antibiotics after sexVaginal estrogen therapyhospitalizationUrinary Tract Infection
- 38. Higher Risk FactorsReduce RisksFemaleSexually activeUsing certain birth controlUndergoing menopauseUrinary tract abnormalitiesSuppressed immune systemUsing a catheterBlockage of the urinary tractDrink plenty of liquidsWipe front to backEmpty bladder after sexAvoid irritating feminine productsUrinary Tract Infection