CWR US presentation PGOC 2012
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The document outlines a strategy for the conservation of crop wild relatives (CWR) in the USA, summarizing initial results from an inventory of over 4,600 taxa. It highlights the prioritization of taxa based on their potential agricultural use and includes iconic species, with a focus on food crops relevant to US production. The document advocates for the collection of occurrence data, the establishment of genetic reserves, and future analyses to manage CWR under climate change impacts.
CWR US presentation PGOC 2012
- 1. Toward a Strategy for Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives of the USA: Initial Results Colin Khoury, Stephanie Greene, Nora Patricia Castañeda Alvarez, John Wiersema
- 2. Strategy Flowchart source: adapted from Maxted N. various publications
- 3. National Inventory Taxa directly used for food, fiber, forage, medicine, ornamental, and restoration purposes CWR taxa (taxa used for crop improvement through breeding) Both native and non-native taxa Sources: GRIN World Economic Plants Database; Flora of North America; McGuffin (2000); Native Seed Network Database. • List reviewed by US researchers, curators, breeders (THANK YOU!) Phaseolus angustissimus source: SEINet • Inventory currently lists over 4,600 taxa
- 4. Taxonomic Priorities Prioritization of taxa based upon potential use value genepools of major crops with active breeding programs primary focus on food crops Gathered data on major crops globally (FAOSTAT, published literature, ITPGRFA) Prioritized the list Results: 242 World’s Top Crops (268 genera) 101 crops (119 genera) in Priority 1 141 crops (149 genera) in Priority 2 Includes all the most important agricultural crops around the world by a number of measures, and covers all crops listed in FAOSTAT for US production and food Juglans hindsii source: http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu supply, with virtually all major US crops on Priority 1.
- 5. Taxonomic Priorities for the US Applied World’s Top Crops list to the national inventory and GRIN taxonomy to derive a priority list of CWR occurring in the USA Reviewed inventory and proposed additional priorities that did not emerge from global data Proposed iconic US wild harvested species crops, e.g. sugar maple, wild rice, echinacea, pine nut, pecan, jojoba, agave List reviewed by US researchers, curators, breeders (THANK YOU!) Vitis rotundifolia source: Will Cook, 2008
- 6. Taxonomic Priorities for the US >2,000 taxa of 175 priority genera occur in the USA 800 taxa of 69 Priority 1 genera 316 taxa of 33 genera 1A (closely related native taxa) 477 taxa of 47 genera 1B (distantly related, non- native) Priority 2 genera- future work! Important crops with rich genepools include Allium (onion), Cucurbita (squash), Fragaria (strawberry), Helianthus (sunflower), Ipomoea (sweet potato), Phaseolus (bean), Prunus (cherry, almond, peach, etc.), Ribes (currant), Rubus (raspberry), Vaccinium (blueberry, cranberry), and Vitis (grape), among Rubus hawaiensis source: luirig.altervista.org others.
- 7. Genepool Concepts http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxcwr.pl http://www.cwrdiversity.org/home/checklist/
- 8. Gap Analysis Methodology Gather Gather Georeferencing taxonomic data occurrence data Make collecting Determine gaps Model recommendations in collections distributions
- 9. Global CWR Project Genera Agropyron Colocasia Ipomoea Pistacia Allium Corylus Isatis Pisum (incl. Vavilovia) Ananas Crambe Juglans Prunus Arachis Cucumis Lablab Pyrus Raphanus (incl. Armoracia Cucurbita Lactuca Raphanobrassica) Artocarpus Cynara Lathyrus Ribes Asparagus Daucus Lens Rorippa Avena Digitaria Lepidium Saccarhum Barbarea Dioscorea Lupinus Secale Bertholletia Diplotaxis Malus Sesamum Beta Echinochloa Mangifera Setaria Brassica Elaeis Manihot Sinapis Cajanus Elettaria Medicago Solanum (incl. Lycopersicon) Camellia Eleusine Musa (incl. Ensete) Sorghum Capsicum Elymus Olea Spinacia Carica Eruca Oryza Theobroma Triticum (incl. Triticosecale, Carthamnus Ficus Panicum Aegilops, others) Chenopodium Fragaria (incl. as Potentilla) Pennisetum Vicia Cicer Glycine Persea Vigna Citrullus Gossypium Phaseolus Vitellaria Citrus (incl. Fortunella and Helianthus Phoenix Vitis Poncirus) Cocos Hordeum Pimenta Xanthosoma Coffea Ilex Piper Zea (incl. Tripsacum)
- 10. Gap Analysis: Global Project Occurrence Data Sources • Online data • Researchers • Herbarium and genebank databases • Herbarium visits- more than 25,000 photos taken at NY, PH, US, MO, CAS, UC, WAG, CUVC, R, RB, MA, COI, RBGE, LISU, LISC, LISI, BM, RBGE, P, L, K, VIR. Global database contains ca. 4 million geo-referenced records add new occurrence data for 18 USA CWR priority genera filter for US occurrences
- 11. Gap Analysis: Methodology Ramírez-Villegas J, Khoury C, Jarvis A, Debouck DG, and Guarino L (2010). A Gap Analysis Methodology for Collecting Crop Genepools: a Case Study with Phaseolus Bean. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13497
- 12. Gap Analysis: Dimensions Taxonomic Geographic Environmental
- 14. US Phaseolus taxon richness
- 15. US Phaseolus herbarium and germplasm record richness herbarium records germplasm records
- 17. US Phaseolus distribution model taxon richness
- 19. US Phaseolus results Taxon HS GS TOTAL SRS GRS ERS FPS priority category Phaseolus_sinuatus 0 1 1 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 HPS Phaseolus_leptostachyus 1 0 1 0.00 NA NA 0.00 HPS Phaseolus_pedicellatus 11 0 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 HPS Phaseolus_smilacifolius 1 0 1 0.00 NA NA 0.00 HPS Phaseolus_texensis 6 0 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 HPS Phaseolus_polystachyus 344 2 346 0.06 0.06 2.61 0.91 HPS Phaseolus_maculatus 60 9 69 1.30 0.34 4.00 1.88 HPS Phaseolus_parvulus 61 9 70 1.29 0.55 4.00 1.94 HPS Phaseolus_maculatus_maculatus 62 3 65 0.46 0.38 5.05 1.96 HPS Phaseolus_grayanus 71 23 94 2.45 1.24 3.55 2.41 HPS Phaseolus_angustissimus 267 8 275 0.29 0.46 6.50 2.42 HPS Phaseolus_filiformis 162 20 182 1.10 1.68 7.67 3.48 MPS Phaseolus_acutifolius 96 25 121 2.07 1.89 6.92 3.62 MPS Phaseolus_maculatus_ritensis 53 20 73 2.74 3.66 6.50 4.30 MPS Phaseolus_acutifolius_tenuifolius 64 55 119 4.62 3.35 7.50 5.16 LPS Phaseolus_acutifolius_acutifolius 27 17 44 3.86 2.38 10.00 5.41 LPS Phaseolus_parvifolius 2 2 4 5.00 10.00 6.67 7.22 LPS
- 20. US Phaseolus germplasm gaps germplasm gap richness for high priority species
- 21. Next Steps Gather more occurrence data- US herbaria, expert sources Gather data on threats to CWR populations Perform full gap analysis methodology on Priority 1 genepools Develop methodology for in situ conservation analysis and perform analysis Advocate for collecting and for establishment of genetic reserves
- 22. Expected Products Web-based map tool for visualizing species distributions and ex situ and in situ gaps Publish checklist of CWR of the USA Publish gap analysis results Publish analysis of management of genetic reserves under climate change Contribution to new accessions conserved, management plans for conservation of CWR in genetic reserves Helianthus exilis source: Greg Baute
- 23. Contribute! Occurrence data needed for US distributions of priority 1 taxa Expert review of gap analysis results (for both US and Global CWR projects) Ribes niveum source: www.plantsystematics.org
- 24. Thank You! http://cwroftheus.wordpress.com/ www.cwrdiversity.org Colin Khoury c.khoury@cgiar.org Stephanie Greene Stephanie.Greene@ars.usda.gov John Wiersema John.Wiersema@ars.usda.gov Lactuca serriola source C Khoury
- 25. Thank You!
- 26. US Phaseolus record richness
- 27. US Phaseolus modeling uncertainty metrics modeling uncertainties as maximum standard deviations of taxa
- 28. US Phaseolus gap uncertainty metrics collecting uncertainties as maximum standard deviations of taxa collecting uncertainties as maximum geographic distance to known populations
- 29. Gap Analysis: Global Project Occurrence Data Sources Academy of Natural Sciences Herbarium (PH), USA African Biodiversity Conservation and Innovations Centre (ABCIC) (Dr. Dan Kiambi), Kenya Armenian State Agrarian University (Dr. Alvina Avagyan), Armenia National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE) (Dr. Maha Syouf), Jordan Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), Australia (accessed 10/2011) Natural History Museum Herbarium (BM), UK Australian Tropical Grains Germplasm Centre (ATGGC) (Dr. Sally Norton), Australia Natural History Museum, Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (PBI) Solanum: A worldwide Botanical Society of the British Isles Herbaria@home, UK treatment, Solanaceae Source, UK California Academy of Sciences (CAS), USA New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY), USA Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental (CRIA), Brazil (accessed 6/2011) Nordic Genetic Resources Center (NordGen), Sweden Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico (accessed Plants of Taiwan, Taiwan 5/2011) Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (MA), Spain Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) (Dr. Robert Lawn), Australia Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh (E), UK Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria, USA Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), UK Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research System-wide Information Network for Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) (Josephine Piggin), UK Genetic Resources (SINGER) (accessed 6/2011) Smithsonian Institution, National Herbarium (US), USA Denver Botanic Gardens Herbarium (DBG), USA United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (Dr. David Spooner), DIVEA, DEP, FEEMA Herbário Alberto Castellanos (GUA), Brazil USA European Search Catalogue (EURISCO), Europe (accessed 6/2011) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Field Museum (F), USA Germplasm Repository (Dr. Kim Hummer), USA Florida State University Herbarium (FSU), USA United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Germplasm System, Germplasm GENESYS Global Portal (accessed 6/2011) Resources Information Network (GRIN), USA (accessed 6/2011) Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (accessed 4/2011) United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Germplasm System, Western Regional Harvard University Herbarium (HUH), USA Plant Introduction Station, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Seeds of Herbário do Jardim Botânico do IICT (LISC), Portugal Success Program, USA Herbarium and African Library of the Free University of Brussels (BRLU), Belgium United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; Bioversity International; Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), Harold and Adele Lieberman Germplasm Bank, Israel International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); and the University Instituto Superior de Agronomia (LISI), Portugal Universidad del Valle Herbarium (CUVC), Colombia International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) (Alicia Velasquez), Colombia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional, Brazil International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia Universidade Lisboa Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (LISU), Portugal International Potato Center (CIP), Peru Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Dr. Susana Neves), Portugal International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines University of Birmingham (Dr. Nigel Maxted), UK. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (JABOT), Brazil University of California, Riverside (Dr. Jeff Ehlers), United States Department of Agriculture, LAC-Biosafety, Colombia Agricultural Research Service (Dr. Roy Pittman), USA Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) (Dr. Benjamin Kilian), Germany University of California, Riverside Herbarium (UCR), USA Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MHA), Moscow, Russia University of Çukurova (Dr. Hakan Özkan), Turkey Manchester University Herbarium (MANCH), UK University of Helsinki (Dr. Markku Hakkinen), Finland Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK University of Washington (Dr. Joshua Tewksbury), USA Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium (MO), USA V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute (LE), St. Petersburg, Russia Moscow State University (MW), Moscow, Russia Wageningen University (Dr. Laurentius Josephus Gerardus van der Maesen), The Netherlands Museu Nacional de História Natural (Dr. Joana Brehm), Portugal Wageningen University Herbarium (WAG), The Netherlands Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciencia (MNHN), Portugal West Virginia University Herbarium (WVA), USA Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Herbarium (P), France World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kenya N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Sciences (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), Taiwan Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Collection Database (L, U, WAG), The Netherlands Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Herbarium Utrecht (U), The Netherlands Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch (L), The Netherlands
- 30. Global CWR Project Priorities Crop Taxa Alfalfa (Medicago) 13 Apple 12 Bambara Groundnut 27 Banana 31 Barley 2 Bean (Phaseolus) 37 Carrot 27 Chickpea 4 Cowpea 12 Eggplant 32 Faba Bean 1 Finger Millet 4 Grasspea 12 Lentil 4 Oat 12 Pea 9 Pearl Millet 4 Pigeon Pea 8 Potato 83 Rice 19 Rye 4 Sorghum 5 Sunflower 11 Sweet Potato 14 Vetch 9 Wheat 55 Total 451