Vaccine delivery system
- 1. VACCINE DELIVERYVACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEMSYSTEM Prepared by: Ms Janu Vashi Department of Pharmaceutics, A R & G H P college of Pharmacy, V V Nagar
- 3. WHAT ARE VACCINES?WHAT ARE VACCINES? AACQUIREDCQUIRED IIMMUNITYMMUNITY WWEAKENEDEAKENED OROR KKILLEDILLED FORMSFORMS TTOXINSOXINS SSURFACEURFACE PROTEINSPROTEINS..
- 4. OVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF VACCINESOVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF VACCINES VARIOLAE VACCINAE --FFIIRSTRST VACCINEVACCINE WASWAS DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED ININ 19781978 FORFOR SSMALLMALL POX BYBY EEDWARDDWARD JJENNERENNER..BYBY EEDWARDDWARD JJENNERENNER.. LLOUISOUIS PPASTEURASTEUR INVENTEDINVENTED RRABIESABIES VACCINEVACCINE 1985.1985.
- 6. HOW VACCINES WORKS?HOW VACCINES WORKS? PROPHYLACTIC TTHERAPEUTICHERAPEUTIC
- 8. SINGLE COMPONENT MULTI/ MIXED COMPONENTMULTI/ MIXED COMPONENT
- 9. -VACCINES CAN BE, 1)BACTERIAL VACCINE 2)VIRAL VACCINE 3)RICKETTSIAL VACCINE 4)TOXOIDS
- 10. TYPES OF VACCINES WHICH ARETYPES OF VACCINES WHICH ARE COMMON IN USECOMMON IN USE TYPE Live Vaccine Killed Vaccine Bacterial Tuberculosis (BCG) Cholera Typhoid Whooping Cough Viral Small Pox PolioViral Small Pox Polio Rubella Influenza Yellow Fever Rabies Rickettsial Typhus Toxoids Diphtheria Tetanus
- 11. UPTAKE OF ANTIGENSUPTAKE OF ANTIGENS --AANTIGENSNTIGENS GENERATEDGENERATED BYBY ENDOGENOUSENDOGENOUS ANDAND EXOGENOUSEXOGENOUS ANTIGENANTIGEN PROCESSINGPROCESSING ACTIVATEACTIVATE DIFFERENTDIFFERENT EFFECTOREFFECTOR FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
- 13. STAGES OF EXOGENOUS ANTIGENSTAGES OF EXOGENOUS ANTIGEN UPTAKEUPTAKE UUPTAKEPTAKE AACCESSCCESS OFOF NATIVENATIVE ANTIGENSANTIGENS ANDAND PATHOGENSPATHOGENS TOTO INTRACELLULARINTRACELLULAR PATHWAYSPATHWAYS OFOF DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION DDEGRADATIONEGRADATION LLLLIMITEDIMITED PROTEOLYSISPROTEOLYSIS OFOF ANTIGENSANTIGENS TOTO PEPTIDESPEPTIDES AANTIGENNTIGEN--MHCMHC COMPLEXCOMPLEX FORMATIONFORMATION LLOADINGOADING OFOF PEPTIDESPEPTIDES ONON MHCMHC MOLECULESMOLECULES AANTIGENNTIGEN PPRESENTATIONRESENTATION TTRANSPORTRANSPORT ANDAND EXPRESSIONEXPRESSION OFOF PEPTIDEPEPTIDE--MHCMHC COMPLEXESCOMPLEXES ONON THETHE SURFACESSURFACES OFOF CELLSCELLS FORFOR REORGANIZATIONREORGANIZATION BYBY TT CELLSCELLS
- 14. WHAT IS MHC?WHAT IS MHC? MAJORMAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITYHISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEXCOMPLEX (MHC)(MHC) ACQUIREDACQUIRED IMMUNEIMMUNE SYSTEMSYSTEM HISTOCOMPATIBILITYHISTOCOMPATIBILITYHISTOCOMPATIBILITYHISTOCOMPATIBILITY --TTHEHE MAINMAIN FUNCTIONFUNCTION OFOF MHCMHC MOLECULESMOLECULES ISIS TOTO BINDBIND TOTO ANTIGENSANTIGENS DERIVEDDERIVED FROMFROM PATHOGENSPATHOGENS ANDAND DISPLAYDISPLAY THEMTHEM ONON THETHE CELLCELL SURFACESURFACE FORFOR RECOGNITIONRECOGNITION BYBY THETHE APPROPRIATEAPPROPRIATE TT--CELLSCELLS
- 15. STAGES OF ENDOGENOUS ANTIGENSTAGES OF ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN UPTAKEUPTAKE UUPTAKEPTAKE AANTIGENSNTIGENS//PATHOGENSPATHOGENS ALREADYALREADY PRESENTPRESENT ININ THETHE CELLSCELLS DDEGRADATIONEGRADATION AANTIGENSNTIGENS SYNTHESIZEDSYNTHESIZED ININ CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM UNDERGOUNDERGO LIMITEDLIMITED PROTEOLYTICPROTEOLYTIC DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION ININ THETHE CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM AANTIGENNTIGEN--MHC CMHC COMPLEXOMPLEX FORMATIONFORMATION LLOADINGOADING OFOF PEPTIDEPEPTIDE ANTIGENSANTIGENS ONTOONTO MHC CMHC CLASSLASS II MOLECULESMOLECULES ISIS DIFFERENTDIFFERENT TOTO THETHE LOADINGLOADING ONON MHCMHC CLASSCLASS-- IIII MOLECULESMOLECULES PPRESENTATIONRESENTATION TTRANSPORTRANSPORT ANDAND EXPRESSIONEXPRESSION OFOF AANTIGENNTIGEN--MHC CMHC COMPLEXOMPLEX ONON THETHE SURFACESURFACE OFOF CELLSCELLS FORFOR REORGANIZATIONREORGANIZATION BYBY TT CELLSCELLS
- 16. SINGLE SHOT VACCINESSINGLE SHOT VACCINES AA SINGLESINGLE CONTACTCONTACT POINTPOINT FORFOR PREVENTINGPREVENTING 44--66 DISEASESDISEASES.. --TTHEYHEY WILLWILL REPLACEREPLACE THETHE NEEDNEED FORFOR AA PRIMEPRIME BOOSTBOOST REGIMENREGIMEN,, CONSEQUENTLYCONSEQUENTLY ELIMINATINGELIMINATING THETHE REPEATEDREPEATED VISITSVISITS TOTO DOCTORSDOCTORS.. --TTHEHE COSTCOST FORFOR SINGLESINGLE SHOTSHOT VACCINESVACCINES AREARE HIGHERHIGHER ASAS--TTHEHE COSTCOST FORFOR SINGLESINGLE SHOTSHOT VACCINESVACCINES AREARE HIGHERHIGHER ASAS COMPAREDCOMPARED TOTO NORMALNORMAL VACCINESVACCINES.. --DEFINATION:DEFINATION: TTHEHE COMBINATIONCOMBINATION PRODUCTPRODUCT PRIMEPRIME COMPONENTCOMPONENT ANTIGENANTIGEN MICROSPHEREMICROSPHERE COMPONENTCOMPONENT ANDAND APPRAPPR ADJUVANTADJUVANT
- 18. --IINN ORDERORDER TOTO INCREASEINCREASE THETHE THERAPEUTICTHERAPEUTIC ACTIVITYACTIVITY OFOF SINGLESINGLE SHOTSHOT VACCINESVACCINES VACCINEVACCINE ADJUVANTSADJUVANTS AREARE USEDUSED..
- 19. PPARTICULATEARTICULATE AADJUVENTSDJUVENTS --TTHEYHEY FORMFORM VERYVERY SMALLSMALL PARTICLESPARTICLES THATTHAT CANCAN STIMULATESTIMULATE THETHE IMMUNEIMMUNE SYSTEMSYSTEM ANDAND ALSOALSO ENHANCESENHANCES THETHE DELIVERYDELIVERY OFOF ANTIGENANTIGEN TOTO IMMUNEIMMUNE CELLSCELLS.. --EEXAMPLESXAMPLES OFOF PARTICULATEPARTICULATE ADJUVENTSADJUVENTS AREARE:: 1)A1)ALUMLUM --MMOSTOST COMMONLYCOMMONLY USEDUSED ADJUVANTADJUVANT --CONSISTSCONSISTS OFOF AALUMINUMLUMINUM SSALTSALTS THATTHAT AREARE NOTNOT SOLUBLESOLUBLE ININ WATERWATER --RRECENTLYECENTLY ITIT ISIS USEDUSED ININ VACCINESVACCINES FORFOR HHEPATITISEPATITIS BB --MECHANISMMECHANISM ISIS UNKNOWNUNKNOWN FORFOR HOWHOW ITIT STIMULATESSTIMULATES VACCINEVACCINE INDUCEDINDUCED IMMUNITYIMMUNITY..
- 20. 2)V2)VIROSOMESIROSOMES FLUFLU VACCINEVACCINE HHEPATITISEPATITIS AA VACCINEVACCINE ANTIGENSANTIGENS ANDAND OTHEROTHER PROTEINSPROTEINS ONON THEIRTHEIR SURFACESURFACE,, DOESDOES NOTNOT CONTAINCONTAIN ANYANY GENETICGENETIC MATERIALMATERIAL.. MMECHANISMECHANISM::
- 21. 3)C3)CYTOKINESYTOKINES -- TTHEYHEY AREARE SMALLSMALL PROTEINSPROTEINS THATTHAT SERVESSERVES ASAS CHEMICALCHEMICAL MESSENGERMESSENGER OFOF THETHE IMMUNEIMMUNE SYSTEMSYSTEM.. --BBECAUSEECAUSE OFOF THEIRTHEIR ROLEROLE ININ IMMUNEIMMUNE RESPONSESRESPONSES,, SOMESOME CYTOKINESCYTOKINES HAVEHAVE BEENBEEN EVALUATEDEVALUATED ASAS VACCINEVACCINE ADJUVENTSADJUVENTS..ADJUVENTSADJUVENTS.. -- SOMETIMESSOMETIMES THESETHESE ADJUVENTSADJUVENTS AREARE USEDUSED ININ COMBINATIONSCOMBINATIONS FORFOR PRODUCINGPRODUCING PROPORTIONALPROPORTIONAL IMMUNEIMMUNE RESPONSESRESPONSES..
- 22. MUCOSAL VACCINEMUCOSAL VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEMDELIVERY SYSTEM
- 23. MAJORMAJOR PORTALPORTAL OFOF ENTRYENTRY FORFOR MANYMANY HUMANHUMAN PATHOGENSPATHOGENS MOREMORE EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE ATAT THEIRTHEIR SITESSITES OFOF ENTRYENTRY.. UPTAKEUPTAKE BYBY LOCALLOCAL ANTIGENANTIGEN--PRESENTINGPRESENTING CELLSCELLS
- 24. SURFACESURFACE AREAAREA (400(400 MM2)2) 200200 TIMESTIMES GREATERGREATER THANTHAN THATTHAT OFOF THETHE SKINSKIN.. TYPETYPE--II ANDAND TYPETYPE--IIII MUCOSAMUCOSA.. TTYPEYPE--II MUCOSAMUCOSA LUNGLUNG ANDAND GUTGUT TYPETYPE--IIII MUCOSAMUCOSA SURFACESSURFACES OFOF THETHE MOUTHMOUTH,, ESOPHAGUSESOPHAGUS ANDAND CORNEACORNEA..
- 25. DESIGN AND STRATEGIES FORDESIGN AND STRATEGIES FOR MUCOSAL DELIVERYMUCOSAL DELIVERYMUCOSAL DELIVERYMUCOSAL DELIVERY
- 26. --EEMULSIONSMULSIONS AREARE HETEROGENEOUSHETEROGENEOUS LIQUIDLIQUID SYSTEMSSYSTEMS MAYMAY BEBE WATERWATER--ININ--OILOIL EMULSIONSEMULSIONS((WW//OO),),OILOIL ININ WATERWATER EMULSIONSEMULSIONS((OO//WW),),OROR MOREMORE COMPLEXCOMPLEX SYSTEMSSYSTEMS SUCHSUCH ASAS WATERWATER--ININ--OILOIL--ININ--WATERWATER((WW//OO//WW))MULTIPLEMULTIPLE EMULSIONSEMULSIONS,, MICROMICRO EMULSIONSEMULSIONS,, OROR NANONANO EMULSIONSEMULSIONS --AANTIGENSNTIGENS AREARE DISSOLVEDDISSOLVED ININ AA WATERWATER PHASEPHASE ANDAND I)Emulsion type delivery --AANTIGENSNTIGENS AREARE DISSOLVEDDISSOLVED ININ AA WATERWATER PHASEPHASE ANDAND EMULSIFIEDEMULSIFIED ININ THETHE OILOIL ININ THETHE PRESENCEPRESENCE OFOF ANAN APPROPRIATEAPPROPRIATE EMULSIFIEREMULSIFIER.. --TTHEHE CONTROLLEDCONTROLLED RELEASERELEASE CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS OFOF ANAN EMULSIONEMULSION AREARE DETERMINEDDETERMINED BYBY FACTORSFACTORS SUCHSUCH ASAS VISCOSITYVISCOSITY OFOF OILOIL PHASEPHASE,, OILOIL--TOTO--WATERWATER PHASEPHASE RATIORATIO ANDAND EMULSIONEMULSION DROPLETDROPLET SIZESIZE..
- 27. --EE..GG.. HIGHHIGH OILOIL CONTENTCONTENT CANCAN CAUSECAUSE UNNECESSARYUNNECESSARY INJECTIONINJECTION SITESITE IRRITATIONIRRITATION ANDAND TOOTOO LARGELARGE AA DROPLETDROPLET SIZESIZE CANCAN RESULTRESULT ININ AA PHYSICALLYPHYSICALLY UNSTABLEUNSTABLE PRODUCTPRODUCT THERETHERE BYBY REDUCINGREDUCING ITSITS SHELFSHELF LIFELIFE.. --HHUANGUANG ETET DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED AA NOVELNOVEL EMULSIONEMULSION--TYPETYPE VACCINEVACCINE DELIVERYDELIVERY SYSTEMSSYSTEMS OFOF THETHE AMPHIPHILICAMPHIPHILICVACCINEVACCINE DELIVERYDELIVERY SYSTEMSSYSTEMS OFOF THETHE AMPHIPHILICAMPHIPHILIC BIORESORBABLEBIORESORBABLE POLYMERPOLYMER POLYPOLY((ETHYLENEETHYLENE GLYCOLGLYCOL))-- BLOCKBLOCK--POLYPOLY((LACTIDELACTIDE--COCO--EPSILONEPSILON--CAPROLACTONECAPROLACTONE)) (PEG(PEG--BB--PLACL)PLACL) USINGUSING OOVALBUMINVALBUMIN ASAS MODELMODEL ANTIGENANTIGEN..
- 28. --RRESULTSESULTS FROMFROM PHYSICOCHEMICALPHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATION STUDIESSTUDIES ANDAND ININ-- VITROVITRO RELEASERELEASE STUDIESSTUDIES SHOWEDSHOWED THATTHAT THEYTHEY AREARE COMPOSEDCOMPOSED OFOF HOMOGENOUSHOMOGENOUS FINEFINE PARTICLESPARTICLES --AADVANTAGESDVANTAGES:: --DDISADVANTAGESISADVANTAGES::
- 29. --LLIPOSOMESIPOSOMES AREARE SPHERICALSPHERICAL SHAPESHAPE VESICLESVESICLES CONTAININGCONTAINING ANAN AQUEOUSAQUEOUS CORECORE WHICHWHICH ISIS ENCLOSEDENCLOSED BYBY AA LIPIDLIPID BIBI--LAYERLAYER.. II)Liposome Based delivery PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINEPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE,, EGGPHOSPHATIDYLEGGPHOSPHATIDYL-- ETHANOLAMINEETHANOLAMINE..
- 30. PPREPARATIONREPARATION OFOF LLIPOSOMEIPOSOME VACCINEVACCINE DELIVERYDELIVERY SYSTEMSYSTEM WATERWATER-- SOLUBLESOLUBLE ANTIGENSANTIGENS ENTRAPPEDENTRAPPED WITHINWITHIN THETHE AQUEOUSAQUEOUS INNERINNER SPACESPACE OFOF LIPOSOMESLIPOSOMES LLIPOPHILICIPOPHILIC COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS INTERCALATEDINTERCALATED INTOINTO THETHE LIPIDLIPID BILAYERBILAYER ADSORPTIONADSORPTION STABLESTABLE CHEMICALCHEMICAL LINKINGLINKING..
- 33. SUBMICRONSUBMICRON-- SIZEDSIZED COLLOIDALCOLLOIDAL PARTICLESPARTICLES III)Polymeric Nano Particles
- 34. --BBIODEGRADABLEIODEGRADABLE PPOLYOLY(A(ALKYLLKYL CYANOCYANO--ACRYLATEACRYLATE) (PACA)) (PACA) OVALBUMINOVALBUMIN --BBIODEGRADABLEIODEGRADABLE PPOLYOLY(M(METHYLETHYL METHAMETHA ACRYLATEACRYLATE)) (PMMA)(PMMA)
- 35. VIROSOMEVIROSOME UNILAMELLARUNILAMELLAR PHOSPHOLIPIDPHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANEMEMBRANE~150~150 MMMM VIRUSVIRUS DERIVEDDERIVED PROTEINSPROTEINS TT ENABLEENABLE THETHE VIROSOMEVIROSOME MEMBRANESMEMBRANES TOTO FUSEFUSE IV)Virosomes ENABLEENABLE THETHE VIROSOMEVIROSOME MEMBRANESMEMBRANES TOTO FUSEFUSE WITHWITH CELLSCELLS OFOF DELIVERDELIVER THETHE SPECIFICSPECIFIC ANTIGENSANTIGENS DIRECTLYDIRECTLY TOTO THEIRTHEIR TARGETTARGET CELLSCELLS COMPLETELYCOMPLETELY DEGRADEDDEGRADED WITHINWITHIN THETHE CELLSCELLS..
- 36. CONTRIBUTESCONTRIBUTES TOTO THETHE IMMUNOLOGICALIMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
- 38. V)Melt In Mouth strips --FFIRSTIRST DESIGNEDDESIGNED BYBY UNDERGRADUATEUNDERGRADUATE STUDENTSSTUDENTS ATAT JJOHNSOHNS HHOPKINSOPKINS UUNIVERSITYNIVERSITY ONON BIOMEDICALBIOMEDICAL ENGINEERINGENGINEERING DESIGNDESIGN DAYDAY FORFOR PROTECTIONPROTECTION AGAINSTAGAINST ROTAROTA VIRUSVIRUS INFECTIONINFECTION
- 39. MOUTH DISSOLVING STRIPSMOUTH DISSOLVING STRIPS
- 42. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION LARGESTLARGEST MOSTMOST ACCESSIBLEACCESSIBLE ORGANORGAN EASEEASE OFOF ACCESSACCESS,, AA POTENTIALPOTENTIAL FORFOR BOTHBOTH SYSTEMICSYSTEMIC ANDAND MUCOSALMUCOSALFORFOR BOTHBOTH SYSTEMICSYSTEMIC ANDAND MUCOSALMUCOSAL IMMUNEIMMUNE RESPONSERESPONSE..
- 43. SKIN AS A SITE OF VACCINE DELIVERYSKIN AS A SITE OF VACCINE DELIVERY 1)P1)PHYSICALHYSICAL BBARRIERSARRIERS STRATUMSTRATUM CORNEUMCORNEUM LARGELARGE MOLECULESMOLECULES SUCHSUCH ASAS VACCINESVACCINES..
- 46. DESIGN AND STRATERGY FORDESIGN AND STRATERGY FOR TRANSDERMAL VACCINE DELIVERYTRANSDERMAL VACCINE DELIVERYTRANSDERMAL VACCINE DELIVERYTRANSDERMAL VACCINE DELIVERY
- 47. AA HIGHHIGH--VELOCITYVELOCITY JETJET 100100 TOTO 200200 MM//SS I)Liquid Jet Injectors I)I) MULTIMULTI--USEUSE NOZZLENOZZLE JETJET INJECTORSINJECTORS (MUNJI(MUNJISS)) II)II) DISPOSABLEDISPOSABLE CARTRIDGECARTRIDGE JETJET INJECTORSINJECTORS (DCJI(DCJISS))
- 48. AA))POWERPOWER SOURCESOURCE ((COMPRESSEDCOMPRESSED GASGAS OROR SPRINGSPRING)) BB))PISTONPISTON CC))DRUGDRUG OROR VACCINEVACCINE--LOADEDLOADED COMPARTMENTCOMPARTMENT DD))APPLICATIONAPPLICATION NOZZLENOZZLE,, WITHWITH TYPICALTYPICAL ORIFICEORIFICE SIZESIZE ININ THETHE RANGERANGE OFOF 150150 TOTO 300300 µMµM
- 49. WORKING OF JET INJECTORSWORKING OF JET INJECTORS MICROSECONDSMICROSECONDS..
- 51. APPLICATIONS OF JET INJECTORSAPPLICATIONS OF JET INJECTORS 1)A1)APPLICATIONSPPLICATIONS OFOF LIQUIDLIQUID--JETJET INJECTORSINJECTORS HAVEHAVE BEENBEEN FOCUSEDFOCUSED ONON DELIVERYDELIVERY OFOF MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES THATTHAT DODO NOTNOT PASSIVELYPASSIVELY PERMEATEPERMEATE THETHE SKINSKIN.. 2)2)ITIT HASHAS BEENBEEN SHOWNSHOWN TOTO INCREASEINCREASE IMMUNEIMMUNE RESPONSESRESPONSES TOTO DNADNA-- ..BOTHBOTH CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONAL ANDAND DNADNA--BASEDBASED VACCINESVACCINES.. E.E.GG.. HEPATITISHEPATITIS AA VACCINEVACCINE OROR AA INFLUENZAINFLUENZA VACCINEVACCINE,, WEREWERE FOUNDFOUND TOTO BEBE INCREASEDINCREASED BYBY ATAT LEASTLEAST 10%10% WHENWHEN USINGUSING NEEDLENEEDLE--FREEFREE INJECTIONSINJECTIONS COMPAREDCOMPARED TOTO NEEDLENEEDLE ANDAND SYRINGESYRINGE ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION
- 52. DEMERITS OF JET INJECTION TECHNOLOGYDEMERITS OF JET INJECTION TECHNOLOGY 1)P1)PAINAIN ANDAND BRUISINGBRUISING ATAT THETHE SITESITE OFOF ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION.. ELECTRICELECTRIC TRANSDUCERTRANSDUCER
- 53. VVISIONISION®® CCHOICEHOICE®® VV--GGOO MMINIINI--JJECTECT BBIOJECTORIOJECTOR 20002000 PPENENJJETETBBIOJECTORIOJECTOR 20002000 PPENENJJETET IINJEXNJEX ZZENEOENEO
- 54. II)Epidermal Powder Immunization TTHEHE DEVICEDEVICE DESIGNDESIGN PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES AREARE SIMILARSIMILAR TOTO LIQUIDLIQUID INJECTORSINJECTORS,, WITHWITH AA POWDERPOWDER COMPARTMENTCOMPARTMENT ANDAND COMPRESSEDCOMPRESSED CARRIERCARRIER GASGAS,, SUCHSUCH ASAS HELIUMHELIUM. U. UPONPON ACTUATIONACTUATION,, THETHE PARTICLESPARTICLES AREARE CARRIEDCARRIED BYBY THETHE GASGAS,, TOTO IMPACTIMPACT THETHE SKINSKIN SURFACESURFACE ATAT HIGHHIGH VELOCITYVELOCITY,, PUNCTURINGPUNCTURING MICRONMICRON--SIZEDSIZED HOLESHOLES ININ THETHE EPIDERMISEPIDERMIS TOTO FACILITATEFACILITATE SKINSKIN DEPOSITIONDEPOSITION
- 55. --UUPONPON ACTUATIONACTUATION,, THETHE PARTICLESPARTICLES AREARE CARRIEDCARRIED BYBY THETHE GASGAS,, TOTO IMPACTIMPACT THETHE SKINSKIN SURFACESURFACE ATAT HIGHHIGH VELOCITYVELOCITY,, PUNCTURINGPUNCTURING MICRONMICRON--SIZEDSIZED HOLESHOLES ININ THETHE EPIDERMISEPIDERMIS TOTO FACILITATEFACILITATE SKINSKIN DEPOSITIONDEPOSITION.. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES FORMULATIONFORMULATION ANDAND STABILITYSTABILITY ISSUESISSUES..FORMULATIONFORMULATION ANDAND STABILITYSTABILITY ISSUESISSUES.. PARTICLEPARTICLE BOMBARDMENTBOMBARDMENT OFFERSOFFERS ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES WITHWITH REGARDREGARD TOTO LLANGERHANSANGERHANS CELLCELL TARGETINGTARGETING ANDAND IMMUNEIMMUNE SYSTEMSYSTEM ACTIVATIONACTIVATION
- 57. A)NANO PARTICLES AND NANO CARRIERSA)NANO PARTICLES AND NANO CARRIERS --NNANOPARTICLESANOPARTICLES ANDAND MICROPARTICLESMICROPARTICLES AREARE POLYMERICPOLYMERIC PARTICLESPARTICLES ININ THETHE NANOMETERNANOMETER ANDAND MICROMETREMICROMETRE SIZESIZE RANGERANGE RESPECTIVELYRESPECTIVELY.. --CCOMPOUNDSOMPOUNDS CANCAN BEBE INCORPORATEDINCORPORATED INTOINTO THETHE PARTICLESPARTICLES ININ FORMFORM OFOF AA SOLIDSOLID DISPERSIONDISPERSION OROR AA SOLIDSOLID SOLUTIONSOLUTION,, ORORININ FORMFORM OFOF AA SOLIDSOLID DISPERSIONDISPERSION OROR AA SOLIDSOLID SOLUTIONSOLUTION,, OROR BOUNDBOUND TOTO THETHE PARTICLEPARTICLE SURFACESURFACE BYBY PHYSICALPHYSICAL ADSORPTIONADSORPTION ANDAND CHEMICALCHEMICAL BINDINGBINDING --THUSTHUS ALLOWINGALLOWING THETHE PARTICLESPARTICLES TOTO ACTACT ASAS CARRIERSCARRIERS OROR ASAS ADJUVANTSADJUVANTS FORFOR THETHE VACCINEVACCINE..
- 58. PPROBLEMSROBLEMS ASSOCIATEDASSOCIATED --BBUTUT THETHE GENERALGENERAL PROBLEMPROBLEM ISIS THATTHAT NANOPARTICLESNANOPARTICLES ADMINISTEREDADMINISTERED TOTO THETHE SKINSKIN DODO NOTNOTNANOPARTICLESNANOPARTICLES ADMINISTEREDADMINISTERED TOTO THETHE SKINSKIN DODO NOTNOT PERMEATEPERMEATE THETHE INTACTINTACT STRATUMSTRATUM CORNEUMCORNEUM,, BUTBUT MAYMAY ACCUMULATEACCUMULATE ININ HAIRHAIR FOLLICLESFOLLICLES. S. SOO THEIRTHEIR POTENTIALPOTENTIAL UTILITYUTILITY FORFOR PASSIVEPASSIVE TRANSDERMALTRANSDERMAL VACCINEVACCINE DELIVERYDELIVERY ISIS LIMITEDLIMITED..
- 59. B)LB)LIPOSOMESIPOSOMES ANDAND ELASTICELASTIC VESICLESVESICLES
- 62. A)EA)ELECTROPORATIONLECTROPORATION --EELECTROPORATIONLECTROPORATION INVOLVESINVOLVES THETHE ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION OFOF ELECTRICALELECTRICAL PULSESPULSES TOTO CREATECREATE TRANSIENTTRANSIENT PORESPORES ININ THETHE SKINSKIN ANDAND THUSTHUS INCREASEINCREASE THETHE SKINSKIN PERMEABILITYPERMEABILITY TOTO DRUGSDRUGS ANDAND MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES.. -- IINOVIONOVIO BBIOMEDICALIOMEDICAL CCORPORATIONORPORATION HASHAS DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED AA-- IINOVIONOVIO BBIOMEDICALIOMEDICAL CCORPORATIONORPORATION HASHAS DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED AA SERIESSERIES OFOF HANDHAND--HELDHELD,, CORDLESSCORDLESS ELECTROPORATIONELECTROPORATION DEVICESDEVICES THATTHAT HAVEHAVE BEENBEEN USEDUSED ININ VACCINEVACCINE DELIVERYDELIVERY STUDIESSTUDIES.. -- DDELIVERYELIVERY OFOF DNADNA VACCINESVACCINES INTOINTO MUSCLEMUSCLE OROR SKINSKIN TISSUETISSUE WITHWITH ELECTROPORATIONELECTROPORATION SYSTEMSSYSTEMS GENERATEDGENERATED ROBUSTROBUST IMMUNEIMMUNE RESPONSESRESPONSES
- 64. B)UB)ULTRASOUNDLTRASOUND OROR SONOPHORESISSONOPHORESIS -- LLOWOW FREQUENCYFREQUENCY SONOPHORESISSONOPHORESIS INVOLVESINVOLVES APPLICATIONAPPLICATION OFOF ULTRASOUNDULTRASOUND WAVESWAVES ATAT FREQUENCIESFREQUENCIES BETWEENBETWEEN 2020 TOTO 100100 KKHHZZ TOTO THETHE SKINSKIN SURFACESURFACE TOTO REDUCEREDUCE THETHE STRATUMSTRATUM CORNEUMCORNEUM BARRIERBARRIER ANDAND THEREBYTHEREBY INCREASEINCREASE SKINSKIN PERMEABILITYPERMEABILITY.. --PRETREATMENTPRETREATMENT ISIS GIVENGIVEN PRIORPRIOR TOTO THETHE APPLICATIONAPPLICATION OFOF AA--PRETREATMENTPRETREATMENT ISIS GIVENGIVEN PRIORPRIOR TOTO THETHE APPLICATIONAPPLICATION OFOF AA DRUGDRUG SOLUTIONSOLUTION OROR PATCHPATCH.. --LLOWOW FREQUENCYFREQUENCY ULTRASOUNDULTRASOUND (20(20 KKHHZZ)) WASWAS USEDUSED TOTO DELIVERDELIVER AA TETANUSTETANUS TOXOIDTOXOID,, ELICITINGELICITING AA ROBUSTROBUST IMMUNEIMMUNE RESPONSERESPONSE ININ MICEMICE TOTO MICEMICE.. --AA COMMERCIALCOMMERCIAL ULTRASOUNDULTRASOUND DEVICEDEVICE,, SSONOONOPPREPREP,, FORFOR ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION OFOF LOCALLOCAL ANESTHETICANESTHETIC,, WASWAS LAUNCHEDLAUNCHED ININ 20042004 BUTBUT WITHDRAWNWITHDRAWN ININ 2007.2007.
- 66. C)TC)THERMALHERMAL ABLATIONABLATION OROR MICROPORATIONMICROPORATION 1)P1)PASSASSPPORTORT®® SYSTEMSYSTEM BYBY AALTEALTEA TTHERAPEUTICSHERAPEUTICS CCORPORP (A(ALTANTALTANTA, GA), GA) 2)V2)VIAIADDERMERM®® DEVICEDEVICE BYBY TTRANSRANSPPHARMAHARMA LLTDTD (I(ISRAELSRAEL).).
- 68. D)MD)MICRONEEDLESICRONEEDLES POINTEDPOINTED MICROMICRO--SIZEDSIZED PROJECTIONSPROJECTIONS,, FABRICATEDFABRICATED INTOINTO ARRAYSARRAYS AA))SOLIDSOLID MICRONEEDLESMICRONEEDLES FORFOR PERMEABILIZINGPERMEABILIZING SKINSKIN VIAVIA FORMATIONFORMATION OFOF MICRONMICRON--SIZEDSIZED HOLESHOLES --
- 70. BB))SOLIDSOLID MICRONEEDLESMICRONEEDLES COATEDCOATED WITHWITH DRYDRY DRUGDRUG OROR VACCINEVACCINE CC))POLYMERICPOLYMERIC MICRONEEDLESMICRONEEDLES WITHWITH ENCAPSULATEDENCAPSULATED DRUGDRUGCC))POLYMERICPOLYMERIC MICRONEEDLESMICRONEEDLES WITHWITH ENCAPSULATEDENCAPSULATED DRUGDRUG OROR VACCINEVACCINE
- 73. References 1)T1)TEXTBOOKEXTBOOK OFOF PPHARMACEUTICALHARMACEUTICAL MMICROBIOLOGYICROBIOLOGY BYBY N KN K JJAINAIN 2) M2) MUCOSALUCOSAL VVACCINEACCINE DDESIGNESIGN ANDAND DDELIVERYELIVERY BYBY KKIMIM A.A. WWOODROWOODROW,1 K,1 KAILAAILA M. BM. BENNETTENNETT,2,3,2,3 ANDAND DDAVIDAVID D. LD. LOO22WWOODROWOODROW,1 K,1 KAILAAILA M. BM. BENNETTENNETT,2,3,2,3 ANDAND DDAVIDAVID D. LD. LOO22 3) T3) TRANSDERMALRANSDERMAL DELIVERYDELIVERY OFOF VACCINESVACCINES BYBY SSARIKAARIKA NNAMJOSHIAMJOSHI ANDAND HHEATHEREATHER A.E. BA.E. BENSONENSON CCURTINURTIN HHEALTHEALTH IINNOVATIONNNOVATION RRESEARCHESEARCH IINSTITUTENSTITUTE