Value chain libya
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Chapter 3 discusses value chain analysis, emphasizing its role in managing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) through understanding production and consumption links. It highlights the importance of stakeholder relationships, governance, and socio-economic factors in identifying risk hotspots within the livestock sector. Additionally, it underscores the iterative nature of value chain analysis to continually refine and enhance risk management strategies.
Value chain libya
- 1. CHAPTER 3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 2. Value chain analysis • What is a value chain? • What value chains are relevant to us? • How does understanding value chains help us in the control of FMD?
- 3. Borders Consumption centre Quarantine Station Abattoir Market RoadMovements are driven by demand managed by people (stakeholders), under local laws and customs Value chains – chains that link production systems, markets and consumers
- 4. Borders Consumption centre Quarantine Station Abattoir Market Road With these interactions of people and animals, there are many opportunities for FMDvirus transmission
- 5. Risk-based disease prevention, control and surveillance informed by epidemiological situation assessment (disease incidence) (virus reservoirs) (virus multiplication points) (virus transmission points) Risk analysis knowledge of the animal population (value chains) (flow of inputs, animals and products) (activities of stakeholders involved) (socio–economic analysis of the value chain … understanding what the stakeholders have at stake) (slide from Rushton et al)
- 6. knowledge of the animal population (value chains) (flow of inputs, animals and products) (activities of stakeholders involved) (socio–economic analysis of the value chain … understanding what the stakeholders have at stake) Visual diagram and maps showing movements of animals, products and materials. Knowledge of movements of people, vehicles involved (traders, transport) Description of activities of people involved in the value chains Socio-economic analysis of the value chain, Understanding what stakeholders have at stake Margins, value added, resources available. (slide from Rushton et al)
- 7. • Basis of a value chain is the exchange of products for money/incentives $$$$ Input or Service Fresh Product Processed Product Processed Product Middlemen, financial services Middlemen, transport, traders Products sold to consumers with particular demands who do very little home processing Producer Processor Marketers Towards finished product Money from consumer to producer
- 8. • Networks and linkages in value chains provide opportunities for transmission of disease $$$$ Input or Service Fresh Product Processed Product Processed Product Middlemen, financial services Middlemen, transport, traders Products sold to consumers with particular demands who do very little home processing Providers of inputs and services Producer Processor Marketers
- 9. Assignment Thinking in a reverse way group work What did you have for breakfast/dinner (we make a selection)? For meat/dairy products, what routes have these taken to get on your table? • Places • Preceding products • Persons handling and producing 15 minutes
- 10. Generic Beef Value chain Small holder farm Market Fattening farm Market Abattoir Shop Home Bull calf Fattened bull Meat Kebab Farmer Beef farmer Slaughter- men Butcher Consumer Trader Trader Trader •Veterinarinan •Feed suppliers •Manure disposal •workers •... (milk) (Cull cows) (crops) It is people that move animals/animal products around = People-centred (Cull cows) (sheep)
- 11. Example
- 13. • Different value chains may exist for same product • People make animals and animal products move – Naming places and products, helps to identify people involved • Is it possible to put – Volumes – Nr of persons – Values At each of the steps? Discussion on mapping a value chain If not possible, list the data needed
- 14. Output of mapping • Graphical maps of actor linkages and product flows • Identification of production practices and costs • Identification of different chains based on relationships • Transaction costs and chain constraints
- 15. knowledge of the animal population (value chains) (flow of inputs, animals and products) (activities of stakeholders involved) (socio–economic analysis of the value chain … understanding what the stakeholders have at stake) Visual diagram and maps showing movements of animals, products and materials. Knowledge of movements of people, vehicles involved (traders, transport) Description of activities of people involved in the value chains Socio-economic analysis of the value chain, Understanding what stakeholders have at stake Margins, value added, resources available. (slide from Rushton et al)
- 16. Step 2 – Governance in value chain • Identify nature of relationships and coordination mechanisms between actors • Provide details on aspects of business environment of chain • Identify power relationships in value chain Stakeholder identification Need for participation in developing disease control
- 17. Governance • Main outputs: – Who decides what is produced – How the rules of trade are determined – Nature of relationships between stakeholders – Roles of associations – Coordination mechanisms – Extent of chain ‘power’, based on relative size of a particular actor, share of chain profits, or control over a key technology
- 18. What is position and role of animal health professionals in value chain? • Suppliers of animal health input – Vaccine, medicines, treatment • Employed by large producers • Regulators of marketing and transport • Enforcers of food hygiene and quality regulations • Advisors to government • Facilitating value chain • Regulators of value chain • Advisors, thus influencial for behaviour change
- 19. Balance between precision and timely use • Value chain analysis is a iterative process – Starting with the full comprehensive chain – Upon identification of hotspot, define what more detail is required – Possibly with limited information for each step – Identification of gaps – May repeat over time
- 20. Conceptual Framework • Animal diseases are spread by movements of input materials, animals and livestock products and also by fomites, people, equipment and transport • These movements are driven and controlled by people • The use of value chain analysis with risk analysis allows identification of ‘risk hotspots’ in the livestock sector • These ‘risk hotspots’ should then be examined to determine how control measures could then be targeted at them 20
- 21. Assignment More mapping of value chains • Continue from assignment - Where does it come from – People – Places – Product • Define – Species, – Production system – Product (raw versus processed) – Marketing (self marketing vs dairy industry • Include: service providers(feed, credit, animal health, semen), middlemen + traders for each holding type – Including frequency (x times per month) – Consider seasonal fluctuations 30 minutes
- 22. Cattle: beef Dual purpose herd (Cull) cows and ♂calves Live animal market On-farm slaughter Communal grazing Veterinary input workers purchased Feed markets replacement bulls slaughterhouse Meat market -90% collected by a ‘dealer’ -10% taken by farmer Some beef is also imported, particularly from India Home (village?) Consumption Waste to dumps: pigs may consume Waste (manure spread on fields) Skins for leather Some to Turkey CONSUMER AI Locally produced Further processing 95%: 5%: Waste : pigs may consume (?) Waste : pigs may consume (?)
- 23. Small Ruminants Dual purpose flock Cull ewes and lambs Live animal market On-farm slaughter Communal grazingVeterinary input Wool, used on farm feed AI (?) replacements Rams slaughterhouse Meat marketHome (village?) Consumption (risk?) Waste to dumps: pigs may consume Waste SkinsCONSUMER markets Milk factory On farm (risk?) Waste: pigs may consume Waste: pigs may consume Export lambs to Iran, usually via Yerevan
- 24. Some additional considerations! 1. What linkages are there with other value chains? 1. Bull calves into the meat value chain 2. Carcasses into the waste-disposal (value) chain 2. How are people linked/connected within and between value chains? 1. Workers on dairy farms may have some cattle/sheep and sell milk themselves at the local market 3. Where are veterinary services linked with the value chain?
- 25. CHAPTER 4 FROM VALUE CHAIN TO RISK PATHWAYS
- 26. Dairy farm Milk collection center Milk truck Dairy processing plant Supermarket Home Situation analysis and preliminary risk analysis Detailed risk & value chain analysis to identify risk reduction options Option appraisal and decision making $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ Market/ dealer From value chain analysis to risk pathways
- 27. Identifying risk issues • What are disease risks and risky practices – Input from epidemiologists and economists – Transmission of disease within value chain – Factors identified that are likely to affect probability and amount of disease transmission (risk factors) • At each point in value chain, ask … – Can disease agent enter here? – Can disease agent survive here? – Would disease be noticed here? – Can disease agent be carried out from here? • Additionally: – What is likelihood of transmission? – What is impact of / consequences of disease?
- 28. Likelihood of disease transmisson • Depends on … – People acting risky behaviour / risky practices • Not intentional, but often driven by economics • Think of … – Infected livestock – People in contact with livestock – Vehicles in contact with livestock – Fomites – By-products • Regard not only likelihood per encounter but also frequency of encounters
- 29. Intensity times frequency Frequency Probability to transmit infection High risk Medium risk Lower risk FAO-ICAR FMD conference Materials People Animal
- 30. Potential impact of FMD • Amount of disease agent (virus load) • Exposure and subsequent infection • Amplification of infection – Relation with other value chains – Number of animals/people involved • Spatial spread (nearby, distant) – Seasonality, festivals, holidays • Spread across species • Potential economic losses
- 31. knowledge of the animal population (value chains) (flow of inputs, animals and products) (activities of stakeholders involved) (socio–economic analysis of the value chain … understanding what the stakeholders have at stake) Visual diagram and maps showing movements of animals, products and materials. Knowledge of movements of people, vehicles involved (traders, transport) Description of activities of people involved in the value chains Socio-economic analysis of the value chain, Understanding what stakeholders have at stake Margins, value added, resources available. (slide from Rushton et al)
- 32. Risk-based disease prevention, control and surveillance informed by epidemiological situation assessment (disease incidence) (virus reservoirs) (virus multiplication points) (virus transmission points) Risk analysis knowledge of the animal population (value chains) (flow of inputs, animals and products) (activities of stakeholders involved) (socio–economic analysis of the value chain … understanding what the stakeholders have at stake) (slide from Rushton et al)
- 33. Identify “Risk Hotspots”: Points in the value chain where the combined effect of the probability and the consequences of FMD entry/spread are greatest. Descriptive epidemiology Susceptible populations; Circulating strains Marketing network Transmission opportunities National Husbandry characteristics Seasonality; Geographical distribution/movement patterns
- 35. Risk pathways • Describes everything that must happen for the negative event (ie FMD entry or spread) to occur? A Risk pathway is the framework of Risk Assessment • describes all stages in the biological process that lead to the outcome of interest. Include all steps required for the risk to occur Important: report your underlying assumptions
- 36. Risk pathways Possible pathway of release of the foot and mouth disease virus outside the boundaries of the Kruger National Park by escaped buffalo From: Jori et al, 2009
- 37. Possible pathway of transmission of foot and mouth disease virus from buffalo to cattle and subsequent spread outside Kruger National Park (= exposure pathway) From: Jori et al, 2009
- 38. Risk pathway for spread from backyard farm Infected backyard Animal send out for grazing infectious Contact with susceptibles No contact with susceptibles Shed virus on grass Indirect contact with animals No shedding on grass Not infectious Animal not send out for grazing FMD
- 39. Slide from: VEPH group of the RVC
- 41. WHAT - HOW – WHAT – HOW – WHAT What is of concern? How? Route of transmission What? Risky practices How? Qualitative risk assessment What? More information required?
- 42. Assignment Develop risk pathways 1. Outline the risk pathway – 1. Include people involved (stakeholders) 2. The practices of these people 3. What is reason why ‘things are done, as these are done’? 4. Where do you see the risks of FMD (release, exposure, transmission) 2. List any evidence that exists to substantiate that this is an important risk 1. And if possible, estimates of prevalence/probabilities 3. What is currently done to mitigate the risk? 1. And include assumed/quantified effect 4. From this exercise: what do you consider the best next step(s) (but that is next slide)? 15 minutes
- 43. What are Critical Control Points Criticial control points are points in the risk pathway where: 1. Control measures exist 2. These control measures could eliminate or reduce risk to acceptable level
- 44. Using Value Chains to Identify “Risk Hotspots” • Within each point in the value chain: consider whether FMD virus could – Enter – Survive and – be carried on from that point to infect other points in the chain and/or other value chains. AND • Assess impact of FMD infection on stakeholders risk hotspots: points in the value chain where the combined effect of the probability of FMD entry/spread and the consequences of FMD entry/spread are greatest.
- 45. Focussing on risk hotspots • Involve stakeholders – Behaviours, motivations • Detailed risk pathways per hotspot • Qualitative risk assessment • Identify risk mitigation measures
- 46. Information needed: • Origin of pigs, types of slaughter places, application of vaccine, visibility of infection • Thoroughness of meat inspection, safe disposal of rejected carcasses, • Do farmers buy pork from off- farm places? • Do hotels/households discard raw meat trimmings? etc. These questions relate to possible risk factors.