VHDL or Verilog: describe your adder and correction logic

Introduction to Arduino
SENSORS - SECTION1

What is Arduino?
• It is a series of open-source
microcontroller board based
on a diverse range of
microcontrollers (MCU)
• Importance: Widely used in
electronics, automation, and
IoT projects.
• Different Boards: Arduino
Uno, Mega, Nano.

INTRO. TO ARDUINO
• It’s a micro-computer/
microcontroller .
• As any computer it has internal
CPU, RAM, IOs interfaces.
• It’s used for control purposes.
• Arduino uno is reprogrammable,
codes can be ported into it for
specific application.

What is Arduino Uno?
• A microcontroller board based on ATmega328P
Key Components:
• Microcontroller unit
• Digital & Analog Pins
• Power Supply & Voltage Regulators
• USB Interface for programming

Board Components
•Reset Button : This will restart any code that is loaded to the Arduino board
•Ground Pin : There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same
•Analog Pins (A0 - A5): These pins read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it to digital
•Digital Input/Output : Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or output
•PWM ((~3, ~5, ~6, ~9, ~10, ~11): The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate analog
output
•USB Connection : Used for powering up your Arduino and uploading sketches

Board Components
• TX/RX : Transmit and receive data indication LEDs
• ATmega Microcontroller : Popular microcontroller chip,
• Power LED Indicator : This LED lights up anytime the board is plugged
in a power source
• DC Power Barrel Jack : This is used for powering your Arduino with a
power supply
• 3.3V Pin : This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power
• 5V Pin : This pin supplies 5 volts of power

steps to write Arduino code
1.download and install the Arduino IDE
(integrated development environment).
2.Connect the Arduino to your computer's USB port

Arduino IDE
‫القوائم‬ ‫شريط‬
‫السريعة‬ ‫األوامر‬ ‫شريط‬
‫هنا‬ ‫الكود‬ ‫كتابة‬
‫والرسائل‬ ‫األخطاء‬ ‫عرض‬

3. Settings { choose Arduino board and port number }
steps to write Arduino code
Tools --> Boards Tools --> Serial port

Basic electronics
1- BREADBOARD
• It’s an important board in
electronics to do prototyping

Basic electronics
1- BREADBOARD …

Basic electronics
2- LED
• Light Emitting Diode.

Avo meter
It is a device used to measure voltage, current,
and resistance

Basic electronics
3- RESISTORS
• Resistors provide a specific
amount of resistance to a path
in a circuit or wire.

Basic electronics
3- BATTERY
• A battery is a source of electric
power.
• 9v , 12v,…

Basic electronics
6-BATTERY CLIPS
•

Basic electronics
3- JUMPER WIRES MALE
MALE
• To connect two points to each
other without soldering.

Basic electronics
6-REGULATOR
• takes an input voltage of up to
38 V and efficiently reduces it
to 5 V.

VHDL or Verilog: describe your adder and correction logic

Basic electronics
CIRCUITS EXAMPLE
• To turn on a led

Code Structure
1.void setup( ){ } 2. void loop( ) { }
setting up your Arduino for the rest of
the program.
code here run once
the setup() function is called first. It’s
executed only once and must be used
to set pinModes, make settings for
hardware components.
contains the statements that
will run
The loop() function is next to
the setup() function and it is
iterated infinitely

useful functions
1.pinMode( pinNumber, direction ); set a pin as input/output
2.digitalWrite( pinNumber , state ); set a digital pin high/low
3. Delay( time ); wait an amount of time in milliseconds

comments
// This is a single-line comment
/* This
is
a
multi-line
comment */

variables
In Arduino C, identifiers should contain only alphanumeric
characters, dash (-), or underscore(_).
An identifier can only start from an underscore or a letter.
dataType variable_name ;
int x ;
or..
int x = 3;

Variables datatypes
Data type Size range
boolean (8 bit) true/false
byte (8 bit) 0-255
char (8 bit) (A-Z) or -128 to 127
word (16 bit) 0-65535
unsigned int (16 bit) 0-65535
int (16 bit) -32768 to 32767
unsigned long (32 bit) 0-4,294,967,295
long (32 bit) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
float (32 bit) -3.4028235E38 to 3.4028235E38

Compound Operators
Operator name Operator simple Description Example
increment ++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 11
decrement -- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one A-- will give 9
compound addition +=
Add AND assignment operator. It adds right operand to
the left operand and assign the result to left operand
B += A is equivalent to B = B+ A
compound subtraction -=
Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts right
operand from the left operand and assign the result to
left operand
B -= A is equivalent to B = B - A
compound
multiplication
*=
Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies right
operand with the left operand and assign the result to
left operand
B*= A is equivalent to B = B* A
compound division /=
Divide AND assignment operator. It divides left operand
with the right operand and assign the result to left
operand
B /= A is equivalent to B = B / A
compound modulo %=
Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus
using two operands and assign the result to left operand
B %= A is equivalent to B = B % A

What is Variable Scope?
Variables
Scope
local variables
Declared inside
a function or a
block
Global
variables
Declared
outside of all
functions
Parameters
defined inside
function
parentheses

Constants
• Constants are fixed values that do not change during program
execution.
• Constants help improve code :
• readability
• maintainability
• prevent accidental changes.

Types of Constants in Arduino
1. #define Preprocessor Constant
2. const Keyword (Recommended)
3. Built-in Constants (HIGH, LOW, INPUT, OUTPUT, etc.)

Preprocessor Constant
• Uses #define to create a macro constant (no data type).
• replaces values before compilation.
• No memory usage (just replaces text).
• No type checking

const Keyword
• Uses const to create a typed constant variable.
• Uses memory (stored in RAM)

Built-in Constants
Constant Value Description
HIGH 1 Sets pin to HIGH (5V)
LOW 0 Sets pin to LOW (0V)
INPUT 0 Sets pin as input
OUTPUT 1 Sets pin as output

Arduino c Syntax
Control Structures
Arduino C supports these control structures:
•if
•if …else…
•for
•switch case
•while
•do… while…

VHDL or Verilog: describe your adder and correction logic

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