Visual thinking colin_ware_lectures_2013_14_pre-attentive processing and highlighting information
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This document discusses feature level processing and lessons for information display from pre-attentive vision research. It covers topics like segmentation based on primitive visual features like color, orientation, and motion. Key points made are that some features like color can be processed in parallel across the visual field and "pop out", while conjunctions of features require focused attention. The document also provides guidance on designing visual symbols and data glyphs, recommending using separable perceptual dimensions and following principles of pre-attentive processing to ensure important information is available to attention.
Visual thinking colin_ware_lectures_2013_14_pre-attentive processing and highlighting information
- 1. Feature Level Processing Lessons from low-level vision Applications in Highlighting Icon (symbol) design Glyph design
- 4. Architecture for visual thinking
- 5. Primitives of Perception (the phonemes). The whole visual field is processed in parallel This machinery tells us what kinds of information are easily distinguished Popout effects (general attention) Segmentation effects (dividing up the visual field)
- 7. stereo form color form stereo form color form stereo MT movement/stereo Livingston and Hubel Neural Architecture form form color color movement movement 1 2&3 4A Visual Area 2 4B 4C 5 6 Visual Area 1 (Primary Visual Cortex)
- 8. Orientation and Size (Gabor primitives)
- 9. Image segmentation based on texture Vertical fat Gabor filters respond most strongly Horizontal skinny Gabor filters respond most strongly Resulting Segmentation
- 10. Vector fields like using gabors
- 12. Color is Pre-Attentive (Pops out) 8 9 0 9 72 5 2 9 0 9 4 9 70 9 7 5 2 0 6 6 84 3775 9 9 0 8 0 30 9 - 8 8 0 8 0 8 58 0 0 8 0 8 0 0 28 258 28 0 5 4 8 t 82 7 2 6 7 8 y 2 95 0 7 2 7 4 0 4 70 8925 0 7 2 9 8 4 95 9 1 1 8 9 5 0 02 8 7 4 0 5 4 9 28 83r7 6 7 8 9 7 8 99 399 9 4 9 5 2 59 0 770557 2 5928 4 7
- 13. Generic Pre-Attentive Experiment 900 700 500 3 6 12 Number of distractors Number of irrelevant items varies Pre-attentive 10 msec per item or better.
- 14. Color
- 16. Orientation
- 18. Motion
- 20. Size
- 22. Simple shading
- 24. Conjunction (does not pop out)
- 25. Semantic Depth of Field
- 27. Compound features (do not pop out)
- 29. Surrounded colors do not pop out
- 31. Laws of pre attentive display Must stand out on some simple dimension color, simple shape = orientation, size motion, depth Lessons for highlighting – one of each
- 32. Lessons: Highlighting how to make information available to attention Using color Using underlining A flying box leads attention Blinking momentarily attracts attention Motion elicits an orienting response
- 34. Conjunction (does not pop out)
- 36. Conjunctions of motion and shape do pop out. (color also?) McLeod, P., Driver, J. and Crisp, J. (1988) Visual search for a conjunction of movement and form is parallel. Nature 332, 154-155. Driver, J., MacLeod, P. and Dienes, Z. (1992) Motion coherence and conjunction search: Implications for guided search theory. Perception and Psychophysics. 51, 1, 79-85.
- 37. MEGraph: Experimental system Allows for various topological range highlighting methods MEGraph Goal from 30 to 2000 nodes
- 38. Pre-Attentive Channels Form (orientation/size) Color Simple motion/blinking Addition/numerosity (up to 3) Spatial, stereo depth, shading, position
- 39. Pre-Attentive Conjunctions Stereo and color Color and motion Color and position Shape and position In general: spatial location and some aspect of form
- 40. Pre-Attentive Lessons Rapid visual search (10 msec/item) Easy to attend to Makes symbols distinct Based on simple visual attributes Faces, etc are not pre-attentive
- 42. Perceptual Channels Color (3) Shape (size, orient) Motion (2?) Texture (2++) Position (x,y)
- 43. Spatial Channels Like interferes with like
- 45. Orient contrast
- 46. Size contrast effects can cause errors in information display
- 47. Chris Weigle: orientation channels for info display
- 48. Mapping data to display variables Data glyphs Position (2) Orientation (1) Size (spatial frequency) Motion (2)++ Blinking? Star glyph Color (3) Method Note we have the problem of heterogeneity – There is no good solution
- 49. Starplot glyph
- 50. Spotfire product
- 55. Integral and Separable dimension (Garner) Can we read display attributes Independently Holistically Speeded classification task. Sort into two piles on one dimension or another
- 57. Lessons for Information Display Orthogonality - use a different channel for a different type of information If you need this use separable challenge If you need to highlight by two properties use separable dimensions.
- 59. The programmable filter We can only look for patterns of simple features Conjunctions of shape, color cannot be programmed for parallel search of field Conjunctions of depth/motion and color/shape can be Integral dimensions tend to be seen holistically cannot be separated Separable dimensions tend to be seen separately
- 60. Searchlight Model of Attention U fu V al se l isu F ldo V ie f iew V a isu l Sa o e rch r M n rin o ito g S te y tra g Ee y Mv m t o e en Cn l o tro
- 61. Searchlight Properties Size varies with data density Size varies with stress level Attention operators work within the searchlight beam Attention is a tunable filter Eye movements 3/sec – A series of saccades
Editor's Notes
- #5: Low Level: Basic feature analys – determines what is seen with minimal effort Mid Level: Pattern finding – The demands of attention meets automatic processing High Level: Task related visual queries are formed – objects/ patterns are pulled into working memory and tested against the query - Need to have the right mappings for queries to be easily satisfied. Attention is focused to execute the query. Final element is the cost of search.