Web 2 | CSS - Cascading Style Sheets

Mohammad Imam Hossain, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UIU. Email: imambuet11@gmail.com
CSS – Cascading Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML
or XML. CSS describes how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, in speech, or on other media.
CSS is one of the core languages of the open Web and is standardized across Web browsers according to the W3C
specification. From CSS3 instead of versioning the CSS specification, W3C now periodically takes snapshot of the latest
stable state of the CSS specification.
Syntax:
 CSS Declarations: A property and value pair is called a
declaration, and any CSS engine calculates which
declarations apply to every single element of a page in order
to appropriately lay it out, and to style it.
 CSS Declaration Blocks: Declarations are
grouped in blocks, that is in a structure
delimited by an opening brace, {, and a
closing one, }
 CSS Rulesets: Each (valid) declaration block is
preceded by one or more comma-separated
selectors, which are conditions selecting some
elements of the page. A selector group and an
associated declarations block, together, are
called a ruleset, or often simply a rule.
 CSS Statements:
Two types – Rulesets & At-rules

Integration with HTML:
3 ways:
 External Style Sheet
 Internal Style Sheet
 Inline Style Sheet
Comments:
A CSS comment is used to add explanatory notes to the code or to prevent the browser from interpreting specific
parts of the style sheet. Comments can be used on a single line, or traverse multiple lines.
Example:
/* A one-line comment */
/*
A comment
which stretches
over several
lines
*/
Selectors:
Selectors allow styles to be conditional based on various features of elements within the DOM.
 Basic Selectors:
a. Universal Selector:
* Matches elements of any type.
b. Type Selector:
element Matches elements by node name, it selects all elements of the given type
within a document.
c. Class Selectors:
.class_name Matches elements based on the contents of their class attribute.
d. ID Selectors:
#id_value Matches an element based on the value of the element’s id attribute.
e. Attribute Selectors:
[attr] Matches elements with an attribute name of attr
[attr=value] Matches elements with an attribute name of attr whose value is exactly
value.
[attr~=value] Matches elements with an attribute name of attr whose value is a
whitespace-separated list of words, one of which is exactly value.
[attr^=value] Matches elements with an attribute name of attr whose value is
prefixed(preceded) by value.
[attr$=value] Matches elements with an attribute name of attr whose value is
suffixed(followed) by value.

 Grouping Selectors:
a. Selector list:
element1, element2, element3 Selects all the matching nodes. A single unsupported selector in a
selector list invalidates the whole rule.
 Combinators:
a. Child Combinator:
selector1 > selector2 Matches only those elements matched by the second selector that
are the direct children of elements matched by the first.
b. Descendant Combinator:
selector1 selector2 Combines two selectors such that elements matched by the
second selector are selected if they have an ancestor element
matching the first selector.
 Pseudo-Selectors:
a. Pseudo Class:
It is a keyword added to a selector that specifies a special state of the selected element(s).
Syntax:
selector:pseudo-class{
property: value;
… … …
}
:link Represents an element that has not yet been visited.
:visited Represents links that the user has already visited.
:hover Triggers when the user hovers over an element with the cursor.
:active Represents an element that is being activated by the user
(activated means user presses down the primary mouse button).
:checked Represents any radio, checkbox, option element that is checked or
toggled to an on state.
:disabled Represents any disabled element (meaning the element can’t be
clicked/typed/selected/focused).
:focus Represents an element that has received focus. (meaning user has
clicked on that element for use)
:read-only Represents an element that is not editable by the user.
:required Represents any <input>, <select>, or <textarea> element that has
the required attribute set on it.
:invalid Represents any <input> or other <form> element whose contents
fail to validate.
For example: invalid email field or, invalid input text that doesn’t
match with what is specified in the pattern attribute.

:valid Represents any <input> or other <form> element whose contents
validate successfully.
For example, valid email field or, valid input text that matches with
what is specified in the pattern attribute.
:not(selector_list) Represents elements that do not match a list of selectors. It
prevents specific items from being selected.
:nth-child(child_no)
child_no = 1,2,3, … …
child_no= 3n+1 for n =0,1,2,3
child_no= even, odd
Matches elements based on their position in a group of siblings
(counting starts from 1)
:nth-last-child(child_no)
child_no = 1,2,3, … …
child_no= 3n+1 for n =0,1,2,3
child_no= even, odd
Matches elements based on their backward position in a group of
siblings.
b. Pseudo Elements:
A CSS pseudo-element is a keyword added to a selector that lets you style a specific part of the
selected element(s).
Syntax:
selector::pseudo-element{
property: value;
… … … …
}
Frequently used Pseudo-elements list:
::after, ::before, ::first-line, ::first-letter
Precedence:
 Cascading:
The cascade is an algorithm that defines how to combine property values originating from different
sources. It lies at the core of CSS and thus named: Cascading Style Sheets.
Only CSS declarations, that is property/value pairs, participate in the cascade. Generally Style Sheet comes from
3 different sources:
 User-agent stylesheets – Browser has a basic style sheet that gives a default style to any document.
 Author stylesheets – These style sheets define styles as part of the design of a given webpage.
 User stylesheets – Website users can choose to override styles in many browsers. Ex. Stylebot
Cascade Order (low to High):
user agent normal
user normal
author normal
animations
author !important
user !important
user agent !important
transitions

 Inheritance:
It controls what happens when no value is specified for a property on an element.
Inherited properties This type of properties (of the child) are set to the computed value
of the parent element.
Example: color, direction, font-*, list-*, text-*, word-* etc.
Non-inherited properties This type of properties (of the child) are set to the initial value of
the property.
Example: width, height, margin, padding, border, background-*,
float, position, overflow, z-index, display etc.
 Specificity:
When same element is targeted by multiple declarations then we need to use specificity rules to detect
which rules will be applied.
The specificity order (high to low):
Style attribute (inline style)
ID Selectors
Class Selectors, Attribute Selectors, Pseudo-
class
Type Selectors, Pseudo-elements

Box Model:
When laying out a document, the browser's rendering engine represents each element as a rectangular
box according to the standard CSS basic box model. CSS determines the size, position, and properties (color,
background, border size, etc.) of these boxes.
Every box is composed of four parts (or areas), defined by their respective edges:
 Content area - The content area, bounded by the content edge, contains the "real" content of the
element, such as text, an image, or a video player. Its dimensions are the content width (or content-box
width) and the content height (or content-box height). It often has a background color or background
image.
 Padding area - The padding area, bounded by the padding edge, extends the content area to include the
element's padding. Its dimensions are the padding-box width and the padding-box height.
 Border area - The border area, bounded by the border edge, extends the padding area to include the
element's borders. Its dimensions are the border-box width and the border-box height.
 Margin area - The margin area, bounded by the margin edge, extends the border area to include an
empty area used to separate the element from its neighbors. Its dimensions are the margin-box width
and the margin-box height.
margin-top
margin-bottom
padding-top border-top
border-bottompadding-bottom
margin-right
padding-right
border-right
padding-left
border-left
margin-left
width
min-width
max-width
m
height
min-height
max-height
m

Property Names Possible Values
width, min-width, max-width
height, min-height, max-height
padding-top, padding-right, padding-bottom, padding-left
border-width
margin-top, margin-right, margin-bottom, margin-left
outline-width
length(absolute value): 10vw, 20vh, 50px
percentage(value relative to the containing block
size): 20%, 50%, 80%
auto: Browser will calculate and select a width for the
specified element
calculated value: calc(100% - 30px), calc(10px*2),
min(50vw, 200px), max(20vh, 100px)
Shorthand Properties:
margin: top right bottom left
margin: top-bottom right-left
margin: top-right-bottom-left
margin: 5px 10px 15px 8px
margin: 10px 5px
margin: 5px
padding: top right bottom left
padding: top-bottom right-left
padding: top-right-bottom-left
padding: 5px 10px 15px 8px
padding: 10px 5px
padding: 5px
border-width: 1px/10%/2vw
border-style: none/solid/dashed/dotted/inset
border-color: blue
in short,
border: 1px solid blue
border-radius: all-side
border-radius: top-left_bottom-right top-right_bottom-left
border-radius: top-left top-right bottom-right bottom-left
border-radius: 10px
border-radius: 10px 15px
border-radius: 1px 2px 4px 3px
outline: 2px solid gold Outline and borders are very similar. The difference is
outlines never take up space.
Sample Code Link:
Margin Collapsing:
The top and bottom margins of blocks are sometimes combined (collapsed) into a single margin whose size is
the largest of the individual margins (or just one of them, if they are equal), a behavior known as margin collapsing. Note
that the margins of floating and absolutely positioned elements never collapse.

Other Properties:
box-sizing: content-box / border-box content-box:
border-box:
box-shadow: [inset] offset-x offset-y [blur-
radius] [spread-radius] color
- adds shadow effects around an element’s
frame.
box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)
box-shadow: 2px 2px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)
box-shadow: 0 10px 6px -6px #777
overflow: visible/hidden/scroll/auto
overflow-x: visible/hidden/scroll/auto
overflow-y: visible/hidden/scroll/auto
- It sets what to do when an element’s
content is too big to fit in its block
formatting context.
visible: content is not clipped
hidden: content is clipped if necessary to fit the padding box
scroll: always displays scrollbars irrespective of content overflow
auto: if content overflows then shows the scroll bar
width: 100px
height: 100px
width: 100px
height: 100px

visibility: visible/hidden
display: none/inline/inline-block/block
visible: the element box is visible
hidden: the element box is invisible but still takes up the space
block: generates a block element box
inline: generates inline element box, the next element will be in the
same line
inline-block: generates a block element box that will act like a single
inline box
none: hides the element, also don’t take up space
background-color:
red/#bbff00/rgb(117,190,218)/
transparent/rgba(255,255,128,.5)/#11ffee00
background-image: url(‘topimagepath’),
url(‘backimagepath’)
background-repeat: repeat-x/repeat-y/
repeat/no-repeat
background-position: left top/left
center/left bottom/right top/right
center/right bottom/center top/center
center/center bottom/10px 10px
background-size: contain/cover/auto/100px
100px/100% 100%
background-attachment: scroll/fixed
body{
background-image: url(‘myimage.png’);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-size: cover;
background-position: center center;
}
color: orange/#ffff32/rgb(255,255,50)
letter-spacing: 3px
text-align: center/left/right/justify
vertical-align: top/middle/bottom
text-decoration:
none/underline/line-through
text-transform:
uppercase/lowercase/capitalize
font-family: “Times New Roman”, Times,
serif
font-size: 40px/120%/1.2em
font-style: normal/italic
font-weight: normal/bold

Positioning Elements:
The position CSS property sets how an element is positioned in a document. The top, right, bottom, and left
properties determine the final location of the positioned elements.
position: static
- Positioned according to the normal flow of the
document. The top, right, bottom, left, z-index
properties have no effect.
position: static;
position: relative
- Positioned according to the normal flow of the
document and then offset relative to itself based on
the values of top, right, bottom, left.
position: relative; top:40px; left:40px;
position: absolute
- The element is removed from the normal document
flow, and no space is created for the element in the
page layout.
- It is positioned relative to it’s nearest ancestor
element that has a position value other than static.
- It’s final position is determined by the value of top,
right, bottom, left.
position: absolute; top: 40px; left: 40px;
position: fixed - The element is removed from the normal document flow
and no space is created for the element in the page layout.
- It is positioned relative to the initial containing block
established by the viewport.
- It’s final position is determined by the values of top, right,
bottom, left.
position: sticky - The element is positioned according to the normal flow of
the document and then offset relative to its nearest scrolling
ancestor and containing block.
z-index: 2/4/6
- Sets the z-order of a positioned element and its
descendants.
- higher z-index cover those with a smaller one

Float Property:
float: left/right/none
- It places an element on the left/right side its container, allowing text and inline elements to wrap around it.
- The element is removed from the normal flow of the page.
clear: left/right/both/none
- It sets whether an element must be moved below floating elements that precede it.
float:left
float:left
float:left
float:right
float:right
float:right
clear: none
clear: left
clear: right/both

References:
1. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference
2. https://www.w3schools.com/css/
3. https://css-tricks.com
4. https://caniuse.com

Web 2 | CSS - Cascading Style Sheets

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